1Pediatrics Unit, Institute for Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
2Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Saint-Luc University Clinics, Brussels, Belgium
3Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (IBST) Unit, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
4Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, CHU-UCL Namur sites Saint-Elisabeth and Mont-Godinne, Namur, Belgium
5Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Clinique CHC MontLégia (CHC MontLégia Clinic), Liège, Belgium
6Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, CHU of Liège site ND-des Bruyères, Liège, Belgium
7Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
Copyright © 2024 Korean Diabetes Association
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conception or design: S.W., P.G., M.M., P.A.L.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: all authors.
Drafting the work or revising: S.W., A.H., P.A.L.
Final approval of the manuscript: S.W., A.H., P.A.L.
FUNDING
This research was supported by clinical research funds from the Fondation Saint-Luc (FSL), the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS), Innoviris and Action de Recherche Concertée (ARC).
Variable | Total (n=424)a | Baseline T1DM (n=390) | MODY (n=34) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Patient data | ||||
Gender (girls), % | 49 | 50 | 41 | 0.32b,g |
Neonatal history | ||||
Birth weight, kg | 3.33±0.6 | 3.35±0.6 | 3.15±0.6 | 0.04c,f |
Birht height, cm | 49.92±2.9 | 49.97±2.8 | 49.47±3.9 | 0.24b,f |
Term, % | ||||
Pre-term | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.7 | 0.97b,g |
Term | 84.8 | 84.8 | 84.6 | 0.97b,g |
Post-term | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 0.97b,g |
Neonatal hypoglycemia, % | 5.1 | 3.1 | 25.9 | <0.001e |
Gestationnal diabetes, % | 3.9 | 3.0 | 14.3 | 0.003d |
Diabetes diagnosis | ||||
Age, yr | 8.09±3.9 | 8.19±3.8 | 6.98±4.9 | 0.08b,f |
Height-SDS | 0.02±1.2 | 0.05±1.1 | –0.31±1.3 | 0.07b,f |
Weight-SDS | –0.43±1.3 | –0.46±1.3 | –0.07±1.2 | 0.04c,f |
BMI-SDS | –0.72±1.6 | –0.78±1.6 | 0.07±1.6 | 0.002d,f |
Glycemia, mg/dL | 446.36±224.9 | 465.84±215.8 | 203.38±194.7 | <0.001e,f |
HbA1c, % | 11.05±2.5 | 11.36±2.2 | 7.14±2.2 | <0.001e,f |
Diabetic ketoacidosis, % | 34.5 | 36.3 | 12.1 | 0.005d,g |
Autoimmune disease (yes), % | 12.4 | 13.2 | 2.9 | <0.001e,g |
Glycemic parameters | ||||
HbA1c, % | 7.25±1.1 | 7.34±1.1 | 6.18±0.9 | <0.001e,f |
TIR70-180, % | 46.66±14.8 | 44.64±12.1 | 76.70±17.3 | <0.001e,f |
IDAA1c score | 10.78±1.8 | 11.06±1.5 | 7.09±1.9 | <0.001e,f |
GTAA1c score | 5.89±1.3 | 6.04±1.1 | 3.79±1.3 | <0.001e,f |
Chronic treatment | ||||
Insulin treatment, % | 93.9 | 99.5 | 26.6 | NA |
Antidiabetic drugs, % | ||||
Biguanide | 4.0 | 3.6 | 8.8 | NA |
Sulfonylureas | 0.4 | 0 | 5.8 | NA |
Glinides | 0.2 | 0 | 2.9 | NA |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. Percentages may not total 100 due to rounding. Differences between T1DM cohort and MODY cohort were considered as significant when P value was under 0.05.
T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; MODY, maturity-onset diabetes of the young; SDS, standard deviation score; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; TIR70-180, time in range (70 to 180 mg/dL); IDAA1c, insulin-dose adjusted A1c; GTAA1c, glycemic target-adjusted A1c; NA, not applicable.
a Total, all diabetic patients in our study, the level of significance is represented as follows:
b nonsignificant,
c P<0.05,
d P<0.01,
e P<0.001,
f Wilcoxon rank,
g Chi-square (or their respective non-parametric tests).
