Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Original Articles

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
The Ratio of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Based on Cystatin C and Creatinine Reflecting Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetic Patients: Ah Reum Khang, Min Jin Lee, Dongwon Yi, Yang Ho Kang; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(3):415-425. Published online March 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0177

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Background
The ratio of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on cystatin C and creatinine (eGFR_{cystatin C}/eGF_Rcreatinine ratio) is related to accumulating atherosclerosis-promoting proteins and increased mortality in several cohorts.
Methods
We assessed whether the eGFR_{cystatin C}/eGFR_creatinine ratio is a predictor of arterial stiffness and sub-clinical atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, who were followed up during 2008 to 2016. GFR was estimated using an equation based on cystatin C and creatinine.
Results
A total of 860 patients were stratified according to their eGFR_{cystatin C}/eGF_Rcreatinine ratio (i.e., <0.9, 0.9–1.1 [a reference group], and >1.1). Intima-media thickness was comparable among the groups; however, presence of carotid plaque was frequent in the <0.9 group (<0.9 group, 38.3%; 0.9–1.1 group, 21.6% vs. >1.1 group, 17.2%, P<0.001). Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) was faster in the <0.9 group (<0.9 group, 1,656.3±333.0 cm/sec; 0.9–1.1 group, 1,550.5±294.8 cm/sec vs. >1.1 group, 1,494.0±252.2 cm/sec, P<0.001). On comparing the <0.9 group with the 0.9–1.1 group, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of prevalence of high baPWV and carotid plaque were 2.54 (P=0.007) and 1.95 (P=0.042), respectively. Cox regression analysis demonstrated near or over 3-fold higher risks of the prevalence of high baPWV and carotid plaque in the <0.9 group without chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Conclusion
We concluded that eGFR_{cystatin C}/eGFR_creatinine ratio <0.9 was related to an increased risk of high baPWV and carotid plaque in T2DM patients, especially, those without CKD. Careful monitoring of cardiovascular disease is needed for T2DM patients with low eGFR_{cystatin C}/eGFR_creatinine ratio.

Citations

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Intraindividual difference in estimated GFR by creatinine and cystatin C, cognitive trajectories and motoric cognitive risk syndrome
Jinqi Wang, Yueruijing Liu, Rui Jin, Xiaoyu Zhao, Zhiyuan Wu, Ze Han, Zongkai Xu, Xiuhua Guo, Lixin Tao
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation.2024; 39(5): 860. CrossRef
Research Progress of Creatinine, Cystatin C, and Their Ratio in Renal Diseases
广智杨
Advances in Clinical Medicine.2024; 14(04): 976. CrossRef
Muscle mass, creatinine, cystatin C and selective glomerular hypofiltration syndromes
Linnea Malmgren, Anders Grubb
Clinical Kidney Journal.2023; 16(8): 1206. CrossRef
Investigating kidney function changes in young adults with COVID-19: Serum creatinine level, glomerular filtration rate, and biochemical profile analysis
Nikita Matyushin, Dmitriy Ermakov, Inna Vasileva, Roza Vakolyuk, Anastasiya Spaska
Electronic Journal of General Medicine.2023; 20(6): em547. CrossRef

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Normalized Creatinine-to-Cystatin C Ratio and Risk of Diabetes in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study: Shanhu Qiu, Xue Cai, Bo Xie, Yang Yuan, Zilin Sun, Tongzhi Wu; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(3):476-485. Published online March 7, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0074

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Background
Creatinine-to-cystatin C ratio is recently suggested to be a surrogate marker for sarcopenia. However, little is known about its association with diabetes. This study aimed to fill in this gap based on a large-scale prospective cohort.
Methods
A population-based representative sample of 5,055 participants aged ≥45 years from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study was enrolled between 2011 and 2012 and followed at least once during the subsequent surveys at 2013, 2015, or 2018. Creatinine-to-cystatin C ratio was calculated and normalized by body weight. Incident diabetes was ascertained by plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, self-reported history, or use of anti-diabetic drugs. Logistic regression analysis and mediation analysis were employed.
Results
During follow-up, 634 participants developed diabetes. The risk of diabetes was gradually and significantly decreased with increased normalized creatinine–cystatin C ratio. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio for diabetes was 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.83 to 0.99) per 1 standard deviation higher of normalized creatinine-to-cystatin C ratio, and this relationship remained significant after controlling for muscle strength. The risk reduction in diabetes was significantly larger in participants with normal-weight and high normalized creatinine-to-cystatin C ratio compared with those with overweight/obesity and high normalized creatinine-to-cystatin C ratio (P_interaction=0.01). Insulin resistance and inflammation appeared to be key mediators accounting for the observed relationship between normalized creatinine-to-cystatin C ratio and risk of diabetes, with their mediating effect being 93.1% and 22.0%, respectively.
Conclusion
High normalized creatinine-to-cystatin C ratio is associated with reduced risk of diabetes in middle-aged and older adults.

