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Volume 45(4); July 2021
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Guideline/Fact Sheet
2021 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Mellitus in Korea
Kyu Yeon Hur, Min Kyong Moon, Jong Suk Park, Soo-Kyung Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee, Jae-Seung Yun, Jong Ha Baek, Junghyun Noh, Byung-Wan Lee, Tae Jung Oh, Suk Chon, Ye Seul Yang, Jang Won Son, Jong Han Choi, Kee Ho Song, Nam Hoon Kim, Sang Yong Kim, Jin Wha Kim, Sang Youl Rhee, You-Bin Lee, Sang-Man Jin, Jae Hyeon Kim, Chong Hwa Kim, Dae Jung Kim, SungWan Chun, Eun-Jung Rhee, Hyun Min Kim, Hyun Jung Kim, Donghyun Jee, Jae Hyun Kim, Won Seok Choi, Eun-Young Lee, Kun-Ho Yoon, Seung-Hyun Ko, Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines, Korean Diabetes Association
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):461-481.   Published online July 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0156
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
The Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Korean Diabetes Association (KDA) updated the previous clinical practice guidelines for Korean adults with diabetes and prediabetes and published the seventh edition in May 2021. We performed a comprehensive systematic review of recent clinical trials and evidence that could be applicable in real-world practice and suitable for the Korean population. The guideline is provided for all healthcare providers including physicians, diabetes experts, and certified diabetes educators across the country who manage patients with diabetes or the individuals at the risk of developing diabetes mellitus. The recommendations for screening diabetes and glucose-lowering agents have been revised and updated. New sections for continuous glucose monitoring, insulin pump use, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with diabetes mellitus have been added. The KDA recommends active vaccination for coronavirus disease 2019 in patients with diabetes during the pandemic. An abridgement that contains practical information for patient education and systematic management in the clinic was published separately.

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Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Computed Tomography-Derived Myosteatosis and Metabolic Disorders
Iva Miljkovic, Chantal A. Vella, Matthew Allison
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):482-491.   Published online July 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0277
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
The role of ectopic adipose tissue infiltration into skeletal muscle (i.e., myosteatosis) for metabolic disorders has received considerable and increasing attention in the last 10 years. The purpose of this review was to evaluate and summarize existing studies focusing on computed tomography (CT)-derived measures of myosteatosis and metabolic disorders. There is consistent evidence that CT-derived myosteatosis contributes to dysglycemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and inflammation, and, to some extent, dyslipidemia, independent of general obesity, visceral fat, and other relevant risk factors, suggesting that it may serve as a tool for metabolic risk prediction. Identification of which muscles should be examined, and the standardized CT protocols to be employed, are necessary to enhance the applicability of findings from epidemiologic studies of myosteatosis. Additional and longer longitudinal studies are necessary to confirm a role of myosteatosis in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and examine these associations in a variety of muscles across multiple race/ethnic populations. Given the emerging role of myosteatosis in metabolic health, well-designed intervention studies are needed to investigate relevant lifestyle and pharmaceutical approaches.

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Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Management of Cardiovascular Risk in Perimenopausal Women with Diabetes
Catherine Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):492-501.   Published online July 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0262
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality in women and men with diabetes. Due to age and worsening of risk factors over the menopausal transition, risk of coronary heart disease events increases in postmenopausal women with diabetes. Randomized studies have conflicted regarding the beneficial impact of estrogen therapy upon intermediate cardiovascular disease markers and events. Therefore, estrogen therapy is not currently recommended for indications other than symptom management. However, for women at low risk of adverse events, estrogen therapy can be used to minimize menopausal symptoms. The risk of adverse events can be estimated using risk engines for the calculation of cardiovascular risk and breast cancer risk in conjunction with screening tools such as mammography. Use of estrogen therapy, statins, and anti-platelet agents can be guided by such calculators particularly for younger women with diabetes. Risk management remains focused upon lifestyle behaviors and achieving optimal levels of cardiovascular risk factors, including lipids, glucose, and blood pressure. Use of pharmacologic therapies to address these risk factors, particularly specific hypoglycemic agents, may provide some additional benefit for risk prevention. The minimal benefit for women with limited life expectancy and risk of complications with intensive therapy should also be considered.

