Table 1Basic characteristics of the subjects (n=57)
Variable |
Value |
Age at screening, yr |
33.1±3.9 |
Pre-pregnancy weight, kg |
63.5±13.3 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2
|
24.7±4.7 |
Weight at screening for GDM, kg |
70.1±12.0 |
BMI at screening for GDM, kg/m2
|
27.3.±4.2 |
Weight changea, kg |
6.6±5.1 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL |
89.1±12.6 |
C-peptide, ng/mL |
1.9±0.9 |
Insulin, µIU/mL |
7.6±6.7 |
HbA1c, % |
5.5±0.4 |
Cholesterol, mg/dL |
213.2±40.7 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL |
221.7±105.4 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
66.5±14.3 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
102.3±40.4 |
HOMA-IR |
1.7±1.4 |
HOMA2-%B |
122.8±46.4 |
HOMA2-%S |
89.6±42.2 |
Leptin, ng/mL |
16.4±9.5 |
Resistin, ng/mL |
36.3±25.2 |
Adiponectin, ng/mL |
5,439.1±2,667.8 |
GDM Hx |
3 (5.3) |
Family Hx |
22 (38.6) |
Table 2Comparisons of clinical parameters according to pre-pregnancy BMI
Variable |
<25 kg/m2 (n=31) |
≥25 kg/m2 (n=26) |
P value |
Age at screening, yr |
33.0±3.7 |
33.2±4.2 |
0.884 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI |
21.2±2.1 |
28.9±3.1 |
<0.001a
|
BMI at screening for GDM |
24.3±2.9 |
30.9±2.4 |
<0.001a
|
Weight changeb
|
7.6±4.8 |
5.4±5.3 |
0.098 |
Fasting glucose |
86.6±10.8 |
92.1±14.2 |
0.100 |
C-peptide |
1.5±0.7 |
2.4±0.9 |
<0.001a
|
Insulin |
3.9 (2.0–41.0) |
7.8 (2.8–22.1) |
0.012a
|
HbA1c |
5.4±0.4 |
5.7±0.4 |
0.007a
|
Cholesterol |
210.8±37.7 |
216.0±44.5 |
0.640 |
Triglyceride |
185.0±87.5 |
265.5±109.7 |
0.003a
|
HDL-C |
69.8±15.4 |
62.6±11.9 |
0.055 |
LDL-C |
104.0±33.3 |
100.3±48.1 |
0.732 |
HOMA-IR |
1.3±1.5 |
2.1±1.8 |
0.046a
|
HOMA2-%B |
109.5±39.7 |
138.7±49.6 |
0.017a
|
HOMA2-%S |
109.8±43.4 |
64.5±24.9 |
<0.001a
|
Leptin |
13.9±7.0 |
19.3±11.3 |
0.039a
|
Resistin |
37.8±28.7 |
34.5±20.6 |
0.615 |
Adiponectin |
4,833.0 (2,181.0–11,726.5) |
4,412.5 (2,173.0–14,781.0) |
0.943 |
GDM Hx |
2 (6.5) |
1 (3.8) |
0.661 |
Family Hx |
11 (35.5) |
11 (42.3) |
0.598 |
Table 3Comparisons of clinical parameters according to maternal age at pregnancy
Variable |
<35 Years (n=34) |
≥35 Years (n=23) |
P value |
Age at screening, yr |
30.3±2.1 |
37.2±1.5 |
<0.001a
|
Pre-pregnancy BMI |
24.4±4.7 |
25.1±4.6 |
0.598 |
BMI at screening for GDM |
26.8±4.6 |
28.0±3.6 |
0.290 |
Weight changeb
|
6.1±5.1 |
7.4±11.9 |
0.338 |
Fasting glucose |
89.6±12.5 |
88.4±13.1 |
0.713 |
C-peptide |
2.0±1.0 |
1.8±0.8 |
0.406 |
Insulin |
5.7 (2.0–20.1) |
5.3 (2.0–41.0) |
0.481 |
HbA1c |
5.6±0.5 |
5.5±0.4 |
0.385 |
Cholesterol |
210.5±43.4 |
217.1±36.9 |
0.555 |
Triglyceride |
208.9±98.3 |
240.7±114.8 |
0.269 |
HDL-C |
69.9±14.7 |
67.4±13.8 |
0.690 |
LDL-C |
102.9±42.0 |
101.5±38.9 |
0.902 |
HOMA-IR |
1.6±1.2 |
1.8±1.7 |
0.597 |
HOMA2-%B |
124.0±50.5 |
121.0±40.8 |
0.815 |
HOMA2-%S |
87.5±44.0 |
92.7±40.0 |
0.651 |
Leptin |
17.0±10.2 |
15.5±8.5 |
0.583 |
Resistin |
26.8 (2.03–85.8) |
25.7 (12.49–85.8) |
0.953 |
Adiponectin |
4,868.8 (2,173.0–14,781.0) |
4,433.5 (2,242.0–12,969.0) |
0.205 |
GDM Hx |
2 (5.9) |
1 (4.3) |
0.645 |
Family Hx |
9 (26.5) |
13 (56.5) |
0.029a
|
