Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Original Articles

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
The Ratio of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Based on Cystatin C and Creatinine Reflecting Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetic Patients: Ah Reum Khang, Min Jin Lee, Dongwon Yi, Yang Ho Kang; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(3):415-425. Published online March 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0177

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Background
The ratio of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on cystatin C and creatinine (eGFR_{cystatin C}/eGF_Rcreatinine ratio) is related to accumulating atherosclerosis-promoting proteins and increased mortality in several cohorts.
Methods
We assessed whether the eGFR_{cystatin C}/eGFR_creatinine ratio is a predictor of arterial stiffness and sub-clinical atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, who were followed up during 2008 to 2016. GFR was estimated using an equation based on cystatin C and creatinine.
Results
A total of 860 patients were stratified according to their eGFR_{cystatin C}/eGF_Rcreatinine ratio (i.e., <0.9, 0.9–1.1 [a reference group], and >1.1). Intima-media thickness was comparable among the groups; however, presence of carotid plaque was frequent in the <0.9 group (<0.9 group, 38.3%; 0.9–1.1 group, 21.6% vs. >1.1 group, 17.2%, P<0.001). Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) was faster in the <0.9 group (<0.9 group, 1,656.3±333.0 cm/sec; 0.9–1.1 group, 1,550.5±294.8 cm/sec vs. >1.1 group, 1,494.0±252.2 cm/sec, P<0.001). On comparing the <0.9 group with the 0.9–1.1 group, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of prevalence of high baPWV and carotid plaque were 2.54 (P=0.007) and 1.95 (P=0.042), respectively. Cox regression analysis demonstrated near or over 3-fold higher risks of the prevalence of high baPWV and carotid plaque in the <0.9 group without chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Conclusion
We concluded that eGFR_{cystatin C}/eGFR_creatinine ratio <0.9 was related to an increased risk of high baPWV and carotid plaque in T2DM patients, especially, those without CKD. Careful monitoring of cardiovascular disease is needed for T2DM patients with low eGFR_{cystatin C}/eGFR_creatinine ratio.

Citations

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Research Progress of Creatinine, Cystatin C, and Their Ratio in Renal Diseases
广智杨
Advances in Clinical Medicine.2024; 14(04): 976. CrossRef
Muscle mass, creatinine, cystatin C and selective glomerular hypofiltration syndromes
Linnea Malmgren, Anders Grubb
Clinical Kidney Journal.2023; 16(8): 1206. CrossRef
Investigating kidney function changes in young adults with COVID-19: Serum creatinine level, glomerular filtration rate, and biochemical profile analysis
Nikita Matyushin, Dmitriy Ermakov, Inna Vasileva, Roza Vakolyuk, Anastasiya Spaska
Electronic Journal of General Medicine.2023; 20(6): em547. CrossRef
Intraindividual difference in estimated GFR by creatinine and cystatin C, cognitive trajectories and motoric cognitive risk syndrome
Jinqi Wang, Yueruijing Liu, Rui Jin, Xiaoyu Zhao, Zhiyuan Wu, Ze Han, Zongkai Xu, Xiuhua Guo, Lixin Tao
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Complications
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Sarcopenia and Carotid Plaque Progression Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Yongin Cho, Hye-Sun Park, Byung Wook Huh, Yong-ho Lee, Seong Ha Seo, Da Hea Seo, Seong Hee Ahn, Seongbin Hong, So Hun Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(2):232-241. Published online January 19, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0355

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Background
We aimed to evaluate whether non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with or without sarcopenia is associated with progression of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
We investigated 852 T2DM patients who underwent abdominal ultrasonography, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and carotid artery ultrasonography at baseline and repeated carotid ultrasonography after 6 to 8 years. NAFLD was confirmed by abdominal ultrasonography, and sarcopenia was defined as a sex-specific skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) value <2 standard deviations below the mean for healthy young adults. SMI was calculated by dividing the sum of appendicular skeletal mass by body weight. We investigated the association between NAFLD with or without sarcopenia and the progression of carotid atherosclerosis.
Results
Of the 852 patients, 333 (39.1%) were classified as NAFLD without sarcopenia, 66 (7.7%) were classified as sarcopenia without NAFLD, and 123 (14.4%) had NAFLD with sarcopenia at baseline. After 6 to 8 years, patients with both NAFLD and sarcopenia had a higher risk of atherosclerosis progression (adjusted odds ratio, 2.20; P<0.009) than controls without NAFLD and sarcopenia. When a subgroup analysis was performed on only patients with NAFLD, female sex, absence of central obesity, and non-obesity were significant factors related to increased risk of plaque progression risk in sarcopenic patients.
Conclusion
NAFLD with sarcopenia was significantly associated with the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in T2DM patients.

Citations

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Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and sarcopenia: A double whammy
Aditya Viswanath, Sherouk Fouda, Cornelius James Fernandez, Joseph M Pappachan
World Journal of Hepatology.2024; 16(2): 152. CrossRef
Prevalence and outcome of sarcopenia in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Suprabhat Giri, Prajna Anirvan, Sumaswi Angadi, Ankita Singh, Anurag Lavekar
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and carotid media‐intima thickness: A systematic review and a meta‐analysis
Manouchehr Khoshbaten, Sepideh H. Maleki, Sara Hadad, Amrit Baral, Ana V. Rocha, Laxmi Poudel, Alireza Abdshah
Health Science Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes and sarcopenia
Yu. G. Samoilova, M. V. Matveeva, E. A. Khoroshunova, D. V. Podchinenova, L. L. Maksimova, G. G. Gorbach, A. B. Trivozhenko, V. A. Avkhimenko
Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention.2023; 23(1): 3655. CrossRef

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Validation of Risk Prediction Models for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in a Prospective Korean Community-Based Cohort: Jae Hyun Bae, Min Kyong Moon, Sohee Oh, Bo Kyung Koo, Nam Han Cho, Moon-Kyu Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(3):458-469. Published online January 13, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0061

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Background

To investigate the performance of the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE) in a large, prospective, community-based cohort in Korea and to compare it with that of the Framingham Global Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score (FRS-CVD) and the Korean Risk Prediction Model (KRPM).

Methods

In the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KOGES)-Ansan and Ansung study, we evaluated calibration and discrimination of the PCE for non-Hispanic whites (PCE-WH) and for African Americans (PCE-AA) and compared their predictive abilities with the FRS-CVD and the KRPM.

Results

The present study included 7,932 individuals (3,778 men and 4,154 women). The PCE-WH and PCE-AA moderately overestimated the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) for men (6% and 13%, respectively) but underestimated the risk for women (−49% and −25%, respectively). The FRS-CVD overestimated ASCVD risk for men (91%) but provided a good risk prediction for women (3%). The KRPM underestimated ASCVD risk for men (−31%) and women (−31%). All the risk prediction models showed good discrimination in both men (C-statistic 0.730 to 0.735) and women (C-statistic 0.726 to 0.732). Recalibration of the PCE using data from the KOGES-Ansan and Ansung study substantially improved the predictive accuracy in men.

Conclusion

In the KOGES-Ansan and Ansung study, the PCE overestimated ASCVD risk for men and underestimated the risk for women. The PCE-WH and the FRS-CVD provided an accurate prediction of ASCVD in men and women, respectively.