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Editorial
Cardiovascular Safety of SGLT2 Inhibitors Compared to DPP4 Inhibitors and Sulfonylureas as the Second-Line of Therapy in T2DM Using Large, Real-World Clinical Data in Korea
Kyuho Kim, Sung Hee Choi
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):502-504.   Published online July 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0158
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PDFPubReader   ePub   

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  • The neuroprotective potential of phytochemicals in traumatic brain injury: mechanistic insights and pharmacological implications
    Gulam Mustafa Hasan, Saleha Anwar, Anas Shamsi, Sukhwinder Singh Sohal, Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
    Frontiers in Pharmacology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
Original Articles
Drug/Regimen
Cardiovascular Safety of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors as Add-on to Metformin Monotherapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Ja Young Jeon, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):505-514.   Published online October 30, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0057
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Using real-world data, cardiovascular safety was investigated in metformin users newly starting sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors compared with other glucose-lowering drugs in Korea.
Methods
This was a retrospective observational study using the National Health Insurance Service claims database in Korea. The study period was from September 2014 to December 2016. The study included subjects who were newly prescribed SGLT2 inhibitors or other glucose-lowering drugs while on metformin monotherapy; cohort 1 was composed of new users of SGLT2 inhibitors versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and cohort 2 included new users of SGLT2 inhibitors versus sulfonylureas. To balance the patient characteristics, propensity score matching was performed at a 1:1 ratio. Cardiovascular outcomes included hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), all-cause mortality, HHF plus all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and modified major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs).
Results
After propensity score matching, each cohort group was well balanced at baseline (21,688 pairs in cohort 1 and 20,120 pairs in cohort 2). As the second-line treatment, use of SGLT2 inhibitors was associated with a lower risk of HHF and HHF plus all-cause mortality compared with DPP-4 inhibitors. In addition, use of SGLT2 inhibitors versus sulfonylurea as add-on therapy to metformin was associated with decreased risks of HHF, all-cause mortality, HHF plus all-cause mortality, MI, stroke, and modified MACEs.
Conclusion
SGLT2 inhibitors can be a good second-line drug to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases compared with DPP-4 inhibitors or sulfonylureas in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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  • Evaluation and Management of Patients With Diabetes and Heart Failure: A Korean Diabetes Association and Korean Society of Heart Failure Consensus Statement
    Kyu-Sun Lee, Junghyun Noh, Seong-Mi Park, Kyung Mook Choi, Seok-Min Kang, Kyu-Chang Won, Hyun-Jai Cho, Min Kyong Moon
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  • Evaluation and Management of Patients with Diabetes and Heart Failure: A Korean Diabetes Association and Korean Society of Heart Failure Consensus Statement
    Kyu-Sun Lee, Junghyun Noh, Seong-Mi Park, Kyung Mook Choi, Seok-Min Kang, Kyu-Chang Won, Hyun-Jai Cho, Min Kyong Moon
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    Jingqian Su, Yingsheng Luo, Shan Hu, Lu Tang, Songying Ouyang
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    Jui Wang, Hon-Yen Wu, Kuo-Liong Chien
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    Ja Young Jeon, Dae Jung Kim
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    Israel Mazin, Fernando Chernomordik, Paul Fefer, Shlomi Matetzky, Roy Beigel
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  • Effect of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter Inhibitors on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events and Hospitalization for Heart Failure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Atrial Fibrillation
    Chang Hee Kwon, Ye-Jee Kim, Min-Ju Kim, Myung-Jin Cha, Min Soo Cho, Gi-Byoung Nam, Kee-Joon Choi, Jun Kim
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    Ha Young Jang, In-Wha Kim, Jung Mi Oh
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  • Cardiovascular Safety of SGLT2 Inhibitors Compared to DPP4 Inhibitors and Sulfonylureas as the Second-Line of Therapy in T2DM Using Large, Real-World Clinical Data in Korea
    Kyuho Kim, Sung Hee Choi
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(4): 502.     CrossRef
  • The effect of sodium‐glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors on mortality and heart failure in randomized trials versus observational studies
    Jesper Krogh, Carsten Hjorthøj, Søren L. Kristensen, Christian Selmer, Steen B. Haugaard
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  • Outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes treated with SGLT-2 inhibitors versus DPP-4 inhibitors. An Italian real-world study in the context of other observational studies
    Enrico Longato, Benedetta Maria Bonora, Barbara Di Camillo, Giovanni Sparacino, Lara Tramontan, Angelo Avogaro, Gian Paolo Fadini
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Technology/Device
Development and Validation of a Deep Learning Based Diabetes Prediction System Using a Nationwide Population-Based Cohort
Sang Youl Rhee, Ji Min Sung, Sunhee Kim, In-Jeong Cho, Sang-Eun Lee, Hyuk-Jae Chang
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):515-525.   Published online February 25, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0081
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Previously developed prediction models for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have limited performance. We developed a deep learning (DL) based model using a cohort representative of the Korean population.
Methods
This study was conducted on the basis of the National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening (NHIS-HEALS) cohort of Korea. Overall, 335,302 subjects without T2DM at baseline were included. We developed the model based on 80% of the subjects, and verified the power in the remainder. Predictive models for T2DM were constructed using the recurrent neural network long short-term memory (RNN-LSTM) network and the Cox longitudinal summary model. The performance of both models over a 10-year period was compared using a time dependent area under the curve.
Results
During a mean follow-up of 10.4±1.7 years, the mean frequency of periodic health check-ups was 2.9±1.0 per subject. During the observation period, T2DM was newly observed in 8.7% of the subjects. The annual performance of the model created using the RNN-LSTM network was superior to that of the Cox model, and the risk factors for T2DM, derived using the two models were similar; however, certain results differed.
Conclusion
The DL-based T2DM prediction model, constructed using a cohort representative of the population, performs better than the conventional model. After pilot tests, this model will be provided to all Korean national health screening recipients in the future.