Table 4Comparisons of clinical parameters according to the weight change during pregnancy at screening for GDM
Variable |
<Δa kg (n=28) |
Δa kg (n=20) |
>Δa kg (n=9) |
P value |
Age at screening, yr |
32.4±3.7 |
34.2±3.9 |
32.8±4.5 |
0.270 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI |
25.0±5.1 |
24.3±3.3 |
24.8±2.9 |
0.948b
|
BMI at screening for GDM |
25.0±5.1 |
27.8±2.4 |
29.9±2.3 |
0.025b,c
|
Weight changed
|
7.6±4.8 |
5.4±5.3 |
6.1±5.1 |
<0.001c
|
Fasting glucose |
90.2±12.6 |
88.5±12.7 |
87.1±13.7 |
0.796 |
C-peptide |
1.8±0.8 |
2.1±1.1 |
1.8±0.8 |
0.743 |
Insulin |
6.4±4.6 |
9.9±9.2 |
6.1±4.2 |
0.164 |
HbA1c |
5.8±0.4 |
5.5±0.4 |
5.5±0.6 |
0.895 |
Cholesterol |
206.6±42.4 |
219.2±37.2 |
220.3±43.7 |
0.714 |
Triglyceride |
212.1±92.0 |
248.6±118.4 |
192.0±113.1 |
0.332 |
HDL-C |
66.7±13.0 |
67.3±18.1 |
64.2±8.0 |
0.879b
|
LDL-C |
97.5±39.3 |
102.2±38.1 |
117.7±49.0 |
0.841 |
HOMA-IR |
1.4±1.1 |
2.2±1.8 |
1.3±0.9 |
0.160 |
HOMA2-%B |
115.6±44.0 |
131.4±52.0 |
125.8±46.4 |
0.506 |
HOMA2-%S |
93.7±43.7 |
81.3±35.4 |
95.1±52.4 |
0.559 |
Leptin |
16.1±9.4 |
16.5±9.7 |
17.0±10.4 |
0.973 |
Resistin |
37.9±27.1 |
32.9±22.5 |
38.9±26.5 |
0.755 |
Adiponectin |
5,693.2±2,436.4 |
5,006.3±2,837.4 |
5,610.6±3,152.6 |
0.672 |
GDM Hx |
2 (7.1) |
1 (5.0) |
0 |
0.716 |
Family Hx |
8 (28.6) |
9 (45.0) |
5 (55.6) |
0.290 |
Table 5Correlation between adipokines and clinical parameters
Variable |
Adiponectina
|
Resistin |
Leptin |
HOMA-IR |
r
|
P value |
r
|
P value |
r
|
P value |
r
|
P value |
Age, yr |
−0.172 |
0.200 |
−0.036 |
0.789 |
−0.132 |
0.327 |
−0.034 |
0.802 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI |
−0.074 |
0.585 |
−0.048 |
0.725 |
0.422 |
0.001b
|
0.309 |
0.019b
|
BMI at screening for GDM |
−0.071 |
0.599 |
−0.075 |
0.581 |
0.407 |
0.002b
|
0.339 |
0.010b
|
Weight changec
|
−0.064 |
0.635 |
0.023 |
0.866 |
−0.111 |
0.413 |
−0.012 |
0.932 |
Fasting glucose |
0.035 |
0.798 |
0.039 |
0.774 |
−0.041 |
0.762 |
0.193 |
0.150 |
C-peptide |
0.028 |
0.835 |
0.010 |
0.944 |
0.224 |
0.093 |
0.629 |
<0.001b
|
Insulin |
−0.106 |
0.433 |
−0.109 |
0.420 |
0.170 |
0.205 |
0.981 |
<0.001b
|
HOMA-IR |
−0.110 |
0.416 |
−0.099 |
0.465 |
0.171 |
0.203 |
- |
- |
HOMA2-%B |
0.030 |
0.824 |
−0.059 |
0.664 |
0.227 |
0.089 |
0.413 |
0.001b
|
HOMA2-%S |
−0.148 |
0.272 |
0.103 |
0.446 |
−0.211 |
0.116 |
−0.581 |
<0.001b
|
Leptin |
−0.007 |
0.956 |
−0.125 |
0.353 |
- |
- |
0.171 |
0.203 |
Resistin |
−0.208 |
0.121 |
- |
- |
−0.125 |
0.353 |
−0.099 |
0.465 |
Adiponectin |
- |
- |
−0.208 |
0.121 |
−0.007 |
0.956 |
−0.110 |
0.416 |
Table 6Multiple linear regression analysis
Variable |
β Coefficient |
Standard error |
t
|
P value |
Model I (Leptin) |
|
|
|
|
Pre-pregnancy BMI |
0.599 |
0.589 |
1.017 |
0.314 |
BMI at screening for GDM |
0.320 |
0.650 |
0.492 |
0.624 |
Model II (HOMA-IR) |
|
|
|
|
Pre-pregnancy BMI |
−0.006 |
0.008 |
−0.683 |
0.498 |
BMI at screening for GDM |
0.013 |
0.009 |
1.534 |
0.131 |
C-peptide |
0.386 |
0.039 |
9.886 |
<0.001a
|
Insulin |
0.199 |
0.003 |
67.334 |
<0.001a
|
HOMA2-%B |
−0.007 |
0.001 |
−13.032 |
<0.001a
|
HOMA2-%S |
0.000 |
0.000 |
0.715 |
0.478 |