Citations

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Muscle Quality in Relation to Prediabetes Phenotypes: A Population-Based Study With Mediation Analysis
Shanhu Qiu, Xue Cai, Xiaoying Zhou, Jinshui Xu, Zilin Sun, Haijian Guo, Tongzhi Wu
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 109(3): e1151. CrossRef
Sex‐specific associations between skeletal muscle mass and incident diabetes: A population‐based cohort study
Dan Liu, Nan Li, Yiling Zhou, Miye Wang, Peige Song, Changzheng Yuan, Qingyang Shi, Hui Chen, Kaixin Zhou, Huan Wang, Tao Li, Xiong‐Fei Pan, Haoming Tian, Sheyu Li
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2024; 26(3): 820. CrossRef
Diabetes Mellitus Should Be Considered While Analysing Sarcopenia-Related Biomarkers
Justyna Rentflejsz, Zyta Beata Wojszel
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(4): 1107. CrossRef
Associations of muscle mass and strength with new-onset diabetes among middle-aged and older adults: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS)
Yun-Yun He, Mei-Ling Jin, Xiang-Yang Fang, Xiao-Juan Wang
Acta Diabetologica.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The serum creatinine to cystatin C to waist circumference ratios predicts risk for type 2 diabetes: A Chinese cohort study
Yinfei Chen, Weiheng Wen, Zhiliang Mai, Ming Wang, Hong Chen, Jia Sun
Journal of Diabetes.2023; 15(10): 808. CrossRef
Associations of sarcopenia with peak expiratory flow among community-dwelling elderly population: based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS)
Yun-Yun He, Mei-Ling Jin, Jing Chang, Xiao-Juan Wang
European Geriatric Medicine.2023; 15(1): 95. CrossRef
Additive impact of diabetes and sarcopenia on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: A longitudinal nationwide population-based study
Eyun Song, Soon Young Hwang, Min Jeong Park, Ahreum Jang, Kyeong Jin Kim, Ji Hee Yu, Nam Hoon Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Ji A. Seo, Sin Gon Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Sei Hyun Baik, Kyung Mook Choi
Metabolism.2023; 148: 155678. CrossRef

Complications
Association between Serum Cystatin C and Vascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus without Nephropathy: Hye Jeong Kim, Dong Won Byun, Kyoil Suh, Myung Hi Yoo, Hyeong Kyu Park; Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(6):513-518. Published online October 15, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0006

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Background

Recent studies have correlated serum cystatin C (CysC) with vascular complications, but few studies have investigated this correlation in diabetes patients without nephropathy. This study aimed to evaluate if higher serum CysC levels increase the risk for vascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with normal renal function or mild renal impairment.

Methods

A total of 806 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were admitted to the diabetes center of Soonchunhyang University Hospital for blood glucose control were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with nephropathy were excluded. Subjects were categorized into quartiles of serum CysC levels (Q1, ≤0.65 mg/L; Q2, 0.66 to 0.79 mg/L; Q3, 0.80 to 0.94 mg/L; and Q4, ≥0.95 mg/L).

Results

The proportion of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) (P for trend <0.001), coronary heart disease (CHD) (P for trend <0.001), and stroke (P for trend <0.001) increased across the serum CysC quartiles. After adjustment for confounding factors, the highest serum CysC level remained a significant risk factor for DR (odds ratio [OR], 1.929; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.007 to 4.144; P=0.040). Compared with Q1, a significant positive association was observed between serum CysC and CHD in Q2 (OR, 7.321; 95% CI, 1.114 to 48.114; P=0.012), Q3 (OR, 6.027; 95% CI, 0.952 to 38.161; P=0.020), and Q4 (OR, 8.122; 95% CI, 1.258 to 52.453; P=0.007). No associations were observed between CysC and stroke after additional adjustment for confounding variables.