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  • Remnant Cholesterol Is an Independent Predictor of Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
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Complications
Study on Risk Factors of Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Establishment of Prediction Model
Birong Wu, Zheyun Niu, Fan Hu
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):526-538.   Published online July 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0100
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most serious complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). DPN increases the risk of ulcers, foot infections, and noninvasive amputations, ultimately leading to long-term disability.
Methods
Seven hundred patients with T2DM were investigated from 2013 to 2017 in the Sanlin community by obtaining basic data from the electronic medical record system (EMRS). From September 2018 to July 2019, 681 patients (19 missing) were investigated using a questionnaire, physical examination, biochemical index test, and follow-up Toronto clinical scoring system (TCSS) test. Patients with a TCSS score ≥6 points were diagnosed with DPN. After removing missing values, 612 patients were divided into groups in a 3:1 ratio for external validation. Using different Lasso analyses (misclassification error, mean squared error, –2log-likelihood, and area under curve) and a logistic regression analysis of the training set, models A, B, C, and D were established. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration plot, dynamic component analysis (DCA) measurements, net classification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were used to validate discrimination and clinical practicality of the model.
Results
Through data analysis, model A (containing four factors), model B (containing five factors), model C (containing seven factors), and model D (containing seven factors) were built. After calibration, ROC curve, DCA, NRI and IDI, models C and D exhibited better accuracy and greater predictive power.
Conclusion
Four prediction models were established to assist with the early screening of DPN in patients with T2DM. The influencing factors in model C and D are more important factors for patients with T2DM diagnosed with DPN.

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  • Diabetes Mellitusu Olan Bireylerde Periferal Nöropati ve Hemşirelik Bakımı
    Semanur BİLGİÇ, Burcu BAYRAK KAHRAMAN
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Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Dose-Dependent Effect of Smoking on Risk of Diabetes Remains after Smoking Cessation: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea
Se Eun Park, Mi Hae Seo, Jung-Hwan Cho, Hyemi Kwon, Yang-Hyun Kim, Kyung-Do Han, Jin-Hyung Jung, Yong-Gyu Park, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):539-546.   Published online March 4, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0061
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
This study aimed to evaluate the dose-dependent effects of smoking on risk of diabetes among those quitting smoking.
Methods
We analyzed clinical data from a total of 5,198,792 individuals age 20 years or older who received health care check-up arranged by the national insurance program of Korea between 2009 and 2016 using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. Cumulative smoking was estimated by pack-years. Smokers were classified into four categories according to the amount of smoking: light smokers (0.025 to 5 smoking pack-years), medium smokers (5 to 14 smoking pack-years), heavy smokers (14 to 26 smoking pack-years), and extreme smokers (more than 26 smoking pack-years).
Results
During the study period, 164,335 individuals (3.2% of the total population) developed diabetes. Compared to sustained smokers, the risk of diabetes was significantly reduced in both quitters (hazard ratio [HR], 0.858; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.838 to 0.878) and nonsmokers (HR, 0.616; 95% CI, 0.606 to 0.625) after adjustment for multiple risk factors. The risk of diabetes gradually increased with amount of smoking in both quitters and current smokers. The risk of diabetes in heavy (HR, 1.119; 95% CI, 1.057 to 1.185) and extreme smokers (HR, 1.348; 95% CI, 1.275 to 1.425) among quitters was much higher compared to light smokers among current smokers.
Conclusion
Smoking cessation was effective in reducing the risk of diabetes regardless of weight change. However, there was a potential dose-dependent association between smoking amount and the development of diabetes. Diabetes risk still remained in heavy and extreme smokers even after smoking cessation.

