Fig. 1Fields of gerontology.
Fig. 2Inhibitory effects of rutin on glucose fluctuation-induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats. The inhibitory effect of rutin on BMK1 (migration pathway) was by Western blot analysis. Five separate experiments were performed. P-BMK1, phosphory-lated-big mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; C, control; F, glucose fluctuation; R, rutin. aP<0.05 vs. control, bP<0.001 vs. glucose fluctuations.
Fig. 3Health literacy in older persons with diabetes mellitus (n=84).
Fig. 4Diabetes mellitus (DM) and aging interact toward the direction of the increased incidence of the geriatric syndromes.
Fig. 5Education effects on (A) disability and (B) malnutrition after 6 months' education. Conventional diabetes education (CE, n=30), geriatric reinforced education (GRE, n=30). When the activities of daily living score is <7, the functional status is considered as disabled. When the mini nutritional assessment is ≥24, the nutritional status is considered good.
Table 1Items in geriatric reinforced education
Subject |
Content |
Overview |
Aging, geriatric syndromes (definition, basic precautions) |
Healthy aging (nutrition) |
Regularity, dental, social taste |
Being active (disability) |
Muscle strengthening exercises, safety |
Reducing risks (home environment modification) |
Lighting, flooring, stairwells, bathroom, kitchen, walkways, emergency devices, and communication systems |