Conclusion

Serum CysC levels are independently associated with DR and CHD, suggesting that CysC may be useful for identifying type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without nephropathy who are at high risk for vascular complications.

Citations

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A systematic literature review of machine learning based risk prediction models for diabetic retinopathy progression
Tiwalade Modupe Usman, Yakub Kayode Saheed, Augustine Nsang, Abel Ajibesin, Sandip Rakshit
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine.2023; 143: 102617. CrossRef
Serum cystatin C for risk stratification of prediabetes and diabetes populations
Kun Xiong, Shiran Zhang, Pingting Zhong, Zhuoting Zhu, Yanping Chen, Wenyong Huang, Wei Wang
Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews.2023; 17(11): 102882. CrossRef
Serum VEGF, high-sensitivity CRP, and cystatin-C assist in the diagnosis of type 2 diabetic retinopathy complicated with hyperuricemia
Jing Wei, Jincheng Zhang, Yanan Shi, Huiqin Zhang, Yan Wu
Open Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Diagnostic circulating biomarkers to detect vision‐threatening diabetic retinopathy: Potential screening tool of the future?
Karen Frudd, Sobha Sivaprasad, Rajiv Raman, Subramanian Krishnakumar, Yeddula Rebecca Revathy, Patric Turowski
Acta Ophthalmologica.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between circulating cystatin C and hyperuricemia: a cross-sectional study
Yanjun Guo, Hangkai Huang, Yishu Chen, Chao Shen, Chengfu Xu
Clinical Rheumatology.2022; 41(7): 2143. CrossRef
Multicenter Evaluation of Diagnostic Circulating Biomarkers to Detect Sight-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy
Sarega Gurudas, Karen Frudd, Jayapal Jeya Maheshwari, Yeddula Rebecca Revathy, Sobha Sivaprasad, Shruthi Mahalakshmi Ramanathan, Vignesh Pooleeswaran, A. Toby Prevost, Eleni Karatsai, Sandra Halim, Shruti Chandra, Paul Nderitu, Dolores Conroy, Subramanian
JAMA Ophthalmology.2022; 140(6): 587. CrossRef
A Cross-Sectional Study of Serum and Urine Fluoride in Diabetes in Fluoride Exposed Population
Sai Deepika Ram Mohan, Shashidhar Kurpad Nagaraj, Raveesha Anjanappa, Muninarayana Chandrappa
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences.2021; 10(11): 798. CrossRef
Cystatin C predicts the risk of incident cerebrovascular disease in the elderly
Xin Zheng, Hong-da She, Qiao-xin Zhang, Tong Si, Ku-sheng Wu, Ying-xiu Xiao
Medicine.2021; 100(28): e26617. CrossRef
Proteinuria Is Associated with Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis in Non-Albuminuric Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study
Jaehyun Bae, Yong-ho Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong-Soo Cha, Byung-Wan Lee
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2020; 9(1): 136. CrossRef

The Association of Serum Cystatin C with Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Korean Adults: Eun Hee Sim, Hye Won Lee, Hyun Ju Choi, Dong Wook Jeong, Seok Man Son, Yang Ho Kang; Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(1):62-69. Published online November 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.1.62

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Background

Cystatin C has been known to be associated not only with early renal impairment but also with the incidence of diabetic conditions (prediabetes plus diabetes). However, it is not clear whether cystatin C levels are associated with the prevalence of diabetic conditions in Asian populations. We evaluated this association using glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels as the definition of diabetes in Korean adults.

Methods

We analyzed data from 1,559 Korean adults (937 men and 622 women) with available serum cystatin C and HbA1c values.