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    Vincent Durlach, Bruno Vergès, Abdallah Al-Salameh, Thibault Bahougne, Farid Benzerouk, Ivan Berlin, Carole Clair, Jacques Mansourati, Alexia Rouland, Daniel Thomas, Philippe Thuillier, Blandine Tramunt, Anne-Laurence Le Faou
    Diabetes & Metabolism.2022; 48(6): 101370.     CrossRef
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    Yanli Wu, Xi He, Jie Zhou, Yiying Wang, Lisha Yu, Xuejiao Li, Tao Liu, Jianhua Luo
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    Soo Young Kim
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Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Fetal Abdominal Obesity Detected At 24 to 28 Weeks of Gestation Persists Until Delivery Despite Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Wonjin Kim, Soo Kyung Park, Yoo Lee Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):547-557.   Published online March 5, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0078
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Fetal abdominal obesity (FAO) has been reported to be affected at gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation in older and/or obese women. This study investigated whether the management of GDM improves FAO in GDM subjects near term.
Methods
Medical records of 7,099 singleton pregnant women delivering at CHA Gangnam Medical Center were reviewed retrospectively. GDM was diagnosed by 100-g oral glucose tolerance test after 50-g glucose challenge test based on Carpenter–Coustan criteria. GDM subjects were divided into four study groups according to maternal age and obesity. FAO was defined as ≥90th percentile of fetal abdominal overgrowth ratios (FAORs) of the ultrasonographically estimated gestational age (GA) of abdominal circumference per actual GA by the last menstruation period, biparietal diameter, or femur length, respectively.
Results
As compared with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) subjects near term, FAORs and odds ratio for FAO were significantly higher in old and/or obese women with GDM but not in young and nonobese women with GDM. For fetuses of GDM subjects with FAO at the time of GDM diagnosis, the odds ratio for exhibiting FAO near term and being large for GA at birth were 7.87 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.38 to 14.15) and 10.96 (95% CI, 5.58 to 20.53) compared with fetuses of NGT subjects without FAO at GDM diagnosis.
Conclusion
Despite treatment, FAO detected at the time of GDM diagnosis persisted until delivery. Early diagnosis and treatment might be necessary to prevent near term FAO in high-risk older and/or obese women.

Citations

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  • The effects of gestational diabetes mellitus on fetal growth: is it different for low-risk and medium–high-risk pregnant women?
    Jie Wang, Xin Cheng, Zhen-Hua Li, Yi-Cheng Mao, Xin-Qiang Wang, Kang-Di Zhang, Wen-Jie Yu, Ying-Qing Li, Jia-wen Zhao, Mao-Lin Chen, Guo-peng Gao, Cheng-Yang Hu, Xiu-Jun Zhang
    Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Wonjin Kim, Soo Kyung Park, Yoo Lee Kim
    Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Level of Organochlorine Pesticide in Prediabetic and Newly Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Varying Degree of Glucose Intolerance and Insulin Resistance among North Indian Population
Shipra Tyagi, Brijesh Kumar Mishra, Tusha Sharma, Neha Tawar, Abdul Jamil Urfi, Basu Dev Banerjee, Sri Venkata Madhu
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):558-568.   Published online January 15, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0093
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) exposure may induce an endocrine disruption which may lead to the risk of developing diabetes through alteration and disturbance of glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and destruction of β-cells. The present study determines the recent trend of OCPs residue in blood samples and their association with the known risk factors responsible for developing the risk of diabetes among the North Indian population.
Methods
Blood sample of 300 patients (100 each of normal glucose tolerance [NGT], prediabetes and newly detected diabetes mellitus [DM]) between the age group of 30 to 70 years were collected. OCPs residue in whole blood samples was analyzed by using gas chromatography equipped with a 63Ni selective electron capture detector.
Results
Significantly higher levels of β-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dieldrin, and p,p’-dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE) were found in the prediabetes and newly detected DM groups as compared to NGT group. Insulin resistance showed to be significantly positive correlation with β-HCH and dieldrin. Also, fasting and postprandial glucose levels were significantly positively correlated with levels of β-HCH, dieldrin, and p,p’-DDE. Further, when OCPs level was adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI), it was found that β-HCH, dieldrin, and p,p’-DDE levels in blood increases the risk of diabetes by 2.70, 2.83, and 2.55 times respectively. Moreover, when we adjust OCPs level based on BMI categories (BMI <23, ≥23, and ≤25, and >25 kg/m2); β-HCH and p,p’-DDE showed a significant risk of developing newly detected DM with BMI >25 and ≥23 and ≤25 kg/m2.
Conclusion
The OCPs level present in the environment may be responsible for biological, metabolic, and endocrine disruptions within the human body which may increase the risk of developing newly detected DM. Hence, OCPs exposure can play a crucial role in the etiology of diabetes.