Citations

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Risk Factors for Infertility in Korean Women
Juyeon Lee, Chang-Woo Choo, Kyoung Yong Moon, Sang Woo Lyu, Hoon Kim, Joong Yeup Lee, Jung Ryeol Lee, Byung Chul Jee, Kyungjoo Hwang, Seok Hyun Kim, Sue K. Park
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluating cardiovascular disease risk stratification using multiple-polygenic risk scores and pooled cohort equations: insights from a 17-year longitudinal Korean cohort study
Yi Seul Park, Hye-Mi Jang, Ji Hye Park, Bong-Jo Kim, Hyun-Young Park, Young Jin Kim
Frontiers in Genetics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Moderation of Weight Misperception on the Associations Between Obesity Indices and Estimated Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Kayoung Lee
International Journal of Behavioral Medicine.2023; 30(1): 89. CrossRef
Validation of the general Framingham Risk Score (FRS), SCORE2, revised PCE and WHO CVD risk scores in an Asian population
Sazzli Shahlan Kasim, Nurulain Ibrahim, Sorayya Malek, Khairul Shafiq Ibrahim, Muhammad Firdaus Aziz, Cheen Song, Yook Chin Chia, Anis Safura Ramli, Kazuaki Negishi, Nafiza Mat Nasir
The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific.2023; 35: 100742. CrossRef
Principles of cardiovascular risk management in perimenopausal women with type 2 diabetes
F. O. Ushanova, T. Yu. Demidova, T. N. Korotkova
FOCUS. Endocrinology.2023; 4(2): 19. CrossRef
Prediction of the 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the Korean population
Sangwoo Park, Yong-Giun Kim, Soe Hee Ann, Young-Rak Cho, Shin-Jae Kim, Seungbong Han, Gyung-Min Park
Epidemiology and Health.2023; 45: e2023052. CrossRef
Triglyceride-Glucose Index Predicts Future Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: A 16-Year Follow-up in a Prospective, Community-Dwelling Cohort Study
Joon Ho Moon, Yongkang Kim, Tae Jung Oh, Jae Hoon Moon, Soo Heon Kwak, Kyong Soo Park, Hak Chul Jang, Sung Hee Choi, Nam H. Cho
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(4): 406. CrossRef
Validity of the models predicting 10-year risk of cardiovascular diseases in Asia: A systematic review and prediction model meta-analysis
Mahin Nomali, Davood Khalili, Mehdi Yaseri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Aryan Ayati, Hossein Navid, Saharnaz Nedjat, Hean Teik Ong
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(11): e0292396. CrossRef
Assessing the Validity of the Criteria for the Extreme Risk Category of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
Kyung-Soo Kim, Sangmo Hong, Kyungdo Han, Cheol-Young Park
Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis.2022; 11(1): 73. CrossRef
Mediation of Grip Strength on the Association Between Self-Rated Health and Estimated Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Kayoung Lee
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2022; 20(6): 344. CrossRef
Implications of the heterogeneity between guideline recommendations for the use of low dose aspirin in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Xiao-Ying Li, Li Li, Sang-Hoon Na, Francesca Santilli, Zhongwei Shi, Michael Blaha
American Journal of Preventive Cardiology.2022; 11: 100363. CrossRef
The Risk of Cardiovascular Disease According to Chewing Status Could Be Modulated by Healthy Diet in Middle-Aged Koreans
Hyejin Chun, Jongchul Oh, Miae Doo
Nutrients.2022; 14(18): 3849. CrossRef
Management of Cardiovascular Risk in Perimenopausal Women with Diabetes
Catherine Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(4): 492. CrossRef
Comparative performance of the two pooled cohort equations for predicting atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Alessandra M. Campos-Staffico, David Cordwin, Venkatesh L. Murthy, Michael P. Dorsch, Jasmine A. Luzum
Atherosclerosis.2021; 334: 23. CrossRef
Usefulness of Relative Handgrip Strength as a Simple Indicator of Cardiovascular Risk in Middle-Aged Koreans
Won Bin Kim, Jun-Bean Park, Yong-Jin Kim
The American Journal of the Medical Sciences.2021; 362(5): 486. CrossRef

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Impact of Diabetes Control on Subclinical Atherosclerosis: Analysis from Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography Registry: Gyung-Min Park, Chang Hoon Lee, Seung-Whan Lee, Sung-Cheol Yun, Young-Hak Kim, Yong-Giun Kim, Ki-Bum Won, Soe Hee Ann, Shin-Jae Kim, Dong Hyun Yang, Joon-Won Kang, Tae-Hwan Lim, Eun Hee Koh, Woo Je Lee, Min-Seon Kim, Joong-Yeol Park, Hong-Kyu Kim, Jaewon Choe, Sang-Gon Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(3):470-479. Published online November 22, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0073

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Background

There are limited data on the impact of diabetes control on the risk of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis.

Methods

We analyzed 6,434 consecutive asymptomatic individuals without previous history of coronary artery disease who underwent coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) (mean age, 53.7±7.6 years and 4,694 men [73.0%]). The degree and extent of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis were assessed by CCTA, and ≥50% diameter stenosis was defined as significant. A cardiac event was defined as a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or coronary revascularization. Study participants were categorized as normal (n=5,319), controlled diabetes (glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] <7%, n=747), or uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c ≥7%, n=368), respectively.

Results

Compared with normal individuals, there were no statistically significant differences in the risk of for any atherosclerotic plaque (odds ratio [OR], 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98 to 1.38; P=0.086) and significant coronary artery stenosis (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.42; P=0.583) in controlled diabetic individuals. In contrast, uncontrolled diabetic individuals had consistently higher risks of any atherosclerotic plaque (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.70 to 2.75; P<0.001) and significant coronary artery stenosis (OR, 3.34; 95% CI, 2.52 to 4.43; P<0.001) than normal individuals. During a follow-up of median 5.4 years, there was no significant difference in cardiac events between normal and controlled diabetic individuals (P=0.365). However, uncontrolled diabetes was associated with an increased risk of cardiac events compared with normal individuals (P<0.001) and controlled diabetic individuals (P=0.023).

Conclusion

Asymptomatic uncontrolled diabetes was associated with significant subclinical coronary atherosclerosis with subsequent high risk for cardiac events.

Citations

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Carotid Ultrasound Abnormalities of People Living With HIV in Kunming, China: Multiple Correspondence Analysis Approach to Identify Influencing Factors
Shuishui Pan, Haiyan Fu, Zhiqiong Ai, Chongxi Li, Jinsong Bai
International Journal of STD & AIDS.2023; 34(10): 710. CrossRef
Differential Impact of Degree of Hypertension on Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic Subjects With and Without Diabetes Mellitus
Hyun Woo Park, Sangyong Jo, Kyung Sun Park, Hyeji Lee, Young-Jee Jeon, Sangwoo Park, Soe Hee Ann, Yong-Giun Kim, Seong Hoon Choi, Woon Jung Kwon, Young-Rak Cho, Jon Suh, Gyung-Min Park
The American Journal of Cardiology.2023; 203: 343. CrossRef
Exosomal MALAT1 Derived from High Glucose-Treated Macrophages Up-Regulates Resistin Expression via miR-150-5p Downregulation
Kou-Gi Shyu, Bao-Wei Wang, Wei-Jen Fang, Chun-Ming Pan, Chiu-Mei Lin
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(3): 1095. CrossRef
Comparison of Framingham risk score and pooled cohort equations for the prediction of coronary atherosclerosis in patients who meet the target LDL-C level of Korean dyslipidemia guideline
Su Bin Kim, Hae Won Jung
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Time to Reach Target Glycosylated Hemoglobin Is Associated with Long-Term Durable Glycemic Control and Risk of Diabetic Complications in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 6-Year Observational Study
Kyoung Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Jae Hyun Bae, Kyeong Jin Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Ji A Seo, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Sin Gon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(3): 368. CrossRef
Frequency and Significance of Right Bundle Branch Block and Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic Individuals
Hyeji Lee, Young-Jee Jeon, Byung Ju Kang, Tae Young Lee, Eun Ji Park, Sangwoo Park, Soe Hee Ann, Yong-Giun Kim, Yongjik Lee, Seong Hoon Choi, Gyung-Min Park
The American Journal of Cardiology.2021; 158: 30. CrossRef
The association between glucose-related variables and plaque morphology in patients with ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction
Jinxin Liu, Shanjie Wang, Can Cui, Hengxuan Cai, Rong Sun, Weili Pan, Shaohong Fang, Bo Yu
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Choosing Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: How to Reduce the Risk of Death
N. A. Koziolova, P. G. Karavaev, A. S. Veklich
Kardiologiia.2020; 60(4): 109. CrossRef

Review

Clinical Diabetes & Therapeutics
Diabetes and Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis: Chang Hoon Lee, Seung-Whan Lee, Seong-Wook Park; Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(5):355-363. Published online October 22, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0041

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It is well known that diabetic patients have a high risk of cardiovascular events, and although there has been a tremendous effort to reduce these cardiovascular risks, the incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients remains high. Therefore, the early detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) is necessary in those diabetic patients who are at risk of cardiovascular events. Significant medical and radiological advancements, including coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), mean that it is now possible to investigate the characteristics of plaques, instead of solely evaluating the calcium level of the coronary artery. Recently, several studies reported that the prevalence of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis (SCA) is higher than expected, and this could impact on CAD progression in asymptomatic diabetic patients. In addition, several reports suggest the potential benefit of using CCTA for screening for SCA in asymptomatic diabetic patients, which might dramatically decrease the incidence of cardiovascular events. For these reasons, the medical interest in SCA in diabetic patients is increasing. In this article, we sought to review the results of studies on CAD in asymptomatic diabetic patients and discuss the clinical significance and possibility of using CCTA to screen for SCA.