Results

The serum cystatin C levels in subjects with prediabetes and diabetes were significantly increased (0.91±0.14 mg/L in prediabetes and 0.91±0.17 mg/L in diabetes vs. 0.88±0.13 mg/L in patients with normal glucose levels, P=0.001). At increasing cystatin C levels, the prevalence of subjects with prediabetes (30.2% vs. 14.6%, P<0.001) and those with diabetes (10.6% vs. 8.0%, P<0.001) significantly increased in the group with the highest cystatin C levels. The group with the highest cystatin C levels had a significantly increased odds ratio (OR) for the presence of diabetic conditions compared to the group with the lowest values in total subjects (OR, 2.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.54 to 3.58; P<0.001) and in women (OR, 4.13; 95% CI, 1.97 to 8.65; P<0.001), though there was no significant increase after adjusting for multiple variables.

Conclusions

Higher levels of serum cystatin C are associated with an increased prevalence of diabetic conditions in Korean adults. Our findings may extend the positive association of cystatin C with diabetes incidence to an Asian population.

Citations

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Prognostic significance of serum cystatin C in acute brainstem infarctions patients
H. Li, B. Zhang, Z. Huang, H. Wu, B. Qin, L. Zhou, Z. Lu, F. Qin
Revue Neurologique.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Cardiovascular risk assessment in prediabetic patients in a hypertensive population: The role of cystatin C
Rafael Garcia-Carretero, Luis Vigil-Medina, Inmaculada Mora-Jimenez, Cristina Soguero-Ruiz, Rebeca Goya-Esteban, Javier Ramos-Lopez, Oscar Barquero-Perez
Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews.2018; 12(5): 625. CrossRef
Characteristics of Dapagliflozin Responders: A Longitudinal, Prospective, Nationwide Dapagliflozin Surveillance Study in Korea
Eugene Han, Ari Kim, Sung Jae Lee, Je-Yon Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim, Woo Je Lee, Byung-Wan Lee
Diabetes Therapy.2018; 9(4): 1689. CrossRef
Cystatin C as a Predictor for Diabetes according to Glycosylated Hemoglobin Levels in Korean Patients
Eon Ju Jeon, Ji Hyun Lee
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2016; 40(1): 32. CrossRef
Prevalence of Reduced Kidney Function by Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Using an Equation Based on Creatinine and Cystatin C in Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Korean Adults
Yang Ho Kang, Dong Wook Jeong, Seok Man Son
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2016; 31(3): 446. CrossRef
Letter: The Association of Serum Cystatin C with Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Korean Adults (Diabetes Metab J 2016;40:62-9)
Kyung-Soo Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2016; 40(2): 171. CrossRef
Response: The Association of Serum Cystatin C with Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Korean Adults (Diabetes Metab J 2016;40:62-9)
Yang Ho Kang
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2016; 40(2): 173. CrossRef

Clinical Usefulness of Serum Cystatin C as a Marker of Renal Function: Kwang-Sook Woo, Jae-Lim Choi, Bo-Ram Kim, Ji-Eun Kim, Jin-Yeong Han; Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(4):278-284. Published online August 20, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.4.278

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Background

Accurate renal function measurements are important in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases. In contrast to creatinine, the production of serum cystatin C has been extensively reported to be unaffected by body muscle mass, age, gender, and nutritional status.

Methods

Our study included 37 samples from diabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients for whom serum creatinine tests had been requested and 40 samples from a healthy populations in Dong-A University Hospital between May 2010 and June 2010. The assay precision (i.e., the coefficient of variation) and the reference range of the serum cystatin C test were evaluated. We compared the estimated glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) based on cystatin C with those based on creatinine. Moreover, we investigated the influences of age, gender, weight, and muscle mass on serum creatinine and serum cystatin C.

Results

There was a positive correlation between GFR based on creatinine and that based on cystatin C (r=0.79, P<0.0001) among the diabetic CKD patients. Serum creatinine and cystatin C were significantly correlated with body weight and muscle mass, but the strengths of these correlations were greater for serum creatinine. The precision study revealed excellent results for both the high and low controls. The 95% reference interval of cystatin C in the healthy population was 0.371 to 1.236 mg/L.

Conclusion

Based on these results, we conclude that, despite the strong correlation between serum creatinine and cystatin C, cystatin C is less affected by weight and muscle mass and might represent a better alternative for the assessment of renal function.