Citations

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  • Combined effects of organochlorine pesticides on type 2 diabetes mellitus: Insights from endocrine disrupting effects of hormones
    Jiayu Shi, Dandan Wei, Cuicui Ma, Jintian Geng, Mengzhen Zhao, Jian Hou, Wenqian Huo, Tao Jing, Chongjian Wang, Zhenxing Mao
    Environmental Pollution.2024; 341: 122867.     CrossRef
  • Associations of chronic exposure to a mixture of pesticides and type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Chinese elderly population
    Tian Chen, Xiaohua Liu, Jianghua Zhang, Lulu Wang, Jin Su, Tao Jing, Ping Xiao
    Chemosphere.2024; 351: 141194.     CrossRef
  • Application of In Vitro Models for Studying the Mechanisms Underlying the Obesogenic Action of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) as Food Contaminants—A Review
    Monika Kowalczyk, Jakub P. Piwowarski, Artur Wardaszka, Paulina Średnicka, Michał Wójcicki, Edyta Juszczuk-Kubiak
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(2): 1083.     CrossRef
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    Yile Wei, Linping Wang, Jing Liu
    Environmental Pollution.2023; 331: 121927.     CrossRef
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    Ali Arab, Sara Mostafalou
    Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology.2023; 195: 105521.     CrossRef
  • Circulating organochlorine pesticide levels, genetic predisposition and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes
    Chengyong Jia, Shiyang Zhang, Xu Cheng, Peiwen Li, Jun An, Xin Zhang, Wending Li, Yali Xu, Handong Yang, Tao Jing, Huan Guo, Meian He
    Environmental Pollution.2023; 337: 122541.     CrossRef
  • Targets for pollutants in rat and human pancreatic beta-cells: The effect of prolonged exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers on the expression of function- and survival-related proteins
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    Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology.2023; 104: 104299.     CrossRef
  • Association of Organochlorine Pesticides With Genetic Markers of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case–Control Study Among the North-Indian Population
    Neha Tawar, Basu Dev Banerjee, Sri Venkata Madhu, Vivek Agrawal, Sanjay Gupta
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Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Metabolic Syndrome Severity Score for Predicting Cardiovascular Events: A Nationwide Population-Based Study from Korea
Yo Nam Jang, Jun Hyeok Lee, Jin Sil Moon, Dae Ryong Kang, Seong Yong Park, Jerim Cho, Jang-Young Kim, Ji Hye Huh
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):569-577.   Published online January 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0103
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Recently, a metabolic syndrome severity score (MS score) using a dataset of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys has been developed. We aimed to determine whether the newly developed score is a significant predictor of cardiovascular (CV) events among the Korean population.
Methods
From the Korean National Health Insurance System, 2,541,364 (aged 40 to 59 years) subjects with no history of CV events (ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction [MI]), who underwent health examinations from 2009 to 2011 and were followed up until 2014 to 2017, were identified. Cox proportional hazard model was employed to investigate the association between MS score and CV events. Model performance of MS score for predicting CV events was compared to that of conventional metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria (Adult Treatment Program III [ATP-III]) using the Akaike information criterion and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.
Results
Over a median follow-up of 6 years, 15,762 cases of CV events were reported. MS score at baseline showed a linear association with incident CV events. In the multivariable-adjusted model, the hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) comparing the highest versus lowest quartiles of MS score were 1.48 (1.36 to 1.60) for MI and 1.89 (1.74 to 2.05) for stroke. Model fitness and performance of the MS score in predicting CV events were superior to those of ATP-III.
Conclusion
The newly developed age- and sex-specific continuous MS score for the Korean population is an independent predictor of ischemic stroke and MI in Korean middle-aged adults even after adjusting for confounding factors.

