Fig. 1Poor glycemic control was associated with lower muscle quality. Older patients with diabetes and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels of ≥8.5% showed significantly decreased muscle quality compared with patients with HbA1c levels of <8.5%, as well as non-diabetes mellitus (DM). Nm, newton meter. aP<0.05, bP=0.053.
Fig. 2Comparison of physical performance status related to the glycemic control of older diabetic patients with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels of ≥8.5% showed significantly lower Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) scores than diabetic patients with HbA1c levels of <8.5%, as well as non-diabetes mellitus (DM). aP<0.01 vs. non-DM, bP<0.05 vs. HbA1c <8.5%.
Table 1Clinical characteristics of older men with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus
Characteristic |
Control (n=190) |
DM (n=79) |
P valuea
|
Age, yr |
74.9±8.5 |
73.4±7.4 |
0.143 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
23.5±3.2 |
24.8±2.9 |
0.002 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
129.9±16.2 |
136.4±17.8 |
0.004 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
82.5±10.8 |
82.7±10.1 |
0.815 |
Body fat mass, kg |
14.6±6.0 |
16.8±5.6 |
0.008 |
Visceral adipose tissue, cm2
|
120.5±64.0 |
152.5±62.3 |
0.002 |
Mid-thigh fat area, cm2
|
80.5±32.7 |
80.8±34.9 |
0.951 |
ASM, kg |
20.2±2.8 |
20.6±2.7 |
0.139 |
ASM/height2, kg/m2
|
7.39±0.85 |
7.46±0.77 |
0.563 |
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL |
99.2±14.9 |
142.5±35.9 |
<0.001 |
Fasting insulin, µU/mL |
1.70±1.66 |
2.43±2.10 |
0.217 |
HbA1c, % |
5.7±0.3 |
7.2±1.0 |
<0.001 |
HOMA-IR |
1.16±0.77 |
1.88±1.04 |
<0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
193.0±33.3 |
194.5±40.5 |
0.758 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL |
132.9±98.9 |
137.0±99.6 |
0.758 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
59.4±14.9 |
56.6±12.6 |
0.152 |
Creatinine, mg/dL |
1.2±0.4 |
1.2±0.3 |
0.657 |
hs-CRP, mg/dL |
0.17±0.33 |
0.20±0.47 |
0.580 |
Adiponectin, µg/mL |
8.6±6.2 |
6.9±4.8 |
0.027 |
RBP4, µg/mL |
61.5±29.3 |
63.5±28.7 |
0.613 |
Alcohol consumption, units/mo |
77.5±112.6 |
71.8±87.3 |
0.782 |
Smoking amount, pack-year |
23.8±26.6 |
37.9±95.8 |
0.223 |
Physical activity score |
16.4±5.8 |
16.8±6.3 |
0.577 |
Leg lean body mass, kg |
14.8±2.0 |
15.2±2.1 |
0.165 |
Knee peak torque extension, Nm |
74.7±2.0 |
78.8±3.2 |
0.831 |
Knee muscle quality extension, Nm/kg |
10.7±0.2 |
10.4±0.4 |
0.465 |
SPPB score |
10.0±2.1 |
9.7±2.4 |
0.378 |
Table 2Multivariate analysis for the risk of decreased muscle quality (<25 percentile) related to glycemic control
HbA1c, % |
B |
Odds ratio |
95% CI |
P value |
<6.5 |
0.127 |
1.135 |
0.314–4.100 |
0.846 |
6.5–7.4 |
0.608 |
1.837 |
0.577–5.845 |
0.303 |
7.5–8.4 |
0.103 |
1.108 |
0.171–7.181 |
0.914 |
≥8.5 |
1.513 |
4.540 |
1.031–19.985 |
0.045 |