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Dyslipidemia and serum cystatin C levels as biomarker of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Tadesse Asmamaw Dejenie, Endeshaw Chekol Abebe, Misganaw Asmamaw Mengstie, Mohammed Abdu Seid, Natnael Atnafu Gebeyehu, Getachew Asmare Adella, Gizchew Ambaw Kassie, Amanuel Yosef Gebrekidan, Molalegn Mesele Gesese, Kirubel Dagnaw Tegegne, Denekew Tenaw A
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between serum creatinine and type 2 diabetes in the Chinese population: a retrospective cohort study
Rugang Li, Min He, Qilin Yang, Zezhi Liang, Ying li, Ling Huang, Rong Wu, Jieping Huang
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Significance of Diabetic Kidney Disease Biomarkers in Predicting Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease
Jaehyun Bae, Byung-Wan Lee
Biomedicines.2023; 11(7): 1928. CrossRef
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Clinical and Translational Science.2023; 16(11): 2095. CrossRef
The Level of Plasma Cystatin C in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Tuan Nguyen Van, Linh Phan Ha, Diep Pham Thao, Minh Nguyen Thi Binh, Minh Hoang Thi, Thuan Huynh Quang, Lan Thi Phuong Dam
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The role of serum cystatin C in estimation of renal function in survivors of critical illness
Jirarat Eiamcharoenying, Win Kulvichit, Nuttha Lumlertgul, Tawatchai Chaiwatanarat, Sadudee Peerapornratana, Nattachai Srisawat
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Clinician perspectives on inpatient cystatin C utilization: A qualitative case study at Mayo Clinic
James Roland Markos, Karen S. Schaepe, Hilary R. Teaford, Andrew D. Rule, Kianoush B. Kashani, John C. Lieske, Erin F. Barreto, Pierre Delanaye
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Evaluation of creatinine-based and cystatin C-based equations for estimation of glomerular filtration rate in type 1 diabetic patients
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Serum Cystatin C Reflects the Progress of Albuminuria: Jeong Seon Yoo, Young Mi Lee, Eun Hae Lee, Ji Woon Kim, Shin Young Lee, Ki-Cheon Jeong, Shin Ae Kang, Jong Suk Park, Joo Young Nam, Chul Woo Ahn, Young Duk Song, Kyung Rae Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(6):602-609. Published online December 26, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.6.602

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Background

Research on the relationship between urinary albumin excretion and serum cystatin C in diabetes is restricted to cross-sectional studies. In this study, we investigated how well serial measurements of serum cystatin C level reflect changes in the urinary albumin excretion rate.

Methods

We enrolled and retrospectively collected data on 1,058 participants with type 2 diabetes who were older than 18 years and who had more than 3 years of follow-up with serial measurements of albuminuria and serum cystatin C at an outpatient clinic.

Results

With the use of a linear mixed model, we found that the albuminuria level for each patient over time corresponded with the annual change in serum cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (cysC-eGFR) but did not correspond with the creatinine-based eGFR calculated by the modification of diet in renal disease formula (MDRD-eGFR). The discrepancy in the direction of the trend was smaller with cysC-eGFR than with MDRD-eGFR.

Conclusion

Serum cystatin C level reflects the trend in albuminuria level more accurately than serum creatinine level in Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

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Evaluation of creatinine-based and cystatin C-based equations for estimation of glomerular filtration rate in type 1 diabetic patients
Caroline Pereira Domingueti, Rodrigo Bastos Fóscolo, Ana Cristina Simões e Silva, Luci Maria S. Dusse, Janice Sepúlveda Reis, Maria das Graças Carvalho, Ana Paula Fernandes, Karina Braga Gomes
Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism.2016; 60(2): 108. CrossRef

Lack of Association between Serum Cystatin C Levels and Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetic Patients: Eun Hee Kim, Ji Hee Yu, Sang Ah Lee, Eui Young Kim, Won Gu Kim, Seung Hun Lee, Eun Hee Cho, Eun Hee Koh, Woo Je Lee, Min-Seon Kim, Joong-Yeol Park, Ki-Up Lee; Korean Diabetes J. 2010;34(2):95-100. Published online April 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.95

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Background

Serum cystatin C level is a more sensitive marker of renal dysfunction than serum creatinine level. Serum cystatin C level was recently reported to predict the development of cardiovascular disease. This study was performed to evaluate whether the cystatin C level is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD), independent of diabetic nephropathy.