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  • Metabolic syndrome awareness in the general Korean population: results from a nationwide survey
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    Jaap Keijer, Xavier Escoté, Sebastià Galmés, Andreu Palou-March, Francisca Serra, Mona Adnan Aldubayan, Kristina Pigsborg, Faidon Magkos, Ella J. Baker, Philip C. Calder, Joanna Góralska, Urszula Razny, Malgorzata Malczewska-Malec, David Suñol, Mar Galofr
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  • Development and validation of a continuous metabolic syndrome severity score in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
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    Yuqi Yang, Qian Li, Yanjun Long, Jing Yuan, Yan Zha
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    Ji Hye Huh, Kyong Joo Lee, Yun Kyung Cho, Shinje Moon, Yoon Jung Kim, Eun Roh, Kyung-do Han, Dong Hee Koh, Jun Goo Kang, Seong Jin Lee, Sung-Hee Ihm
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    Ji Yoon Kim, Kyoung Jin Kim, Kyeong Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Jinhee Seo, Jung-Been Lee, Jae Hyun Bae, Nam Hoon Kim, Hee Young Kim, Soo-Kyung Lee, Sin Gon Kim
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Genetics
Association of Combined TCF7L2 and KCNQ1 Gene Polymorphisms with Diabetic Micro- and Macrovascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Rujikorn Rattanatham, Nongnuch Settasatian, Nantarat Komanasin, Upa Kukongviriyapan, Kittisak Sawanyawisuth, Phongsak Intharaphet, Vichai Senthong, Chatri Settasatian
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):578-593.   Published online March 22, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0101
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Vascular complications are the major morbid consequences of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2), potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1 (KCNQ1), and inwardly-rectifying potassium channel, subfamily J, member 11 gene (KCNJ11) are common T2DM susceptibility genes in various populations. However, the associations between polymorphisms in these genes and diabetic complications are controversial. This study aimed to investigate the effects of combined gene-polymorphisms within TCF7L2, KCNQ1, and KCNJ11 on vascular complications in Thai subjects with T2DM.
Methods
We conducted a case-control study comprising 960 T2DM patients and 740 non-diabetes controls. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in TCF7L2, KCNQ1, and KCNJ11 were genotyped and evaluated for their association with diabetic vascular complications.
Results
The gene variants TCF7L2 rs290487-T, KCNQ1 rs2237892-C, and KCNQ1 rs2237897-C were associated with increased risk of T2DM. TCF7L2 rs7903146-C, TCF7L2 rs290487-C, KCNQ1 rs2237892-T, and KCNQ1 rs2237897-T revealed an association with hypertension. The specific combination of risk-alleles that have effects on T2DM and hypertension, TCF7L2 rs7903146-C, KCNQ1 rs2237892-C, and KCNQ1 rs2237897-T, as genetic risk score (GRS), pronounced significant association with coronary artery disease (CAD), cumulative nephropathy and CAD, and cumulative microvascular and macrovascular complications (respective odds ratios [ORs] with 95% confidence interval [95% CI], comparing between GRS 2–3 and GRS 5–6, were 7.31 [2.03 to 26.35], 3.92 [1.75 to 8.76], and 2.33 [1.13 to 4.79]).
Conclusion
This study demonstrated, for the first time, the effect conferred by specific combined genetic variants in TCF7L2 and KCNQ1 on diabetic vascular complications, predominantly with nephropathy and CAD. Such a specific pattern of gene variant combination may implicate in the progression of T2DM and life-threatening vascular complications.