Variable | Tdia (n=337) | Adia (n=53) | MODY (n=34) |
P value |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tdia vs. Adia | Tdia vs. MODY | ||||
Patient data | |||||
Gender (girls), % | 51.6 | 42.7 | 41.2 | 0.26a,f | 0.84a,f |
Neonatal history | |||||
Birth weight, kg | 3.35±0.6 | 3.37±0.5 | 3.15±0.6 | 0.81a,e | 0.06a,e |
Birht height, cm | 49.81±2.8 | 50.68±2.8 | 49.47±3.9 | 0.04b,e | 0.62a,e |
Term, % | |||||
Pre-term | 8.3 | 1.9 | 7.7 | 0.10a,f | 0.92a,f |
Term | 83.7 | 90.7 | 84.6 | 0.20a,f | 0.81a,f |
Post-term | 8.0 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 0.91a,f | 0.87a,f |
Neonatal hypoglycemia, % | 2.9 | 3.9 | 25.9 | 0.75a,f | <0.001d,f |
Gestationnal diabetes, % | 2.9 | 3.6 | 14.3 | 0.75a,f | <0.001d,f |
Diabetes diagnosis | |||||
Age, yr | 8.18±3.8 | 8.24±3.8 | 6.98±4.9 | 0.91a,e | 0.16a,e |
Height-SDS | 0.03±1.1 | 0.12±1.4 | –0.31±1.3 | 0.64a,e | 0.14a,e |
Weight-SDS | –0.49±1.2 | –0.30±1.3 | –0.07±1.2 | 0.32a,e | 0.06a,e |
BMI-SDS | –0.82±1.6 | –0.61±1.8 | 0.07±1.6 | 0.51a,e | 0.002b,e |
Glycemia, mg/dL | 478.95±215.2 | 405.28±209.9 | 203.38±194.7 | 0.02b,e | <0.001d,e |
HbA1c, % | 11.47±2.2 | 10.88±2.4 | 7.14±2.2 | 0.09a,e | <0.001d,e |
Diabetic ketoacidosis, % | 38.1 | 28.4 | 12.1 | 0.17a,f | 0.002c,f |
Autoimmune disease (yes), % | 14.6 | 6.8 | 2.9 | 0.17a,f | 0.04b,f |
Glycemic parameters | |||||
HbA1c, % | 7.49±1.1 | 6.59±0.7 | 6.18±0.9 | <0.001d,e | <0.001d,e |
TIR70-180, % | 43.12±10.9 | 51.62±15.2 | 76.70±17.3 | 0.003d,e | <0.001d,e |
IDAA1c score | 11.34±1.4 | 9.71±1.4 | 7.09±1.9 | <0.001d,e | <0.001d,e |
GTAA1c score | 6.25±1.0 | 4.97±0.8 | 3.79±1.3 | <0.001d,e | <0.001d,e |
Chronic treatment | |||||
Insulin treatment, % | 100 | 96 | 26.5 | NA | NA |
Antidiabetic drugs, % | |||||
Biguanide | 3.3 | 6.7 | 8.8 | NA | NA |
Sulfonylureas | 0 | 0 | 5.8 | NA | NA |
Glinides | 0 | 0 | 2.9 | NA | NA |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. Percentages may not total 100 due to rounding. Differences between the three cohorts were considered as significant when P value was under 0.05.
Tdia, cohort of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients; Adia, cohort of patients with atypical diabetes; MODY, maturity-onset diabetes of the young; SDS, standard deviation score; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; TIR70-180, time in range (70 to 180 mg/dL); IDAA1c, insulin-dose adjusted A1c; GTAA1c, glycemic target-adjusted A1c; NA, not applicable.
The level of significance is represented as follows:
a non-significant,
b P<0.05,
c P<0.01,
d P<0.001,
e Kruskal-Wallis test,
f Chi-square (or their respective non-parametric tests).
DIAMODIA criteria | Tdia (n=337) | Adia (n=53) | MODY (n=34) |
P value |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tdia vs. Adia | Tdia vs. MODY | ||||
Strong criteria | |||||
Absence of anti-islet antibodies, % | 0.6 | 59.4 | 100 | <0.001d | <0.001d |
IDAA1c <9, % | 0.6 | 23.5 | 80.0 | <0.001d | <0.001d |
GTAA1c <4.5, % | 0.9 | 28.6 | 81.5 | <0.001d | <0.001d |
Age at diagnosis <6 months, % | 0 | 0 | 8.8 | NA | <0.001d |
Weak criteria | |||||
First-degree relative with diabetes, % | 41.0 | 56.8 | 85.3 | 0.02b | <0.001d |
C-peptide secretion positive, % | 23.9 | 59.4 | 90.6 | <0.001d | <0.001d |
Extra-pancreatic manifestations, % | 8.5 | 13.3 | 38.7 | 0.27a | 0.002c |
Absence of ketoacidosis at diagnosis, % | 61.8 | 71.6 | 87.9 | 0.14a | 0.001d |
History of neonatal hypoglycemia, % | 2.9 | 3.9 | 25.9 | 0.69a | <0.001d |
Percentages may not total 100 due to rounding. Differences between the three groups were considered as significant when P value was under 0.05. All P values have been calculated using the chi-square test (or their respective non-parametric tests).
DIAMODIA, DIAgnose MOnogenic DIAbetes; Tdia, cohort of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients; Adia, cohort of patients with atypical diabetes; MODY, maturity-onset diabetes of the young; IDAA1c, insulin-dose adjusted A1c; GTAA1c, glycemic target-adjusted A1c; NA, not applicable.
The level of significance is represented as follows:
a non-significant,
b P<0.05,
c P<0.01,
d P<0.001.
Variable | Total (n=424) |
Baseline T1DM (n=390) | MODY (n=34) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Patient data | ||||
Gender (girls), % | 49 | 50 | 41 | 0.32 |
Neonatal history | ||||
Birth weight, kg | 3.33±0.6 | 3.35±0.6 | 3.15±0.6 | 0.04 |
Birht height, cm | 49.92±2.9 | 49.97±2.8 | 49.47±3.9 | 0.24 |
Term, % | ||||
Pre-term | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.7 | 0.97 |
Term | 84.8 | 84.8 | 84.6 | 0.97 |
Post-term | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 0.97 |
Neonatal hypoglycemia, % | 5.1 | 3.1 | 25.9 | <0.001 |
Gestationnal diabetes, % | 3.9 | 3.0 | 14.3 | 0.003 |
Diabetes diagnosis | ||||
Age, yr | 8.09±3.9 | 8.19±3.8 | 6.98±4.9 | 0.08 |
Height-SDS | 0.02±1.2 | 0.05±1.1 | –0.31±1.3 | 0.07 |
Weight-SDS | –0.43±1.3 | –0.46±1.3 | –0.07±1.2 | 0.04 |
BMI-SDS | –0.72±1.6 | –0.78±1.6 | 0.07±1.6 | 0.002 |
Glycemia, mg/dL | 446.36±224.9 | 465.84±215.8 | 203.38±194.7 | <0.001 |
HbA1c, % | 11.05±2.5 | 11.36±2.2 | 7.14±2.2 | <0.001 |
Diabetic ketoacidosis, % | 34.5 | 36.3 | 12.1 | 0.005 |
Autoimmune disease (yes), % | 12.4 | 13.2 | 2.9 | <0.001 |
Glycemic parameters | ||||
HbA1c, % | 7.25±1.1 | 7.34±1.1 | 6.18±0.9 | <0.001 |
TIR70-180, % | 46.66±14.8 | 44.64±12.1 | 76.70±17.3 | <0.001 |
IDAA1c score | 10.78±1.8 | 11.06±1.5 | 7.09±1.9 | <0.001 |
GTAA1c score | 5.89±1.3 | 6.04±1.1 | 3.79±1.3 | <0.001 |
Chronic treatment | ||||
Insulin treatment, % | 93.9 | 99.5 | 26.6 | NA |
Antidiabetic drugs, % | ||||
Biguanide | 4.0 | 3.6 | 8.8 | NA |
Sulfonylureas | 0.4 | 0 | 5.8 | NA |
Glinides | 0.2 | 0 | 2.9 | NA |
Variable | Tdia (n=337) | Adia (n=53) | MODY (n=34) | P value |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tdia vs. Adia | Tdia vs. MODY | ||||
Patient data | |||||
Gender (girls), % | 51.6 | 42.7 | 41.2 | 0.26 |
0.84 |
Neonatal history | |||||
Birth weight, kg | 3.35±0.6 | 3.37±0.5 | 3.15±0.6 | 0.81 |
0.06 |
Birht height, cm | 49.81±2.8 | 50.68±2.8 | 49.47±3.9 | 0.04 |
0.62 |
Term, % | |||||
Pre-term | 8.3 | 1.9 | 7.7 | 0.10 |
0.92 |
Term | 83.7 | 90.7 | 84.6 | 0.20 |
0.81 |
Post-term | 8.0 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 0.91 |
0.87 |
Neonatal hypoglycemia, % | 2.9 | 3.9 | 25.9 | 0.75 |
<0.001 |
Gestationnal diabetes, % | 2.9 | 3.6 | 14.3 | 0.75 |
<0.001 |
Diabetes diagnosis | |||||
Age, yr | 8.18±3.8 | 8.24±3.8 | 6.98±4.9 | 0.91 |
0.16 |
Height-SDS | 0.03±1.1 | 0.12±1.4 | –0.31±1.3 | 0.64 |
0.14 |
Weight-SDS | –0.49±1.2 | –0.30±1.3 | –0.07±1.2 | 0.32 |
0.06 |
BMI-SDS | –0.82±1.6 | –0.61±1.8 | 0.07±1.6 | 0.51 |
0.002 |
Glycemia, mg/dL | 478.95±215.2 | 405.28±209.9 | 203.38±194.7 | 0.02 |
<0.001 |
HbA1c, % | 11.47±2.2 | 10.88±2.4 | 7.14±2.2 | 0.09 |
<0.001 |
Diabetic ketoacidosis, % | 38.1 | 28.4 | 12.1 | 0.17 |
0.002 |
Autoimmune disease (yes), % | 14.6 | 6.8 | 2.9 | 0.17 |
0.04 |