Methods

We conducted a case-control study to assess the relationship between serum cystatin C level and coronary artery disease in diabetic patients. Among 460 diabetic patients, 38 diabetic patients had CAD. The control group consisted of 38 diabetic patients who were matched to cases by age, sex, and presence/absence of diabetic nephropathy. Serum cystatin C level was measured in stored samples.

Results

Serum cystatin C level was significantly higher in patients with diabetic nephropathy, both in CAD and non-CAD patients. However, serum cystatin C level did not differ between CAD and non-CAD patients, regardless of diabetic nephropathy.

Conclusion

Serum cystatin C level is a marker of renal dysfunction, but not coronary artery disease, in diabetic patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Higher Levels of Cystatin C in HIV/AIDS Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Gordana Dragović, Danica Srdić, Khawla Al Musalhi, Ivan Soldatović, Jovana Kušić, Djordje Jevtović, Devaki Nair
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology.2018; 122(4): 396. CrossRef
The association between serum cystatin C and carotid intima–media thickness in metabolic syndrome patients with normal estimated glomerular filtration rate
Rong Huang, Jingli Gu, Qin Cao, Jiahua Ma, Weiwei Gu, Zhuping Fan
Clinica Chimica Acta.2015; 448: 170. CrossRef
Association of plasma cystatin C levels with angiographically documented coronary artery disease in patients of Indian origin
Aditya Batra, Aditya Kapoor, R.K. Sharma, Nitin Agrawal, Archana Sinha, Sudeep Kumar, Naveen Garg, Satyendra Tewari, Pravin K. Goel
Journal of Cardiology.2012; 59(2): 182. CrossRef
Cystatin C and asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with metabolic syndrome and normal glomerular filtration rate
Xie Qing, Wang Furong, Liu Yunxia, Zhang Jian, Wang Xuping, Gao Ling
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2012;[Epub] CrossRef
Response: Lack of Association between Serum Cystatin C Levels and Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetic Patients (Korean Diabetes J 2010;34:95-100)
Eun Hee Kim, Ki-Up Lee
Korean Diabetes Journal.2010; 34(3): 209. CrossRef
Serum Cystatin C as a Biomarker for Predicting Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetes
Jee-Young Oh
Korean Diabetes Journal.2010; 34(2): 84. CrossRef
Letter: Lack of Association between Serum Cystatin C Levels and Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetic Patients (Korean Diabetes J 2010;34:95-100)
Kyu-Chang Won
Korean Diabetes Journal.2010; 34(3): 207. CrossRef

Cystatin C is a Valuable Marker for Predicting Future Cardiovascular Diseases in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.: Seung Hwan Lee, Kang Woo Lee, Eun Sook Kim, Ye Ree Park, Hun Sung Kim, Shin Ae Park, Mi Ja Kang, Yu Bai Ahn, Kun Ho Yoon, Bong Yun Cha, Ho Young Son, Hyuk Sang Kwon; Korean Diabetes J. 2008;32(6):488-497. Published online December 1, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.6.488