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Coronary Artery Calcium Score directed risk stratification of patients with Type-2 diabetes mellitus
Mahmoud Nassar, Nso Nso, Kelechi Emmanuel, Mohsen Alshamam, Most Sirajum Munira, Anoop Misra
Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews.2022; 16(6): 102503. CrossRef
Association between carotid atherosclerosis and presence of intracranial atherosclerosis using three-dimensional high-resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes
Ji Eun Jun, You-Cheol Hwang, Kyu Jeong Ahn, Ho Yeon Chung, Geon-Ho Jahng, Soonchan Park, In-Kyung Jeong, Chang-Woo Ryu
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2022; 191: 110067. CrossRef
Serum metabolic signatures of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a preliminary study
Jiaorong Su, Qing Zhao, Aihua Zhao, Wei Jia, Wei Zhu, Jingyi Lu, Xiaojing Ma
Acta Diabetologica.2021; 58(9): 1217. CrossRef
Atherogenic Index of Plasma, Triglyceride-Glucose Index and Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio for Predicting Subclinical Coronary Artery Disease
Yueqiao Si, Wenjun Fan, Chao Han, Jingyi Liu, Lixian Sun
The American Journal of the Medical Sciences.2021; 362(3): 285. CrossRef
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Francesco Maranta, Lorenzo Cianfanelli, Carlo Gaspardone, Vincenzo Rizza, Rocco Grippo, Marco Ambrosetti, Domenico Cianflone
International Journal of Cardiology.2021; 338: 248. CrossRef
Co‐expression of glycosylated aquaporin‐1 and transcription factor NFAT5 contributes to aortic stiffness in diabetic and atherosclerosis‐prone mice
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Original Article

Clinical Diabetes and Therapeutics
Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index as a Surrogate Marker of Early Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Koreans with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: So Young Park, Sang Ook Chin, Sang Youl Rhee, Seungjoon Oh, Jeong-Taek Woo, Sung Woon Kim, Suk Chon; Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(4):285-295. Published online July 27, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.0080

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Background

Carotid artery intima medial thickness (IMT), brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), and ankle-brachial index (ABI) are commonly used surrogate markers of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) is a complement to the baPWV, which is affected by blood pressure. However, it is unclear which marker is the most sensitive predictor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).

Methods

This was a retrospective non-interventional study that enrolled 219 patients with T2DM. The correlations among IMT, ABI, and CAVI as well as the relationship of these tests to the 10-year ASCVD risk were also analyzed.

Results

Among the 219 patients, 39 (17.8%) had ASCVD. In the non-ASCVD group, CAVI correlated significantly with IMT after adjusting for confounding variables, but ABI was not associated with CAVI or IMT. The analyses after dividing the non-ASCVD group into three subgroups according to the CAVI score (<8, ≥8 and <9, and ≥9) demonstrated the significant increase in the mean IMT, 10-year ASCVD risk and number of metabolic syndrome risk factors, and decrease in the mean ABI in the high-CAVI group. A high CAVI was an independent risk factor in the non-ASCVD group for both a high 10-year ASCVD risk (≥7.5%; odds ratio [OR], 2.42; P<0.001) and atherosclerosis (mean IMT ≥1 mm; OR, 1.53; P=0.007).

Conclusion

In Korean patients with T2DM without ASCVD, CAVI was the most sensitive of several surrogate markers for the detection of subclinical atherosclerosis.

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Review

Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Emerging Burden in Cardiometabolic and Renal Diseases: Eugene Han, Yong-ho Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(6):430-437. Published online November 17, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.6.430

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As the number of individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased, the influence of NAFLD on other metabolic diseases has been highlighted. Accumulating epidemiologic evidence indicates that NAFLD not only affects the liver but also increases the risk of extra-hepatic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases, and chronic kidney disease. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, an advanced type of NAFLD, can aggravate these inter-organ relationships and lead to poorer outcomes. NAFLD induces insulin resistance and exacerbates systemic chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, which leads to organ dysfunction in extra-hepatic tissues. Although more research is needed to identify the pathophysiological mechanisms and causal relationship between NAFLD and cardiometabolic and renal diseases, screening for heart, brain, and kidney diseases, risk assessment for diabetes, and a multidisciplinary approach for managing these patients should be highly encouraged.

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Original Article

Epidemiology
Application of the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Cholesterol Guideline to the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 1998 to 2012: Young Shin Song, Tae Jung Oh, Kyoung Min Kim, Jae Hoon Moon, Sung Hee Choi, Hak Chul Jang, Kyong Soo Park, Soo Lim; Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(1):38-50. Published online December 16, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.1.38

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Background

The 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guideline for the treatment of blood cholesterol recommends statin therapy for individuals at high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The aim of this study was to investigate serial trends in the percentages of Korean adults considered eligible for statin therapy according to the new ACC/AHA cholesterol guideline.

Methods

Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) I (1998, n=7,698), II (2001, n=5,654), III (2005, n=5,269), IV (2007 to 2009, n=15,727), and V (2010 to 2012, n=16,304), which used a stratified, multistage, probability sampling design, were used as representative of the entire Korean population.

Results

The percentage of adults eligible for statin therapy according to the ACC/AHA cholesterol guideline increased with time: 17.0%, 19.0%, 20.8%, 20.2%, and 22.0% in KNHANES I, II, III, IV, and V, respectively (P=0.022). The prevalence of ASCVD was 1.4% in KNHANES I and increased to 3.3% in KNHANES V. The percentage of diabetic patients aged 40 to 75 years with a low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of 70 to 189 mg/dL increased from 4.8% in KNHANES I to 6.1% in KNHANES V. People with an estimated 10-year ASCVD risk ≥7.5% and aged 40 to 75 years accounted for the largest percentage among the four statin benefit groups: 9.1% in KNHANES I and 11.0% in KNHANES V.

Conclusion

Application of the 2013 ACC/AHA guideline has found that the percentage of Korean adults in the statin benefit groups has increased over the past 15 years.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Sex differences in risk factors for subclinical hypothyroidism
Jeonghoon Ha, Jeongmin Lee, Kwanhoon Jo, Dong-Jun Lim, Moo Il Kang, Bong Yun Cha, Min-Hee Kim
Endocrine Connections.2018; 7(4): 511. CrossRef

Review

Resistin in Rodents and Humans: Hyeong Kyu Park, Rexford S. Ahima; Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(6):404-414. Published online December 12, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.6.404

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Obesity is characterized by excess accumulation of lipids in adipose tissue and other organs, and chronic inflammation associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are major health concerns. Resistin was first discovered as an adipose-secreted hormone (adipokine) linked to obesity and insulin resistance in rodents. Adipocyte-derived resistin is increased in obese rodents and strongly related to insulin resistance. However, in contrast to rodents, resistin is expressed and secreted from macrophages in humans and is increased in inflammatory conditions. Some studies have also suggested an association between increased resistin levels and insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Genetic studies have provided additional evidence for a role of resistin in insulin resistance and inflammation. Resistin appears to mediate the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by promoting endothelial dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, arterial inflammation, and formation of foam cells. Indeed, resistin is predictive of atherosclerosis and poor clinical outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke. There is also growing evidence that elevated resistin is associated with the development of heart failure. This review will focus on the biology of resistin in rodents and humans, and evidence linking resistin with type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease.