Glycemic parameters | |||||
HbA1c, % | 7.49±1.1 | 6.59±0.7 | 6.18±0.9 | <0.001 |
<0.001 |
TIR70-180, % | 43.12±10.9 | 51.62±15.2 | 76.70±17.3 | 0.003 |
<0.001 |
IDAA1c score | 11.34±1.4 | 9.71±1.4 | 7.09±1.9 | <0.001 |
<0.001 |
GTAA1c score | 6.25±1.0 | 4.97±0.8 | 3.79±1.3 | <0.001 |
<0.001 |
Chronic treatment | |||||
Insulin treatment, % | 100 | 96 | 26.5 | NA | NA |
Antidiabetic drugs, % | |||||
Biguanide | 3.3 | 6.7 | 8.8 | NA | NA |
Sulfonylureas | 0 | 0 | 5.8 | NA | NA |
Glinides | 0 | 0 | 2.9 | NA | NA |
DIAMODIA criteria | Tdia (n=337) | Adia (n=53) | MODY (n=34) | P value |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tdia vs. Adia | Tdia vs. MODY | ||||
Strong criteria | |||||
Absence of anti-islet antibodies, % | 0.6 | 59.4 | 100 | <0.001 |
<0.001 |
IDAA1c <9, % | 0.6 | 23.5 | 80.0 | <0.001 |
<0.001 |
GTAA1c <4.5, % | 0.9 | 28.6 | 81.5 | <0.001 |
<0.001 |
Age at diagnosis <6 months, % | 0 | 0 | 8.8 | NA | <0.001 |
Weak criteria | |||||
First-degree relative with diabetes, % | 41.0 | 56.8 | 85.3 | 0.02 |
<0.001 |
C-peptide secretion positive, % | 23.9 | 59.4 | 90.6 | <0.001 |
<0.001 |
Extra-pancreatic manifestations, % | 8.5 | 13.3 | 38.7 | 0.27 |
0.002 |
Absence of ketoacidosis at diagnosis, % | 61.8 | 71.6 | 87.9 | 0.14 |
0.001 |
History of neonatal hypoglycemia, % | 2.9 | 3.9 | 25.9 | 0.69 |
<0.001 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. Percentages may not total 100 due to rounding. Differences between T1DM cohort and MODY cohort were considered as significant when T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; MODY, maturity-onset diabetes of the young; SDS, standard deviation score; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; TIR70-180, time in range (70 to 180 mg/dL); IDAA1c, insulin-dose adjusted A1c; GTAA1c, glycemic target-adjusted A1c; NA, not applicable. Total, all diabetic patients in our study, the level of significance is represented as follows: nonsignificant, Wilcoxon rank, Chi-square (or their respective non-parametric tests).
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. Percentages may not total 100 due to rounding. Differences between the three cohorts were considered as significant when Tdia, cohort of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients; Adia, cohort of patients with atypical diabetes; MODY, maturity-onset diabetes of the young; SDS, standard deviation score; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; TIR70-180, time in range (70 to 180 mg/dL); IDAA1c, insulin-dose adjusted A1c; GTAA1c, glycemic target-adjusted A1c; NA, not applicable. The level of significance is represented as follows: non-significant, Kruskal-Wallis test, Chi-square (or their respective non-parametric tests).
Percentages may not total 100 due to rounding. Differences between the three groups were considered as significant when DIAMODIA, DIAgnose MOnogenic DIAbetes; Tdia, cohort of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients; Adia, cohort of patients with atypical diabetes; MODY, maturity-onset diabetes of the young; IDAA1c, insulin-dose adjusted A1c; GTAA1c, glycemic target-adjusted A1c; NA, not applicable. The level of significance is represented as follows: non-significant,