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Recent studies suggest that serum Cystatin C is both a sensitive marker for renal dysfunction and a predictive marker for cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to evaluate the association between Cystatin C and various biomarkers and to find out its utility in estimating risk for cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: From June 2006 to March 2008, anthropometric measurements and biochemical studies including biomarkers for risk factors of cardiovascular diseases were done in 520 type 2 diabetic patients. A 10-year risk for coronary heart diseases and stroke was estimated using Framingham risk score and UKPDS risk engine. RESULTS: The independent variables showing statistically significant associations with Cystatin C were age (beta = 0.009, P < 0.0001), hemoglobin (beta = -0.038, P = 0.0006), serum creatinine (beta = 0.719, beta < 0.0001), uric acid (beta = 0.048, P = 0.0004), log hsCRP (beta = 0.035, P = 0.0021) and homocysteine (beta = 0.005, P = 0.0228). The levels of microalbuminuria, carotid intima-media thickness, fibrinogen and lipoprotein (a) also correlated with Cystatin C, although the significance was lost after multivariate adjustment. Calculated risk for coronary heart diseases increased in proportion to Cystatin C quartiles: 3.3 +/- 0.4, 6.2 +/- 0.6, 7.6 +/- 0.7, 8.4 +/- 0.7% from Framingham risk score (P < 0.0001); 13.1 +/- 0.9, 21.2 +/- 1.6, 26.1 +/- 1.7, 35.4 +/- 2.0% from UKPDS risk engine (P < 0.0001) (means +/- SE). CONCLUSIONS: Cystatin C is significantly correlated with various emerging biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases. It was also in accordance with the calculated risk for cardiovascular diseases. These findings verify Cystatin C as a valuable and useful marker for predicting future cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetic patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Lack of Association between Serum Cystatin C Levels and Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetic Patients
Eun Hee Kim, Ji Hee Yu, Sang Ah Lee, Eui Young Kim, Won Gu Kim, Seung Hun Lee, Eun Hee Cho, Eun Hee Koh, Woo Je Lee, Min-Seon Kim, Joong-Yeol Park, Ki-Up Lee
Korean Diabetes Journal.2010; 34(2): 95. CrossRef
Insulin resistance and inflammation may have an additional role in the link between cystatin C and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Seung-Hwan Lee, Shin-Ae Park, Seung-Hyun Ko, Hyeon-Woo Yim, Yu-Bae Ahn, Kun-Ho Yoon, Bong-Yun Cha, Ho-Young Son, Hyuk-Sang Kwon
Metabolism.2010; 59(2): 241. CrossRef

Association of Serum Cystatin C with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Related Components in Korean Adults.: Sun Young Kim, Sang Heon Song, Yun Kyung Jeon, Ji Ryang Kim, Jung Ho Bae, Sang Soo Kim, Soo Hyung Lee, Seok Man Son, In Ju Kim, Yong Ki Kim, Yang Ho Kang; Korean Diabetes J. 2008;32(5):409-417. Published online October 1, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.5.409

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Serum cystatin C has been reported as a better marker than serum creatinine for estimation of kidney function and may be associated with cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to elucidate the association of serum cystatin C with metabolic syndrome (MS), a constellation of cardiovascular risk factors, and its related components and the usefulness of serum cystatin C for the cardiovascular risk assessment. METHODS: 1,468 healthy subjects (814 men and 655 women), who visited health promotion center of Pusan National University Hospital for routine medical checkup were included. MS was defined by modified, revised National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III criteria. RESULTS: Mean serum cystatin C value was 0.87 +/- 0.17 mg/L. In partial correlation analysis adjusted by age, sex and Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), cystatin C was associated with most of metabolic parameters and especially had significant positive correlation with waist circumference (r = 0.215), triglyceride (TG) (r = 0.141), diastolic blood pressure (BP) (r = 0.116), and correlated negatively with high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (r = -0.152) (all P < 0.001). There were increasing trends of prevalence of MS with the increase of quartiles of cystatin C and as the number of MS components increased, cystatin C values significantly increased. Serum cystatin C was also significantly increased in MS (0.90 +/- 0.19 mg/L vs. 0.86 +/- 0.16 mg/L). In stepwise multiple regression analysis including the components of MS, Waist circumference, diastolic BP, triglyceride, and HDL cholesterol were independent determinants of serum cystatin C, but with creatinine, only waist circumference was independent determinant. CONCLUSIONS: Serum cystatin C was closely associated with MS and its related cardiovascular risk factors and might be useful as a tool of cardiovascular risk assessment.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Cystatin C in Patients of Metabolic Syndrome and its Correlation with the Individual Components of Metabolic Syndrome
Sunita Aghade, Jayshree S Bavikar, Pragati S Kadam, Reshakiran J Shendye
Indian Journal of Medical Biochemistry.2019; 23(2): 293. CrossRef
Cystatin C as a Predictor for Diabetes according to Glycosylated Hemoglobin Levels in Korean Patients
Eon Ju Jeon, Ji Hyun Lee
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2016; 40(1): 32. CrossRef
Association of Obesity with Serum Cystatin C in Korean Adults
Yang Ho Kang
The Korean Journal of Obesity.2015; 24(4): 199. CrossRef

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