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Synergistic Effects of Weighted Genetic Risk Scores and Resistin and sST2 Levels on the Prognostication of Long-Term Outcomes in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Hsin-Hua Chou, Lung-An Hsu, Jyh-Ming Jimmy Juang, Fu-Tien Chiang, Ming-Sheng Teng, Semon Wu, Yu-Lin Ko
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(8): 4292. CrossRef
Hypoxia Increases the Potential for Neutrophil-mediated Endothelial Damage in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Katharine M. Lodge, Arlette Vassallo, Bin Liu, Merete Long, Zhen Tong, Paul R. Newby, Danya Agha-Jaffar, Koralia Paschalaki, Clara E. Green, Kylie B. R. Belchamber, Victoria C. Ridger, Robert A. Stockley, Elizabeth Sapey, Charlotte Summers, Andrew S. Cowb
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.2022; 205(8): 903. CrossRef
The Role of the Adipokine Resistin in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Klaudia Parafiniuk, Wiktoria Skiba, Anna Pawłowska, Dorota Suszczyk, Aleksandra Maciejczyk, Iwona Wertel
Biomedicines.2022; 10(4): 920. CrossRef
Resistin Modulates Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Uptake in Human Placental Explants via PCSK9
Sonia Nava-Salazar, Arturo Flores-Pliego, Giovanni Pérez-Martínez, Sandra Parra-Hernández, America Vanoye-Carlo, Francisco Ibarguengoitia-Ochoa, Otilia Perichart-Perera, Enrique Reyes-Muñoz, Juan Mario Solis-Paredes, Salvador Espino y Sosa, Guadalupe Estr
Reproductive Sciences.2022; 29(11): 3242. CrossRef
Differential Association of Selected Adipocytokines, Adiponectin, Leptin, Resistin, Visfatin and Chemerin, with the Pathogenesis and Progression of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in the Asir Region of Saudi Arabia: A Case Control Study
Mohammad Muzaffar Mir, Rashid Mir, Mushabab Ayed Abdullah Alghamdi, Javed Iqbal Wani, Zia Ul Sabah, Mohammed Jeelani, Vijaya Marakala, Shahzada Khalid Sohail, Mohamed O’haj, Muffarah Hamid Alharthi, Mohannad Mohammad S. Alamri
Journal of Personalized Medicine.2022; 12(5): 735. CrossRef
Immune system and sarcopenia: Presented relationship and future perspective
Xuzhi Zhang, Hengzhen Li, Miao He, Jingyu Wang, Yuxiang Wu, Yusheng Li
Experimental Gerontology.2022; 164: 111823. CrossRef
Adipose Tissue Secretion Pattern Influences β-Cell Wellness in the Transition from Obesity to Type 2 Diabetes
Giuseppina Biondi, Nicola Marrano, Anna Borrelli, Martina Rella, Giuseppe Palma, Isabella Calderoni, Edoardo Siciliano, Pasquale Lops, Francesco Giorgino, Annalisa Natalicchio
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(10): 5522. CrossRef
Supplemental hydroxychloroquine therapy regulates adipokines in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with stable disease
Risa Wakiya, Kiyo Ueeda, Hiromi Shimada, Shusaku Nakashima, Tomohiro Kameda, Nobuyuki Miyatake, Mikiya Kato, Taichi Miyagi, Koichi Sugihara, Mao Mizusaki, Rina Mino, Norimitsu Kadowaki, Hiroaki Dobashi
Clinical Rheumatology.2022; 41(11): 3345. CrossRef
Can soy isoflavones in combination with soy protein change serum concentration of adiponectin and resistin? A systematic review and meta‐analysis on randomized clinical trials
Mitra Hariri, Bahareh Amirkalali, Ensiyeh Mollanoroozy, Ali Gholami
Food Science & Nutrition.2022; 10(12): 4126. CrossRef
Adipokines: Deciphering the cardiovascular signature of adipose tissue
Joseph C. Galley, Shubhnita Singh, Wanessa M.C. Awata, Juliano V. Alves, Thiago Bruder-Nascimento
Biochemical Pharmacology.2022; 206: 115324. CrossRef
Evaluation of the Anti-Obesity Effect of Zeaxanthin and Exercise in HFD-Induced Obese Rats
Mona Al-thepyani, Salha Algarni, Hana Gashlan, Mohamed Elzubier, Lina Baz
Nutrients.2022; 14(23): 4944. CrossRef
Single High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation as an Approach for Reducing Ultramarathon-Induced Inflammation: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Jan Mieszkowski, Andżelika Borkowska, Błażej Stankiewicz, Andrzej Kochanowicz, Bartłomiej Niespodziński, Marcin Surmiak, Tomasz Waldziński, Rafał Rola, Miroslav Petr, Jędrzej Antosiewicz
Nutrients.2021; 13(4): 1280. CrossRef
Resistin mitigates stemness and metabolic profile of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells via insulin resistance
Komal Rawal, Kishan M. Purohit, Tushar P. Patel, Neeta Karont, Sarita Gupta
Cytokine.2021; 138: 155374. CrossRef
Resistin is co-secreted with adiponectin in white mouse adipocytes
Saliha Musovic, Man Mohan Shrestha, Ali M. Komai, Charlotta S. Olofsson
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2021; 534: 707. CrossRef
Resistin: Potential biomarker and therapeutic target in atherosclerosis
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Clinica Chimica Acta.2021; 512: 84. CrossRef
The circulating levels of CTRP1 and CTRP5 are associated with obesity indices and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) value in patients with type 2 diabetes: a preliminary study
Ziba Majidi, Solaleh Emamgholipour, Abolfazl Omidifar, Soheil Rahmani Fard, Hossein Poustchi, Mehrnoosh Shanaki
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Corylin reduces obesity and insulin resistance and promotes adipose tissue browning through SIRT-1 and β3-AR activation
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Pharmacological Research.2021; 164: 105291. CrossRef
A Focused Review of the Metabolic Side-Effects of Clozapine
Jessica W. Y. Yuen, David D. Kim, Ric M. Procyshyn, William J. Panenka, William G. Honer, Alasdair M. Barr
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
A Negative Energy Balance Is Associated with Metabolic Dysfunctions in the Hypothalamus of a Humanized Preclinical Model of Alzheimer’s Disease, the 5XFAD Mouse
Antonio J. López-Gambero, Cristina Rosell-Valle, Dina Medina-Vera, Juan Antonio Navarro, Antonio Vargas, Patricia Rivera, Carlos Sanjuan, Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca, Juan Suárez
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(10): 5365. CrossRef
Resistin in pregnancy: Analysis of determinants in pairs of umbilical cord blood and maternal serum
Anne Floeck, Nina Ferrari, Christine Joisten, Maria T. Puth, Brigitte Strizek, Ramona Dolscheid-Pommerich, Ulrich Gembruch, Waltraut M. Merz
Cytokine: X.2021; 3(2): 100052. CrossRef
Is resistin the master link between inflammation and inflammation-related chronic diseases?
Mohammed Taouis, Yacir Benomar
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology.2021; 533: 111341. CrossRef
The dynamics of human bone marrow adipose tissue in response to feeding and fasting
Pouneh K. Fazeli, Miriam A. Bredella, Gisela Pachon-Peña, Wenxiu Zhao, Xun Zhang, Alexander T. Faje, Megi Resulaj, Sai P. Polineni, Tara M. Holmes, Hang Lee, Elizabeth K. O’Donnell, Ormond A. MacDougald, Mark C. Horowitz, Clifford J. Rosen, Anne Klibanski
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Resistin: A journey from metabolism to cancer
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Obesity is the basis of metabolic syndrome
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Human Milk Metabolic Hormones: Analytical Methods and Current Understanding
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International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(16): 8708. CrossRef
Adipokines as Immune Cell Modulators in Multiple Sclerosis
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The Role of Adipokines in Cardiovascular Pathology
Valery Podzolkov , Anna Pokrovskaya, Ulyana Bazhanova , Tatyana Vargina , Svetlana Anatolievna Knyazeva , Daria Vanina
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Measurement of Plasma Resistin Concentrations in Horses with Metabolic and Inflammatory Disorders
Beatriz Fuentes-Romero, Alberto Muñoz-Prieto, José J. Cerón, María Martín-Cuervo, Manuel Iglesias-García, Escolástico Aguilera-Tejero, Elisa Díez-Castro
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EFFECT OF DIET AND EXERCISE-INDUCE WEIGHT LOSS ON LEVEL OF RESISTIN IN PATIENT WITH OBESITY
О. I. Tokarenko, I. O. Andreieva, O. O. Tokarenko, M. M. Surmilo
Modern medical technology.2021; (4): 11. CrossRef
Alteration of gut microbiota affects expression of adiponectin and resistin through modifying DNA methylation in high-fat diet-induced obese mice
Hongyang Yao, Chaonan Fan, Yuanyuan Lu, Xiuqin Fan, Lulu Xia, Ping Li, Rui Wang, Tiantian Tang, Yuanyuan Wang, Kemin Qi
Genes & Nutrition.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Resistin hormone in diabetic kidney disease and its relation to iron status and hepcidin
Zhian Sherzad Hayder, Zrar Saleem Kareem
International Urology and Nephrology.2020; 52(4): 749. CrossRef
Proteoglycans in Obesity-Associated Metabolic Dysfunction and Meta-Inflammation
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Frontiers in Immunology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Resistin Is Increased in Periodontal Cells and Tissues: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
Andressa V. B. Nogueira, Marjan Nokhbehsaim, Sema Tekin, Rafael S. de Molon, Luis C. Spolidorio, Svenja Memmert, Anna Damanaki, Andreas Jäger, Sigrun Eick, James Deschner, Joni A. Cirelli
Mediators of Inflammation.2020; 2020: 1. CrossRef
Adipose Tissue Distribution, Inflammation and Its Metabolic Consequences, Including Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
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Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
The possible role of endocrine dysfunction of adipose tissue in gestational diabetes mellitus
Patrik Šimják, Kateřina Anderlová, Anna Cinkajzlová, Antonín Pařízek, Michal Kršek, Martin Haluzík
Minerva Endocrinologica.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
High Plasma Resistin Levels Portend the Insulin Resistance-Associated Susceptibility to Early Cognitive Decline in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Chenchen Wang, Xi Huang, Sai Tian, Rong Huang, Dan Guo, Hongyan Lin, Jiaqi Wang, Shaohua Wang
Journal of Alzheimer's Disease.2020; 75(3): 807. CrossRef
Resistin in metabolism, inflammation, and disease
Deeksha Tripathi, Sashi Kant, Saurabh Pandey, Nasreen Z. Ehtesham
The FEBS Journal.2020; 287(15): 3141. CrossRef
Adipokines: New Potential Therapeutic Target for Obesity and Metabolic, Rheumatic, and Cardiovascular Diseases
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Frontiers in Physiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Correlation of CCL18 with Levels of Adi-pokines in the Sera of Patients with Myocardial Infarction in a 6-Month Period: Case Series
Atefeh GamarTalepoor, Ehsan Dowlatshahi, Mehrnoush Doroudchi
Iranian South Medical Journal.2020; 23(3): 222. CrossRef
The Mesentery, Systemic Inflammation, and Crohn’s Disease
Edgardo D Rivera, John Calvin Coffey, Dara Walsh, Eli D Ehrenpreis
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.2019; 25(2): 226. CrossRef
Resistin and adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1) regulate the expression of genes related to insulin resistance in BNL CL.2 mouse liver cells
Dimiter Avtanski, Karin Chen, Leonid Poretsky
Data in Brief.2019; 25: 104112. CrossRef
Proteomic profile of patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing cardiac surgery†
Ilias P Doulamis, George Samanidis, Aspasia Tzani, Asier Antoranz, Anastasios Gkogkos, Panagiotis Konstantopoulos, Vaia Pliaka, Angeliki Minia, Leonidas G Alexopoulos, Despina N Perrea, Konstantinos Perreas
Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery.2019; 28(1): 94. CrossRef
Angiotensin-(1-7), Adipokines and Inflammation
Deborah de Farias Lelis, Daniela Fernanda de Freitas, Amanda Souto Machado, Thaísa Soares Crespo, Sérgio Henrique Sousa Santos
Metabolism.2019; 95: 36. CrossRef
New Insights into Adipokines as Potential Biomarkers for Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus
Marta Olivera-Santa Catalina, Pedro C. Redondo, Maria P. Granados, Carlos Cantonero, Jose Sanchez-Collado, Letizia Albarran, Jose J. Lopez
Current Medicinal Chemistry.2019; 26(22): 4119. CrossRef
Myokine–adipokine cross-talk: potential mechanisms for the association between plasma irisin and adipokines and cardiometabolic risk factors in Mexican children with obesity and the metabolic syndrome
Adrian M. Gonzalez-Gil, Mariana Peschard-Franco, Elena C. Castillo, Gustavo Gutierrez-DelBosque, Victor Treviño, Christian Silva-Platas, Luisa Perez-Villarreal, Gerardo Garcia-Rivas, Leticia Elizondo-Montemayor
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Early Life Exposures to Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Relation to Adipokine Hormone Levels at Birth and During Childhood
