Fig. 1(A) New-onset diabetes mellitus (NODM) incidence in baseline self-reported smoking groups. (B) NODM incidence in baseline cotinine-verified smoking groups.
Table 1Baseline characteristics according to cotinine-verified smoking status
Characteristic |
Cotinine-verified current non-smokers (n=59,843) |
Cotinine-verified current smokers (n=18,369) |
Age, yr |
38.2±5.6 |
38.8±5.4 |
Male sex |
28,849 (48.2) |
17,299 (94.2) |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
22.9±3.2 |
24.4±3.1 |
Waist circumference, cm |
80.4±9.2 |
85.9±8.5 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
108.0±13.2 |
113.4±11.9 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
69.3±10.1 |
73.3±9.7 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L |
5.0±0.9 |
5.2±0.9 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L |
1.0 (0.7–1.4) |
1.4 (1.0–2.1) |
LDL-C, mmol/L |
3.1±0.8 |
3.3±0.8 |
HDL-C, mmol/L |
1.5±0.4 |
1.3±0.3 |
Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L |
4.4±1.1 |
4.5±1.1 |
Creatinine, μmol/L |
74.9±16.6 |
85.4±12.1 |
Uric acid, μmol/L |
303.0±86.5 |
358.3±75.4 |
hs-CRP, mg/dL |
0.4 (0.2–0.8) |
0.5 (0.3–1.0) |
Glucose, mmol/L |
5.2±0.5 |
5.3±0.5 |
HbA1c, % (mmol/mol) |
5.6±0.3 (38±0.8) |
5.6±0.3 (38±0.8) |
HOMA-IR |
1.1 (0.7–1.6) |
1.2 (0.8–1.8) |
Urinary cotinine, ng/mL |
0.0 (0.0–0.0) |
944.0 (447.0–1575.0) |
Daily alcohol consumption, g/day |
5.0 (2.0–14.0) |
14.0 (7.0–32.0) |
Alcohol consumption (≥3 times/wk) |
5,736/54,483 (10.5) |
4,354/17,898 (24.3) |
Vigorous exercise (≥5 times/wk) |
2,359/57,790 (4.1) |
503/17,905 (2.8) |
Metabolic syndrome |
3,698/46,097 (8.0) |
2,313/13,377 (17.3) |
Hypertension |
3,614/59,720 (6.1) |
1,623/18,332 (8.9) |
Self-reported smoking status |
|
|
Never smoker |
36,631/49,949 (73.3) |
634/17,192 (3.7) |
Former smoker |
11,621/49,949 (23.3) |
878/17,192 (5.1) |
Current smoker |
1,697/49,949 (3.4) |
15,680/17,192 (91.2) |
Table 2Baseline characteristics according to NODM status
Characteristic |
NODM (–) (n=77,053) |
NODM (+) (n=1,159) |
P value |
Age, yr |
38.3±5.5 |
41.4±5.7 |
<0.001 |
Male sex |
45,222 (58.7) |
926 (79.9) |
<0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
23.2±3.2 |
26.2±3.7 |
<0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm |
81.5±9.2 |
89.7±9.8 |
<0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
109.1±13.0 |
117.9±13.4 |
<0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
70.1±10.1 |
76.6±10.8 |
<0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L |
5.0±0.9 |
5.2±1.0 |
<0.001 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L |
1.1 (0.7–1.6) |
1.6 (1.1–2.4) |
<0.001 |
LDL-C, mmol/L |
3.1±0.8 |
3.5±0.9 |
<0.001 |
HDL-C, mmol/L |
1.5±0.4 |
1.3±0.3 |
<0.001 |
Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L |
4.4±1.1 |
4.7±1.1 |
<0.001 |
Creatinine, μmol/L |
77.3±16.3 |
82.5±14.8 |
<0.001 |
Uric acid, μmol/L |
315.4±87.1 |
357.4±87.1 |
<0.001 |
hs-CRP, mg/L |
0.4 (0.2–0.8) |
0.8 (0.4–1.5) |
<0.001 |
Glucose, mmol/L |
5.2±0.5 |
6.0±0.6 |
<0.001 |
HbA1c, % (mmol/mol) |
5.6±0.3 (38±0.8) |
6.0±0.3 (42±0.8) |
<0.001 |
HOMA-IR |
1.1 (0.7–1.7) |
1.9 (1.2–2.9) |
<0.001 |
Urinary cotinine, ng/mL |
0.0 (0.0–0.0) |
0.0 (0.0–692.0) |
<0.001 |
Daily alcohol consumption, g/day |
6.0 (3.0–17.0) |
13.0 (4.0–34.0) |
<0.001 |
Alcohol consumption (≥3 times/wk) |
9,855/71,303 (13.8) |
235/1,078 (21.8) |
<0.001 |
Vigorous exercise (≥5 times/wk) |
2,820/74,587 (3.8) |
42/1,108 (3.8) |
0.946 |
Metabolic syndrome |
5,646/58,655 (9.6) |
368/819 (44.9) |
<0.001 |
Hypertension |
5,007/76,899 (6.5) |
230/1,153 (19.9) |
<0.001 |
Self-reported smoking status |
|
|
<0.001 |
Never smoker |
36,931/66,150 (55.8) |
334/991 (33.7) |
Former smoker |
12,254/66,150 (18.5) |
245/991 (24.7) |
Current smoker |
16,965/66,150 (25.6) |
412/991 (41.6) |
Cotinine-verified smoking status |
|
|
<0.001 |
Current non-smoker |
59,129 (76.7) |
714 (61.6) |
Current smoker |
17,924 (23.3) |
445 (38.4) |
Table 3Multivariate Cox-hazard regression analyses for association of NODM with baseline cotinine-verified and self-reported smoking status, smoking amount, and smoking duration
Variable |
RR (95% CI) |
P value |
Age- and sex-adjusted |
Multivariate |
Urinary cotinine levela
|
1.05 (1.03–1.07) |
1.04 (1.01–1.06) |
|
Cotinine-verified current smokingb
|
1.38 (1.22–1.57) |
1.27 (1.08–1.49) |
|
Self-reported former smokingc
|
1.32 (1.09–1.59) |
1.18 (0.93–1.48) |
|
Self-reported current smokingc
|
1.57 (1.32–1.86) |
1.33 (1.07–1.65) |
|
Smoking amount in self-reported current smokers, cigarettes/day |
|
|
0.002 |
<10c
|
1.03 (0.75–1.41) |
1.11 (0.76–1.62) |
10–19c
|
1.51 (1.24–1.84) |
1.24 (0.97–1.59) |
≥20c
|
2.05 (1.65–2.54) |
1.64 (1.25–2.15) |
Smoking duration in self-reported current smokers, yr |
|
|
0.010 |
<10c
|
1.71 (0.98–2.99) |
1.30 (0.66–2.57) |
≥10c
|
1.55 (1.31–1.84) |
1.34 (1.08–1.67) |
Pack-year in self-reported current smokers (pack×year)c
|
1.03 (1.02–1.04) |
1.02 (1.01–1.03) |
0.010 |