Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy between Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (Diabetes Metab J 2023;47:394-404)

Tzu-Yi Lin; Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang; Shih-Chieh Shao; Edward Chia-Cheng Lai; Yih-Shiou Hwang

doi:10.4093/dmj.2023.0188

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Response Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy between Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (Diabetes Metab J 2023;47:394-404): Tzu-Yi Lin^1,2, Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang^2,3,4, Shih-Chieh Shao^5,6, Edward Chia-Cheng Lai⁶, Yih-Shiou Hwang^2,3,7; Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 2023;47(4):573-574.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0188
Published online: July 27, 2023

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¹Department of Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan

²College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

³Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan

⁴Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

⁵Department of Pharmacy, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan

⁶School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan

⁷Department of Ophthalmology, Jen-Ai Hospital Dali Branch, Taichung, Taiwan

Corresponding author: Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang

Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, No. 5, Fu Shin St., Kuei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan E-mail: yckang0321@gmail.com

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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See the letter "Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy between Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (Diabetes Metab J 2023;47:394-404)" on page 571.

We appreciate the valuable insights from Dr. Ko and Dr. Moon regarding our recently published study, “Risk of diabetic retinopathy between sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists” [1]. Also, we are grateful for the editor’s opportunity to discuss this article further.

First, we thank the authors for mentioning the heterogeneity in baseline demographics, which might affect the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) new users had lower severity of diabetes mellitus (DM), including lower glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), shorter duration of DM, and lower prevalence of diabetic nephropathy and diabetic neuropathy, compared to those with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist new users. We were thankful for highlighting our use of inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) and target trial design to achieve a similar probability of treatment assignment and homogeneity of baseline demographics between the two groups [2]. Notably, patients’ HbA1c was collected to determine the severity of DM, which was often unable to be acquired from conventional health insurance declaration databases. As the nature of the retrospective study design, we could not account for some unknown residual confounding factors. IPTW with propensity score approach could only adjust the measurable covariables, so we calculated the E-value for quantitative analysis of residual confounders. The E-values for proliferative DR and composite surgical outcome were 3.18 and 2.84, respectively, indicating our outcomes’ reliability [3]. Other unmeasured confounders might be less likely to affect our observed results.

Second, we were grateful that the authors raised a concern about the generalizability of our result. The main population diagnosed with type 2 DM in Taiwan was older than 40, so we excluded patients younger than 40 years to focus on our targeted population [4]. Although we have excluded the patients with diagnoses of type 1 DM, which share different pathogenesis and treatment strategies with type 2 DM, some patients with type 1 DM may not be coded accurately [5]. Adding a cut-off age of 40 could help filter the patients and make the study population more consistent with the diagnosis of type 2 DM. We thanked the author for highlighting the elevating concern of DR in younger patients with age <40 years and further study was valuable to focus on this population.

Third, we also appreciate the authors bringing up the concern about the DR outcomes utilized in our study. The difference in the definition of DR outcome would affect the risk estimate of DR between the two groups. Macular edema, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, and blindness represented significant DR-related complications, but the above diagnoses could also be derived from other ocular diseases, such as retinal vein occlusion [6]. In addition, the vitreoretinal interventions in our study included intravitreal injection, retinal laser, and vitrectomy, which served as the leading therapies for vision-threatening DR. The utilization of the intervention code was able to confirm the diagnosis of advanced DR further and increased the internal validity of our outcomes. Moreover, this study classified DR outcomes as nonproliferative and proliferative DR, which aimed to estimate the risk of DR at different stages.

Fourth, we were thankful that the authors pointed out the question regarding the possible mechanism in which SGLT2i users reported a significantly lower incidence of proliferative DR and receiving vitreoretinal interventions, but no significant difference was found in nonproliferative DR in this study. This outcome was suggested to be associated with a steadier glucose-lowering effect in the short term from SGLT2i. SGLT2i users had a smaller decline of HbA1c in the early phase of our study (Fig. 3A), which may be able to alleviate the rapid progression to advanced DR and correspond to the lower cumulative incidence of proliferative DR in the early phase of our study (Fig. 2A) [1]. The renal protection effect of SGLT2i may also be related to the lower incidence of vision-threatening DR. Although we have suggested some possible pharmacotherapeutic mechanisms of the protective association between DR and SGLT2i, we agree that more research is needed to clarify the biological mechanism of SGLT2i and the association of DR at different stages.

We thank the authors’ comments on this article, and we believe further investigation may be necessary and worthy in figuring out the association of SGLT2i in a younger population and the pharmacotherapeutic mechanism.

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CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

REFERENCES

1. Lin TY, Kang EY, Shao SC, Lai EC, Garg SJ, Chen KJ, et al. Risk of diabetic retinopathy between sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes Metab J 2023;47:394-404.Article PubMed PMC PDF
2. Chesnaye NC, Stel VS, Tripepi G, Dekker FW, Fu EL, Zoccali C, et al. An introduction to inverse probability of treatment weighting in observational research. Clin Kidney J 2021;15:14-20.Article PubMed PMC PDF
3. VanderWeele TJ, Ding P. Sensitivity analysis in observational research: introducing the e-value. Ann Intern Med 2017;167:268-74.Article PubMed
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services. National Diabetes Statistics Report 2020. Atlanta: CDC; 2020.
5. Maahs DM, West NA, Lawrence JM, Mayer-Davis EJ. Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2010;39:481-97.Article PubMed PMC
6. StatPearls. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Chapter, Central retinal vein occlusion [cited 2023 Jun 19]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525985.

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Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy between Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (Diabetes Metab J 2023;47:394-404)

Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(4):573-574. Published online July 27, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0188

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Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy between Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (Diabetes Metab J 2023;47:394-404)

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Lin TY, Kang EYC, Shao SC, Lai ECC, Hwang YS. Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy between Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (Diabetes Metab J 2023;47:394-404). Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(4):573-574.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0188.

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