Colleen Shelly, Philippe Grandjean, Youssef Oulhote, Peter Plomgaard, Ruth Frikke-Schmidt, Flemming Nielsen, Denis Zmirou-Navier, Pal Weihe, Damaskini Valvi
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2019; 104(11): 5338. CrossRef
Overweight and obesity in childhood: Dietary, biochemical, inflammatory and lifestyle risk factors
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Obesity Medicine.2019; 15: 100112. CrossRef
Effects of major adipokines and the −420 C > G resistin gene polymorphism on the long-term outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke
Stella Bouziana, Konstantinos Tziomalos, Antonis Goulas, Timoleon-Achilleas Vyzantiadis, Maria Papadopoulou, Athanasia Panderi, Apostolos Ι. Ηatzitolios
International Journal of Neuroscience.2019; 129(10): 978. CrossRef
The Complex Interactions Between Obesity, Metabolism and the Brain
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Frontiers in Neuroscience.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Resistin: A reappraisal
E. Acquarone, F. Monacelli, R. Borghi, A. Nencioni, P. Odetti
Mechanisms of Ageing and Development.2019; 178: 46. CrossRef
Implications of resistin in type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease: Impairing insulin function and inducing pro‐inflammatory cytokines
Melissa Emamalipour, Khaled Seidi, Ali Jahanban‐Esfahlan, Rana Jahanban‐Esfahlan
Journal of Cellular Physiology.2019; 234(12): 21758. CrossRef
Serum-based soluble markers differentiate psoriatic arthritis from osteoarthritis
Vinod Chandran, Fatima Abji, Anthony V Perruccio, Rajiv Gandhi, Suzanne Li, Richard J Cook, Dafna D Gladman
Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases.2019; 78(6): 796. CrossRef
Telmisartan prevents diet-induced obesity and preserves leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier in high-fat diet-fed mice
Franziska Schuster, Gianna Huber, Ines Stölting, Emily E. Wing, Kathrin Saar, Norbert Hübner, William A. Banks, Walter Raasch
Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology.2018; 470(11): 1673. CrossRef
Adipokines in human breast milk
Juergen Kratzsch, Yoon Ju Bae, Wieland Kiess
Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2018; 32(1): 27. CrossRef
Addressing the Perfect Storm: Biomarkers in Obesity and Pathophysiology of Cardiometabolic Risk
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Clinical Chemistry.2018; 64(1): 142. CrossRef
Adipocytokine Involvement in Innate Immune Mechanisms
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Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research.2018; 38(12): 527. CrossRef
The effect of a garlic supplement on the pro-inflammatory adipocytokines, resistin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and on pain severity, in overweight or obese women with knee osteoarthritis
Sahar Dehghani, Elham Alipoor, Ahmad Salimzadeh, Mehdi Yaseri, Mostafa Hosseini, Christine Feinle-Bisset, Mohammad Javad Hosseinzadeh-Attar
Phytomedicine.2018; 48: 70. CrossRef
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Cardiovascular Diabetology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Usefulness of the Adipokines as Biomarkers of Ischemic Cardiac Dysfunction
Larisa-Diana Mocan Hognogi, Cerasela-Mihaela Goidescu, Anca-Daniela Farcaş
Disease Markers.2018; 2018: 1. CrossRef
Circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 in patients with liver cirrhosis
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Clinical and Experimental Medicine.2018; 18(1): 63. CrossRef
Association of Cord Blood Resistin with Neonatal Birth Weight and Gestational Age
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Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Major Adipokines and the −420C>G Resistin Gene Polymorphism as Predictors of Acute Ischemic Stroke Severity and In-Hospital Outcome
Styliani D. Bouziana, Konstantinos Tziomalos, Antonios Goulas, Timoleon-Achilleas Vyzantiadis, Athanasia Panderi, Apostolos Ι. Ηatzitolios
Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases.2018; 27(4): 963. CrossRef
Resistin and NGAL are associated with inflammatory response, endothelial activation and clinical outcomes in sepsis
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Inflammation Research.2017; 66(7): 611. CrossRef
Reference values for fasting serum resistin in healthy children and adolescents
Ulrik Lausten-Thomsen, Michael Christiansen, Paula Louise Hedley, Tenna Ruest Haarmark Nielsen, Cilius Esmann Fonvig, Oluf Pedersen, Torben Hansen, Jens-Christian Holm
Clinica Chimica Acta.2017; 469: 161. CrossRef
Sarcopenic obesity or obese sarcopenia: A cross talk between age-associated adipose tissue and skeletal muscle inflammation as a main mechanism of the pathogenesis
Alexander Kalinkovich, Gregory Livshits
Ageing Research Reviews.2017; 35: 200. CrossRef
Is There Any Relationship between Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3, Adipokine Profiles and Excessive Body Weight in Type 2 Diabetic Patients?
Joanna Kocot, Piotr Dziemidok, Małgorzata Kiełczykowska, Jacek Kurzepa, Grzegorz Szcześniak, Irena Musik
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2017; 15(1): 19. CrossRef
Exogenous Adipokine Peptide Resistin Protects Against Focal Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice
Jiangtao Zhu, Di Wu, Chenyu Zhao, Man Luo, Ronald C. Hamdy, Balvin H. L. Chua, Xingshun Xu, Zhigang Miao
Neurochemical Research.2017; 42(10): 2949. CrossRef
Adipokines in Liver Cirrhosis
Christa Buechler, Elisabeth Haberl, Lisa Rein-Fischboeck, Charalampos Aslanidis
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2017; 18(7): 1392. CrossRef
The role of sex steroids in white adipose tissue adipocyte function
A E Newell-Fugate
Reproduction.2017; 153(4): R133. CrossRef
Odanacatib Inhibits Resistin-induced Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy Through the Inactivation of ERK Signaling Pathway
Xian Zheng, Guanchang Cheng, Jianwei Luo, Qunhui Ye, Yongzhi Deng, Lin Wu
International Journal of Pharmacology.2017; 13(2): 212. CrossRef
Linking resistin, inflammation, and cardiometabolic diseases
Hyeong Kyu Park, Mi Kyung Kwak, Hye Jeong Kim, Rexford S. Ahima
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2017; 32(2): 239. CrossRef
Translating the biology of adipokines in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases: Gaps and open questions
M. Ruscica, A. Baragetti, A.L. Catapano, G.D. Norata
Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.2017; 27(5): 379. CrossRef
Differences in Mean Levels of Maternal Resistin Serum between Early Onset Preeclampsia (EOPE) and Late Onset Preeclampsia (LOPE)
Yusrawati ., P. Alfajra, R. Machmud
Research Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.2016; 10(1): 1. CrossRef
Secret talk between adipose tissue and central nervous system via secreted factors—an emerging frontier in the neurodegenerative research
Avinash Parimisetty, Anne-Claire Dorsemans, Rana Awada, Palaniyandi Ravanan, Nicolas Diotel, Christian Lefebvre d’Hellencourt
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The role of adipokines in ischemic stroke risk stratification
Styliani Bouziana, Konstantinos Tziomalos, Antonios Goulas, Apostolos Ι Ηatzitolios
International Journal of Stroke.2016; 11(4): 389. CrossRef
The endocrine function of human placenta: an overview
Mariana A. Costa
Reproductive BioMedicine Online.2016; 32(1): 14. CrossRef
Ursolic acid plays a protective role in obesity-induced cardiovascular diseases
Yu-Ting Lin, Ya-Mei Yu, Weng-Cheng Chang, Su-Yin Chiang, Hsu-Chin Chan, Ming-Fen Lee
Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology.2016; 94(6): 627. CrossRef
Determinants of body weight regulation in humans
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Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism.2016; 60(2): 152. CrossRef
Sitagliptin decreases ventricular arrhythmias by attenuated glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)-dependent resistin signalling in infarcted rats
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Bioscience Reports.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Les adipokines : état des lieux et nouveautés
J.-P. Bastard, C. Bastard, S. Fellahi, C. Vatier, J. Capeau, B. Fève
Obésité.2016; 11(3): 181. CrossRef
Factors that promote macrophage homing to adipose tissue in metabolic syndrome
Ishwarlal Jialal, Beverley Adams-Huet, Sridevi Devaraj
Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2016; 30(8): 1434. CrossRef
Uncovering Factors Related to Pancreatic Beta-Cell Function
Aoife M. Curran, Miriam F. Ryan, Elaine Drummond, Eileen R. Gibney, Michael J. Gibney, Helen M. Roche, Lorraine Brennan, Nigel Irwin
PLOS ONE.2016; 11(8): e0161350. CrossRef
Resistin’s, obesity and insulin resistance: the continuing disconnect between rodents and humans
X. Huang, Z. Yang
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2016; 39(6): 607. CrossRef
Adipocytokines in renal transplant recipients
Kristof Nagy, Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Connie M. Rhee, Zoltan Mathe, Miklos Z. Molnar
Clinical Kidney Journal.2016; 9(3): 359. CrossRef
Endocrine alterations from concentric vs. eccentric muscle actions: A brief review
Robert R. Kraemer, V. Daniel Castracane
Metabolism.2015; 64(2): 190. CrossRef
Non-traditional cytokines: How catecholamines and adipokines influence macrophages in immunity, metabolism and the central nervous system
Mark A. Barnes, Monica J. Carson, Meera G. Nair
Cytokine.2015; 72(2): 210. CrossRef
Local and serum levels of adipokines in patients with obesity after periodontal therapy: one‐year follow‐up
Tiago Eduardo Dias Gonçalves, Glaucia Santos Zimmermann, Luciene Cristina Figueiredo, Monique de Carvalho Souza, Daniele Ferreira da Cruz, Marta Ferreira Bastos, Hélio Doyle Pereira da Silva, Poliana Mendes Duarte
Journal of Clinical Periodontology.2015; 42(5): 431. CrossRef
Newborn Adipokines and Birth Outcomes
Edwina H. Yeung, Alexander C. McLain, Nancy Anderson, David Lawrence, Nansi S. Boghossian, Charlotte Druschel, Erin Bell
Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology.2015; 29(4): 317. CrossRef
The effect of a preparation of minerals, vitamins and trace elements on the cardiac gene expression pattern in male diabetic rats
Márta Sárközy, Gergő Szűcs, Márton Pipicz, Ágnes Zvara, Katalin Éder, Veronika Fekete, Csilla Szűcs, Judit Bárkányi, Csaba Csonka, László G. Puskás, Csaba Kónya, Péter Ferdinandy, Tamás Csont
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Diet-induced variability of the resistin gene (Retn) transcript level and methylation profile in rats
Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk, Ewa Pruszynska-Oszmalek, Maciej Szydlowski, Slawomir Sadkowski, Izabela Szczerbal
BMC Genetics.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
INFLUENCE OF RESISTIN ON THE COURSE OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
A. T. Teplyakov, Sh. D. Akhmedov, T. Ye. Suslova, А. V. Andriyanova, A. V. Kuznetsova, N. V. Protopopova, V. V. Kalyuzhin, O. N. Nasanova
Bulletin of Siberian Medicine.2015; 14(5): 73. CrossRef
The Effects of a Single Developmentally Entrained Pulse of Testosterone in Female Neonatal Mice on Reproductive and Metabolic Functions in Adult Life
Hyeran Jang, Shalender Bhasin, Tyler Guarneri, Carlo Serra, Mary Schneider, Mi-Jeong Lee, Wen Guo, Susan K. Fried, Karol Pencina, Ravi Jasuja
Endocrinology.2015; 156(10): 3737. CrossRef
The Resin fromProtium heptaphyllumPrevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice: Scientific Evidence and Potential Mechanisms
Karine Maria Martins Bezerra Carvalho, José Delano Barreto Marinho Filho, Tiago Sousa de Melo, Ana Jérsia Araújo, Josiane da Silva Quetz, Maria do Perpétuo Socorro Saldanha da Cunha, Karina Moura de Melo, Armenio Andre de Carvalho Almeida da Silva, Adrian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.2015; 2015: 1. CrossRef
Evolution of the Vertebrate Resistin Gene Family
Qingda Hu, Huanran Tan, David M. Irwin, Marc Robinson-Rechavi
PLOS ONE.2015; 10(6): e0130188. CrossRef
Obesity, adipokines and neuroinflammation
Argel Aguilar-Valles, Wataru Inoue, Christoph Rummel, Giamal N. Luheshi
Neuropharmacology.2015; 96: 124. CrossRef
Adipokines at the crossroad between obesity and cardiovascular disease
Filippo Molica, Sandrine Morel, Brenda Kwak, Françoise Rohner-Jeanrenaud, Sabine Steffens
Thrombosis and Haemostasis.2015; 113(03): 553. CrossRef
Resistin – 420 C/G polymorphism and serum resistin level in Iranian patients with gestational diabetes mellitus
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Ictal adipokines are associated with pain severity and treatment response in episodic migraine
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Original Articles

Risk Factors for the Progression of Intima-Media Thickness of Carotid Arteries: A 2-Year Follow-Up Study in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: Sang Ouk Chin, Jin Kyung Hwang, Sang Youl Rhee, Suk Chon, You-Cheol Hwang, Seungjoon Oh, Kyu Jeung Ahn, Ho Yeon Chung, Jeong-taek Woo, Sung-Woon Kim, Young Seol Kim, Ja-Heon Kang, In-Kyung Jeong; Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(5):365-374. Published online October 17, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.5.365

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Background

Intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid arteries is known to have a positive correlation with the risk of cardiovascular disease. This study was designed to identify risk factors affecting the progression of carotid IMT in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

Patients with newly diagnosed T2DM with carotid IMT measurements were enrolled, and their clinical data and carotid IMT results at baseline and 2 years later were compared.

Results

Of the 171 patients, 67.2% of males and 50.8% of females had abnormal baseline IMT of the left common carotid artery. At baseline, systolic blood pressure, body mass index and smoking in male participants, and fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels in females were significantly higher in patients with abnormal IMT than in those with normal IMT. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in males and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in females at the 2-year follow-up were significantly different between the nonprogression and the progression groups. Reduction of the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) risk score after 2 years was generally higher in the nonprogression group than the progression group.

Conclusion

LDL-C levels in males and HDL-C levels in females at the 2-year follow-up were significantly different between participants with and without progression of carotid IMT. Furthermore, a reduction in the UKPDS 10-year CHD risk score appeared to delay the advancement of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the importance of establishing the therapeutic goal of lipid profiles should be emphasized to prevent the progression of carotid IMT in newly diagnosed T2DM patients.

Citations

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Comparison of the Effectiveness of Low Carbohydrate Versus Low Fat Diets, in Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Tanefa A. Apekey, Maria J. Maynard, Monia Kittana, Setor K. Kunutsor
Nutrients.2022; 14(20): 4391. CrossRef
Nomogram Based on Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Coronary Heart Disease

Rong Shi, Birong Wu, Zheyun Niu, Hui Sun, Fan Hu
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy.2020; Volume 13: 5025. CrossRef
HMGA1 Mediated High-Glucose-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation in Diabetes Mellitus: Association Between PI3K/Akt Signaling and HMGA1 Expression
Qinghai Zhang, Ling Chen, Zhibo Zhao, Ying Wu, Jing Zhong, Gebo Wen, Renxian Cao, Xuyu Zu, Jianghua Liu
DNA and Cell Biology.2018; 37(4): 389. CrossRef
Relationship between frequency of hypoglycemic episodes and changes in carotid atherosclerosis in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Tomoya Mita, Naoto Katakami, Toshihiko Shiraiwa, Hidenori Yoshii, Nobuichi Kuribayashi, Takeshi Osonoi, Hideaki Kaneto, Keisuke Kosugi, Yutaka Umayahara, Masahiko Gosho, Iichiro Shimomura, Hirotaka Watada
Scientific Reports.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Impact of carotid atherosclerosis detection on physician and patient behavior in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective, observational, multicenter study
In-Kyung Jeong, Sin-Gon Kim, Dong Hyeok Cho, Chong Hwa Kim, Chul Sik Kim, Won-Young Lee, Kyu-Chang Won, Doo-Man Kim
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
The effect of fibroblast growth factors and advanced glycation end-products on the intima-media complex thickness in patients with coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes
Ekaterina Vladimirovna Ivannikova, Victor Yurievich Kalashnikov, Olga Mikhailovna Smirnova, Alexander Borisovich Kuznetsov, Сергей Anatolievich Terekhin, Alexander Viktorovich Il'in
Diabetes mellitus.2014; 17(2): 47. CrossRef

Cardiovascular Risk Assessment with Vascular Function, Carotid Atherosclerosis and the UKPDS Risk Engine in Korean Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: Choon Sik Seon, Kyung Wan Min, Seung Yup Lee, Kyoung Woo Nho, Se Hwan Park, Bo Kyung Koo, Kyung Ah Han; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(6):619-627. Published online December 26, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.6.619

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Background

Patients with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Few studies have evaluated the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk simultaneously using the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) risk engine and non-invasive vascular tests in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Participants (n=380; aged 20 to 81 years) with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes were free of clinical evidence of CVD. The 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke risks were calculated for each patient using the UKPDS risk engine. Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), flow mediated dilation (FMD), pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AI) were measured. The correlations between the UKPDS risk engine and the non-invasive vascular tests were assessed using partial correlation analysis, after adjusting for age, and multiple regression analysis.

Results

The mean 10-year CHD and 10-year stroke risks were 14.92±11.53% and 4.03±3.95%, respectively. The 10-year CHD risk correlated with CIMT (P<0.001), FMD (P=0.017), and PWV (P=0.35) after adjusting for age. The 10-year stroke risk correlated only with the mean CIMT (P<0.001) after adjusting for age. FMD correlated with age (P<0.01) and systolic blood pressure (P=0.09). CIMT correlated with age (P<0.01), HbA1c (P=0.05), and gender (P<0.01).

Conclusion

The CVD risk is increased at the onset of type 2 diabetes. CIMT, FMD, and PWV along with the UKPDS risk engine should be considered to evaluate cardiovascular disease risk in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

Citations

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Association of cardiovascular risk estimate with degree of atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Mashkura Riyazuddeen, AliHasan Faiz Karnam, L Gopinath, Nayyar Iqbal
Journal of Current Research in Scientific Medicine.2019; 5(2): 94. CrossRef
Carotid atherosclerosis and its relationship to coronary heart disease and stroke risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Yan Wu, Jie He, Xue Sun, Yi-Ming Zhao, Han-Yu Lou, Xiao-li Ji, Xiao-Hong Pang, Li-Zhen Shan, Ying-Xiu Kang, Jun Xu, Song-Zhao Zhang, Yong-Jian Wang, Yue-Zhong Ren, Peng-Fei Shan
Medicine.2017; 96(39): e8151. CrossRef
Diabetes Associated to Atherosclerosis Risk Factors in Patients of Family Health Unity
Polyane Medeiros Alves, Raiane dos Santos Pereira, Ariel Gustavo Letti, Álvaro Luís Müller da Fonseca
Open Journal of Preventive Medicine.2015; 05(04): 177. CrossRef
Independent Association of Circulating Level of Chemerin With Functional and Early Morphological Vascular Changes in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Bin Lu, Ming Zhao, Weimin Jiang, Jian Ma, Cuihua Yang, Jiaqing Shao, Ping Gu
Medicine.2015; 94(47): e1990. CrossRef
Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome
Chun-Ja Kim, Hee Sun Kang, Elizabeth A. Schlenk, Sun-Mi Chae
The Diabetes Educator.2015; 41(2): 203. CrossRef
Urinary adiponectin concentration is positively associated with micro- and macro-vascular complications
Won Seon Jeon, Ji Woo Park, Namseok Lee, Se Eun Park, Eun Jung Rhee, Won Young Lee, Ki Won Oh, Sung Woo Park, Cheol-Young Park, Byung-Soo Youn
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2013;[Epub] CrossRef
Development and a Pilot Test of an Internet-Based Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Program for Korean Male Workers With Metabolic Syndrome
CHUN-JA KIM, SEWON KANG
CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing.2013; 31(4): 157. CrossRef
Risk Factors for the Progression of Intima-Media Thickness of Carotid Arteries: A 2-Year Follow-Up Study in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes
Sang Ouk Chin, Jin Kyung Hwang, Sang Youl Rhee, Suk Chon, You-Cheol Hwang, Seungjoon Oh, Kyu Jeung Ahn, Ho Yeon Chung, Jeong-taek Woo, Sung-Woon Kim, Young Seol Kim, Ja-Heon Kang, In-Kyung Jeong
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2013; 37(5): 365. CrossRef
Epicardial adipose tissue thickness is an indicator for coronary artery stenosis in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients: its assessment by cardiac magnetic resonance
Hyun Kim, Kwang Kim, Hye-Jeong Lee, Hee Yu, Jae Moon, Eun Kang, Bong Cha, Hyun Lee, Byung-Wan Lee, Young Kim
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2012; 11(1): 83. CrossRef
Potential association between coronary artery disease and the inflammatory biomarker YKL-40 in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Hyun Min Kim, Byung-Wan Lee, Young-Mi Song, Won Jin Kim, Hyuk-Jae Chang, Dong-Hoon Choi, Hee Tae Yu, EunSeok Kang, Bong Soo Cha, Hyun Chul Lee
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2012;[Epub] CrossRef

Carotid Intimal-Medial Thickness Is Not Increased in Women with Previous Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Yun Hyi Ku, Sung Hee Choi, Soo Lim, Young Min Cho, Young Joo Park, Kyong Soo Park, Seong Yeon Kim, Hak Chul Jang; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(5):497-503. Published online October 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.5.497

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Background

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is known to increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Measuring the carotid artery intimal-medial thickness (CIMT) is a non-invasive technique used to evaluate early atherosclerosis and to predict future cardiovascular diseases. We examined the association between CIMT and cardiovascular risk factors in young Korean women with previous GDM.

Methods

One hundred one women with previous GDM and 19 women who had normal pregnancies (NP) were recruited between 1999 and 2002. At one year postpartum, CIMT was measured using high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography, and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed. Fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), insulin levels and lipid profiles were also measured. CIMTs in the GDM and NP groups were compared, and the associations between CIMT and cardiovascular risk factors were analyzed in the GDM group.

Results

CIMT results of the GDM group were not significantly different from those of the NP group (GDM, 0.435±0.054 mm; NP, 0.460±0.046 mm; P=0.069). In the GDM group, a higher HbA1c was associated with an increase in CIMT after age adjustment (P=0.011). CIMT results in the group with HbA1c >6.0% were higher than those of the normal HbA1c (HbA1c ≤6.0%) (P=0.010). Nine of the patients who are type 2 diabetes mellitus converters within one year postpartum but showed no significant difference in CIMT results compared to NP group.

Conclusion

Higher HbA1c is associated with an increase in CIMT in women with previous GDM. However, CIMT at one year postpartum was not increased in these women compared to that in NP women.

Citations

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The effect of gestational diabetes mellitus on carotid artery intima-media thickness in and after pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Andrea Sonaglioni, Elisabetta Piergallini, Angelo Naselli, Gian Luigi Nicolosi, Anna Ferrulli, Stefano Bianchi, Michele Lombardo, Giuseppe Ambrosio
Acta Diabetologica.2023; 61(2): 139. CrossRef
Prognostic indicators of persistent carotid intima-media thickness increase in postpartum period in a population of normotensive women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Andrea Sonaglioni, Gian Luigi Nicolosi, Valentina Esposito, Stefano Bianchi, Michele Lombardo
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology.2022; 269: 47. CrossRef
Pharmacotherapy for gestational diabetes
Angelo Maria Patti, Rosaria Vincenza Giglio, Kalliopi Pafili, Manfredi Rizzo, Nikolaos Papanas
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy.2018; 19(13): 1407. CrossRef
Women with a history of gestational diabetes on long-term follow up have normal vascular function despite more dysglycemia, dyslipidemia and adiposity
Olubukola Ajala, Louise A. Jensen, Edmond Ryan, Constance Chik
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2015; 110(3): 309. CrossRef
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Women: Similarities and Differences from Other Racial/Ethnic Groups
Catherine Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2014; 38(1): 1. CrossRef
History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Future Risk of Atherosclerosis in Mid‐life: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study
Erica P. Gunderson, Vicky Chiang, Mark J. Pletcher, David R. Jacobs, Charles P. Quesenberry, Stephen Sidney, Cora E. Lewis
Journal of the American Heart Association.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) with subclinical atherosclerosis: a systemic review and meta-analysis
Jing-Wei Li, Si-Yi He, Peng Liu, Lin Luo, Liang Zhao, Ying-Bin Xiao
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Offspring of Diabetic Women: The Impact of the Intrauterine Environment
Laura J. Marco, Kate McCloskey, Peter J. Vuillermin, David Burgner, Joanne Said, Anne-Louise Ponsonby
Experimental Diabetes Research.2012; 2012: 1. CrossRef
The Association between Carotid Atherosclerosis and Glucose
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Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2011; 35(5): 466. CrossRef

Basal C-peptide Level as a Surrogate Marker of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Sung-Tae Kim, Byung-Joon Kim, Dong-Mee Lim, In-Geol Song, Jang-Han Jung, Kang-Woo Lee, Keun-Young Park, Youn-Zoo Cho, Dae-Ho Lee, Gwan-Pyo Koh; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(1):41-49. Published online February 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.1.41

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Background

Recent studies have revealed that C-peptide induces smooth muscle cell proliferation and causes human atherosclerotic lesions in diabetic patients. The present study was designed to examine whether the basal C-peptide levels correlate with cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.

Methods

Data was obtained from 467 patients with T2DM from two institutions who were followed for four years. The medical findings of all patients were reviewed, and patients with creatinine >1.4 mg/dL, any inflammation or infection, hepatitis, or type 1 DM were excluded. The relationships between basal C-peptide and other clinical values were statistically analyzed.

Results

A simple correlation was found between basal C-peptide and components of metabolic syndrome (MS). Statistically basal C-peptide levels were significantly higher than the three different MS criteria used in the present study, the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program's (NCEP's), World Health Organization (WHO), and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria (NCEP-ATP III, P=0.001; IDF, P<0.001; WHO, P=0.029). The multiple regression analysis between intima-media thickness (IMT) and clinical values showed that basal C-peptide significantly correlated with IMT (P=0.043), while the analysis between the 10-year coronary heart disease risk by the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study risk engine and clinical values showed that basal C-peptide did not correlate with IMT (P=0.226).

Conclusion

Basal C-peptide is related to cardiovascular predictors (IMT) of T2DM, suggesting that basal C-peptide does provide a further indication of cardiovascular disease.

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Effects of Serum C-Peptide Level on Blood Lipid and Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Injury in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis
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Endocrine Journal.2022; 69(7): 773. CrossRef
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Min Liu, Li Ao, Xinyu Hu, Jianning Ma, Kena Bao, Ye Gu, Jing Zhao, Weiping Huang
European Journal of Medical Research.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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Nearmeen M. Rashad, Ghada M. Samir, Hanan M. Sabry, Nesreen M. Mohy, Shereen M. El Shabrawy
The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine.2019; 31(3): 368. CrossRef
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Hemolysis Affects C‐Peptide Immunoassay
Zhi‐Qi Wu, Ju Lu, Hua‐Guo Xu
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Itahisa Marcelino Rodríguez, José Oliva García, José Juan Alemán Sánchez, Delia Almeida González, Santiago Domínguez Coello, Buenaventura Brito Díaz, Fadoua Gannar, María del Cristo Rodríguez Pérez, Roberto Elosua, Antonio Cabrera de León
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C-Peptide Is Independently Associated with an Increased Risk of Coronary Artery Disease in T2DM Subjects: A Cross-Sectional Study
Lingshu Wang, Peng Lin, Aixia Ma, Huizhen Zheng, Kexin Wang, Wenjuan Li, Chuan Wang, Ruxing Zhao, Kai Liang, Fuqiang Liu, Xinguo Hou, Jun Song, Yiran Lu, Ping Zhu, Yu Sun, Li Chen, Marta Letizia Hribal
PLOS ONE.2015; 10(6): e0127112. CrossRef
C-peptide as a risk factor of coronary artery disease in the general population
Antonio Cabrera de León, José Gregorio Oliva García, Itahisa Marcelino Rodríguez, Delia Almeida González, José Juan Alemán Sánchez, Buenaventura Brito Díaz, Santiago Domínguez Coello, Vicente Bertomeu Martínez, Armando Aguirre Jaime, María del Cristo Rodr
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Letter: Basal C-peptide Level as a Surrogate Marker of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetes Patients (Diabetes Metab J 2011;35:41-9)
Min Suk Lee, Hae Jin Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2011; 35(2): 188. CrossRef
Response: Basal C-peptide Level as a Surrogate Marker of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetic Patients (Diabetes Metab J 2011;35:41-9)
Sung-Tae Kim, Byung-Joon Kim, Dong-Mee Lim, In-Geol Song, Jang-Han Jung, Kang-Woo Lee, Keun-Young Park, Youn-Zoo Cho, Dae-Ho Lee, Gwan-Pyo Koh
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2011; 35(2): 190. CrossRef

Is A1C Variability an Independent Predictor for the Progression of Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetic Patients?: Chul Sik Kim, So Young Park, Sung Hoon Yu, Jun Goo Kang, Ohk Hyun Ryu, Seong Jin Lee, Eun Gyung Hong, Hyeon Kyu Kim, Doo-Man Kim, Jae Myung Yoo, Sung Hee Ihm, Moon Gi Choi, Hyung Joon Yoo; Korean Diabetes J. 2010;34(3):174-181. Published online June 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.3.174

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Background

Little is known about the relative contribution of long-term glycemic variability to the risk of macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of A1C variability on the progression of carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) in type 2 diabetic patients.

Methods

Among type 2 diabetic patients who visited Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital from March 2007 to September 2009, 120 patients who had carotid artery IMT measured annually and A1C checked every three months for at least one year were analyzed. Individual A1C variability was defined as the standard deviation (SD) of five A1C levels taken every three months for approximately one year. Change in IMT was defined as an increase in IMT on follow-up measurement. The association between the SD of A1C and changes in IMT was evaluated.

Results

With greater A1C variability, there was a greater increase in the mean IMT (r = 0.350, P < 0.001) of the carotid artery. After adjusting for confounding factors that may influence IMT, A1C variability was significantly associated with the progression of IMT (r = 0.222, P = 0.034). However, the SD of A1C was not a significant independent risk factor for the progression of IMT in multiple regression analysis (β = 0.158, P = 0.093).

Conclusion

Higher A1C variability is associated with IMT progression in type 2 diabetic patients; however, it is not an independent predictor of IMT progression. Overall glycemic control is the most important factor in the progression of IMT.

Citations

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The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2014; 15(4): 202. CrossRef
HbA1c variability and the development of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes: Tsukuba Kawai Diabetes Registry 2
A. Sugawara, K. Kawai, S. Motohashi, K. Saito, S. Kodama, Y. Yachi, R. Hirasawa, H. Shimano, K. Yamazaki, H. Sone
Diabetologia.2012; 55(8): 2128. CrossRef

The Relationship Between Coronary Artery Calcification and Serum Apolipoprotein A-1 in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.: Hyun Ae Seo, Yeon Kyung Choi, Jae Han Jeon, Jung Eun Lee, Ji Yun Jeong, Seong Su Moon, In Kyu Lee, Bo Wan Kim, Jung Guk Kim; Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(6):485-493. Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.6.485

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BACKGROUND
The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing annually and patient mortality is high. Coronary artery calcification is a predictor of coronary artery disease. Cardiovascular events, which are the main cause of death in type 2 diabetes patients, may be preventable by addressing risk factors associated with coronary artery calcification. We examined the relationships between coronary artery calcification, lipid profiles, and apolipoprotein levels. METHODS: We calculated the coronary calcium scores (CCS) of 254 subjects with type 2 diabetes (113 males, 141 females) via multi-detector row computed tomography (MDCT). Height, body weight, blood pressure, HbA1c, c-peptide, lipid profile and apolipoprotein were assessed concurrently. RESULTS: In patients with type 2 diabetes, Agatston score and apolipoprotein A-1 were significantly negatively correlated in both males and females (males P = 0.015, females P = 0.021). The negative correlation between Agatston score and apolipoprotein A-1 was retained for the entire patient sample after adjustments for age and sex (P = 0.022). Stepwise multiple regression anaylses with the Agatston score as the dependent variable indicate that apolipoprotein A-1 is a independent predictor (beta coefficient = -0.047, 95%CI = -0.072 ~ -0.021, P < 0.001) of coronary artery calcification. CONCLUSION: The results of our study suggest that apolipoprotein A-1 is a useful independent indicator of coronary artery calcification.

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The Risk of Coronary Artery Calcification according to Different Lipid Parameters and Average Lipid Parameters
Tae Kyung Yoo, Mi Yeon Lee, Ki-Chul Sung
Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Coronary Artery Calcification and Serum Apolipoprotein A-1 in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Ki Won Oh
Korean Diabetes Journal.2009; 33(6): 464. CrossRef

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