Thunander et al. (2011) [61] |
Randomized, open-label study |
INS vs. diet +/− OHA (metformin and/or SU) |
37 Participants with NIDDM positive for GADA |
Increased HbA1c levels in the diet +/− OHA group |
C-peptide levels do not change between the two groups |
Zhou et al. (2005) [68] |
Randomized, open-label study |
RSG+INS vs. INS alone |
23 Participants with LADA, fasting C-peptide >0.3 nmol/L |
Measures of β-cell function were higher in the RSG+INS group than in the INS group at 12 and 18 months follow-up |
Kobayashi et al. (1996) [9] |
Pilot randomized, open-label study |
INS vs. SU |
10 Participants with NIDDM positive for ICAs |
C-peptide response improved significantly in the INS group within 6 and 12 months, whereas decreased in the SU group |
Two-hour blood glucose and HbA1 values were stable in the INS group and increased in the SU group |
Maruyama et al. (2008) [66] |
Randomized, open-label study |
INS vs. SU |
60 Participants positive for GADA |
Progression rate to an insulin-dependent state was lower in the INS group than in the SU group after a mean follow-up of 57 months |
Zhao et al. (2014) [72] |
Pilot randomized, open-label study |
SITA+INS vs. INS alone |
30 Participants with LADA |
After 12 months measures of β-cell function were stable in SITA+INS group but significantly decreased in INS group compared with baseline |
Johansen et al. (2014) [73] |
Exploratory analysis of a double-blind, randomized, controlled study |
LINA vs. Glibenclamide |
118 Participants with LADA |
After 28, 52, and 104 weeks, fasting C-peptide levels significantly increased in LINA group but decrease in glibenclamide group compared with baseline |
Buzzetti et al. (2016) [74] |
Post hoc analysis of data pooled from five randomized, placebo-controlled, 24-week phase III studies |
SAXA vs. placebo |
133 Participants positive for GADA |
Saxagliptin reduced HbA1c from baseline in both GADA-positive and GADA-negative patients |
Saxagliptin increased β-cell function from baseline in both GADA-positive and GADA-negative patients |
Jones et al. (2016) [78] |
Longitudinal observational study |
GLP1-RA exenatide and liraglutide) |
620 Participants with T2DM |
Subjects with positive autoantibodies (GAD or IA-2) or severe insulin deficiency had markedly reduced glycemic response to GLP-1RA therapy |
Subjects with positive autoantibodies experienced a 17% reduction in insulin dose (vs. 40% in autoantibody negative subjects, P<0.01) |
Pozzilli et al. (2018) [77] |
Post hoc analysis of data pooled from three randomized phase III trials |
Dulaglutide |
2,466 Participants with T2DM (188 GADA positive) |
After 12 months dulaglutide decreased HbA1c and increase of β-cell function in GADA positive participants without effects on the rate of hypoglycemia |