1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
2Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
3Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
4Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea.
5Hospital and Specialty Medicine Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
6Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Copyright © 2018 Korean Diabetes Association
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Characteristic | Baseline | 10-Year follow-up | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Remained without diabetes (n=311) | Developed diabetes (n=88) | P value | Remained without diabetes (n=311) | Developed diabetes (n=88) | P value | |
Age, yr | 51. 6±11.8 | 50. 0±11.6 | 57.1±11.2 | <0.001 | - | - | - |
Male sex | 206 (51.6) | 159 (51.1) | 47 (53.4) | 0.705 | - | - | - |
Family history of diabetes | 141 (35.3) | 96 (30.9) | 45 (51.1) | <0.001 | - | - | - |
Current smoking | 52 (13.0) | 39 (12.5) | 13 (14.8) | 0.583 | - | - | - |
Moderate alcohol consumption | 79 (19.8) | 63 (20.3) | 16 (18.2) | 0.666 | - | - | - |
Regular physical activity | 96 (24.1) | 78 (25.1) | 18 (20.5) | 0.370 | - | - | - |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.2±3.3 | 23.8±3.1 | 25.5±3.6 | <0.001 | 24.9±3.5 | 26.4±4.2 | 0.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 92.8±10.2 | 90.8±9.6 | 99.9±9.3 | <0.001 | 95.9±8.5 | 116.7±22.8 | <0.001 |
HOMA-IRa | 3.1±1.8 | 2.8±1.5 | 4.1±2.3 | <0.001 | 3.2±1.6 | 5.8±3.6 | <0.001 |
QUICKI | 0.33±0.03 | 0.33±0.03 | 0.32±0.02 | <0.001 | 0.33±0.02 | 0.31±0.02 | <0.001 |
Thigh muscle area, cm2 | 127.8±34.3 | 127.9±33.6 | 127.5±37.0 | 0.926 | 124.8±34.7 | 119.0±33.6 | 0.279 |
Thigh subcutaneous fat area, cm2 | 65.8±32.1 | 66.0±32.5 | 65.0±30.7 | 0.790 | 65.0±34.1 | 63.3±32.7 | 0.691 |
Total abdominal fat area, cm2 | 495.9±114.3 | 482.6±110.7 | 543.0±115.1 | <0.001 | 532.2±128.3 | 551.9±126.6 | 0.323 |
Independent variable | HOMA-IR | QUICKI | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
βa | P value | βa | P value | βa | P value | βa | P value | |
Age, yr | −0.020 | 0.695 | −0.119 | 0.034 | 0.043 | 0.408 | 0.141 | 0.013 |
Female sex | −0.224 | 0.004 | −0.058 | 0.524 | 0.201 | 0.012 | 0.030 | 0.741 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 0.326 | <0.001 | 0.290 | 0.004 | −0.360 | <0.001 | −0.308 | 0.003 |
Thigh muscle area, cm2 | −0.254 | 0.010 | −0.232 | 0.020 | 0.244 | 0.017 | 0.224 | 0.027 |
HOMA-IR | 0.420 | <0.001 | 0.342 | <0.001 | - | - | - | - |
QUICKI | - | - | - | - | 0.372 | <0.001 | 0.298 | <0.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | - | - | 0.171 | 0.001 | - | - | −0.168 | 0.002 |
Total abdominal fat area, cm2 | - | - | 0.105 | 0.187 | - | - | −0.128 | 0.117 |
Thigh subcutaneous fat area, cm2 | - | - | −0.135 | 0.033 | - | - | 0.148 | 0.021 |
Mode 1 | Mode 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | P value | Coefficient | P value | |
Age, yr | 0.069 | <0.001 | 0.041 | 0.021 |
Female sex | −0.394 | 0.445 | 0.591 | 0.376 |
Family history of diabetes | 0.848 | 0.002 | 0.800 | 0.006 |
HOMA-IR | 0.333 | <0.001 | 0.194 | 0.026 |
BMI, kg/m2 | −0.289 | 0.064 | −0.333 | 0.073 |
Thigh muscle area, cm2 | −0.071 | 0.030 | −0.075 | 0.029 |
BMI×thigh muscle area | 0.003 | 0.018 | 0.003 | 0.018 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | - | - | 0.088 | <0.001 |
Total abdominal fat area, cm2 | - | - | 0.001 | 0.782 |
Thigh subcutaneous fat area, cm2 | - | - | −0.005 | 0.425 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index. aLog-transformed values were used for statistical comparisons.
Model 1: adjusted for baseline traits (age, sex, BMI, thigh muscle area, and HOMA-IR); Model 2: model 1+fasting plasma glucose, total abdominal fat area, and thigh subcutaneous fat area. HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; BMI, body mass index. aData are expressed as standardized β.
Model 1: adjusted for baseline traits (age, sex, BMI, thigh muscle area, and HOMA-IR); Model 2: model 1+fasting plasma glucose, total abdominal fat area, and thigh subcutaneous fat area. HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; BMI, body mass index.