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  • Genetic Risk Scores Identify People at High Risk of Developing Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review
    Aleena Shujaat Ali, Cecilia Pham, Grant Morahan, Elif Ilhan Ekinci
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 109(5): 1189.     CrossRef
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    Athanasios Roumeliotis, Stefanos Roumeliotis, Fotis Tsetsos, Marianthi Georgitsi, Panagiotis I. Georgianos, Aikaterini Stamou, Anna Vasilakou, Kalliopi Kotsa, Xanthippi Tsekmekidou, Peristera Paschou, Stylianos Panagoutsos, Vassilios Liakopoulos, Elena Az
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Basic Research
Role of Autophagy in Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor Induced Anti-Apoptotic Effects in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
Guang-Yin Shen, Jeong-Hun Shin, Yi-Sun Song, Hyun-Woo Joo, In-Hwa Park, Jin-Hee Seong, Na-Kyoung Shin, A-Hyeon Lee, Young Jong Cho, Yonggu Lee, Young-Hyo Lim, Hyuck Kim, Kyung-Soo Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):594-605.   Published online February 26, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0049
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
We previously, reported that granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy. However, the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Therefore, we investigated whether the mechanisms underlying of the anti-apoptotic effects of G-CSF were associated with autophagy using a rat model of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Methods
Diabetic cardiomyopathy was induced in rats through a high-fat diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin and the rats were then treated with G-CSF for 5 days. Rat H9c2 cardiac cells were cultured under high glucose conditions as an in vitro model of diabetic cardiomyopathy. The extent of apoptosis and protein levels related to autophagy (Beclin-1, microtubule-binding protein light chain 3 [LC3]-II/LC3-I ratio, and P62) were determined for both models. Autophagy determination was performed using an Autophagy Detection kit.
Results
G-CSF significantly reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the diabetic myocardium in vivo and led to an increase in Beclin-1 level and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, and decreased P62 level. Similarly, G-CSF suppressed apoptosis, increased Beclin-1 level and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, and decreased P62 level in high glucose-induced H9c2 cardiac cells in vitro. These effects of G-CSF were abrogated by 3-methyladenine, an autophagy inhibitor. In addition, G-CSF significantly increased autophagic flux in vitro.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that the anti-apoptotic effect of G-CSF might be significantly associated with the up-regulation of autophagy in diabetic cardiomyopathy.

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  • Ginkgo biloba extract protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by restoring autophagy via adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase/mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway modulation
    Xueyao Yang, Xin Zhao, Yanfei Liu, Yue Liu, Libo Liu, Ziyu An, Haoran Xing, Jinfan Tian, Xiantao Song
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    Ronghui Han, Hemeng Huang, Weiyi Xia, Jingjin Liu, Hui Luo, Jing Tang, Zhengyuan Xia
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Brief Report
Drug/Regimen
A Multicentre, Multinational, Open-Label, 52-Week Extension Study of Gemigliptin (LC15-0444) Monotherapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Sae Jeong Yang, Kyung Wan Min, Sandeep Kumar Gupta, Joong Yeol Park, Vyankatesh K.Shivane, Pankaj Kumar Agarwal, Doo Man Kim, Yong Seung Kim, Sei Hyun Baik
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):606-612.   Published online September 9, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0047
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
The purpose of this extension study was to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of gemigliptin 50 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients with T2DM who had completed the initial 24-week study comparing gemigliptin monotherapy with placebo were eligible to enrol. In the open-label, 28-week extension study, all enrolled patients received gemigliptin, regardless of the treatment received during the initial 24-week study period. The mean reduction±standard deviation (SD) in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) observed after 24 weeks of treatment (–0.6%±1.1%) was further decreased for the gemi-gemi group and the mean change in HbA1c at week 52 from baseline was –0.9%±1.2% (P<0.0001). For the pbo-gemi group, HbA1c decreased after they were switched to gemigliptin, and the mean change in HbA1c at week 52 from baseline was –0.7%±1.2% (P<0.0001). Furthermore, the overall incidence of adverse events demonstrated that gemigliptin was safe and well tolerated up to 52 weeks.

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    Kyung-Soo Kim, Kyung Ah Han, Tae Nyun Kim, Cheol-Young Park, Jung Hwan Park, Sang Yong Kim, Yong Hyun Kim, Kee Ho Song, Eun Seok Kang, Chul Sik Kim, Gwanpyo Koh, Jun Goo Kang, Mi Kyung Kim, Ji Min Han, Nan Hee Kim, Ji Oh Mok, Jae Hyuk Lee, Soo Lim, Sang S
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Letter
Time to Reach Target Glycosylated Hemoglobin Is Associated with Long-Term Durable Glycemic Control and Risk of Diabetic Complications in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 6-Year Observational Study (Diabetes Metab J 2021;45:368-78)
Ja Young Jeon
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):613-614.   Published online July 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0129
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PDFPubReader   ePub   

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  • The relationships between variables of glycated hemoglobin and diabetes distress in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus
    V.I. Pankiv, T.Yu. Yuzvenko
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine).2023; 19(6): 424.     CrossRef

Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal