1. Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology 2016;64:73-84.
Article PubMed
2. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2014;384:766-81.
PubMed PMC
3. Tiniakos DG, Vos MB, Brunt EM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathology and pathogenesis. Annu Rev Pathol 2010;5:145-71.
Article PubMed
4. Bril F, Barb D, Portillo-Sanchez P, Biernacki D, Lomonaco R, Suman A, et al. Metabolic and histological implications of intrahepatic triglyceride content in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2017;65:1132-44.
Article PubMed PDF
5. Chen Z, Tian R, She Z, Cai J, Li H. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2020;152:116-41.
Article PubMed
6. Zelber-Sagi S, Ivancovsky-Wajcman D, Fliss-Isakov N, Hahn M, Webb M, Shibolet O, et al. Serum malondialdehyde is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver and related liver damage differentially in men and women. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020;9:578.
Article PubMed PMC
7. Sekiya M, Hiraishi A, Touyama M, Sakamoto K. Oxidative stress induced lipid accumulation via SREBP1c activation in HepG2 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008;375:602-7.
Article PubMed
8. Ferramosca A, Di Giacomo M, Zara V. Antioxidant dietary approach in treatment of fatty liver: new insights and updates. World J Gastroenterol 2017;23:4146-57.
Article PubMed PMC
9. Germain K, Kim PK. Pexophagy: a model for selective autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:578.
Article PubMed PMC
10. Sugiura A, Mattie S, Prudent J, McBride HM. Newly born peroxisomes are a hybrid of mitochondrial and ER-derived preperoxisomes. Nature 2017;542:251-4.
Article PubMed PDF
11. Smith JJ, Aitchison JD. Peroxisomes take shape. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013;14:803-17.
Article PubMed PMC PDF
12. Lodhi IJ, Semenkovich CF. Peroxisomes: a nexus for lipid metabolism and cellular signaling. Cell Metab 2014;19:380-92.
Article PubMed PMC
13. Kovacs WJ, Charles KN, Walter KM, Shackelford JE, Wikander TM, Richards MJ, et al. Peroxisome deficiency-induced ER stress and SREBP-2 pathway activation in the liver of newborn Pex2 knock-out mice. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012;1821:895-907.
Article PubMed PMC
14. Li X, Baumgart E, Morrell JC, Jimenez-Sanchez G, Valle D, Gould SJ. PEX11 beta deficiency is lethal and impairs neuronal migration but does not abrogate peroxisome function. Mol Cell Biol 2002;22:4358-65.
Article PubMed PMC PDF
15. Hwang I, Lee J, Huh JY, Park J, Lee HB, Ho YS, et al. Catalase deficiency accelerates diabetic renal injury through peroxisomal dysfunction. Diabetes 2012;61:728-38.
Article PubMed PMC PDF
16. Hwang I, Uddin MJ, Pak ES, Kang H, Jin EJ, Jo S, et al. The impaired redox balance in peroxisomes of catalase knockout mice accelerates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through endoplasmic reticulum stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2020;148:22-32.
Article PubMed
17. Piao L, Dorotea D, Jiang S, Koh EH, Oh GT, Ha H. Impaired peroxisomal fitness in obese mice, a vicious cycle exacerbating adipocyte dysfunction via oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019;31:1339-51.
Article PubMed PMC
18. Islam S, Won J, Khan M, Chavin KD, Singh I. Peroxisomal footprint in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Ann Hepatol 2020;19:466-71.
Article PubMed
19. Farnier M. Update on the clinical utility of fenofibrate in mixed dyslipidemias: mechanisms of action and rational prescribing. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2008;4:991-1000.
Article PubMed PMC PDF
20. Montagner A, Polizzi A, Fouche E, Ducheix S, Lippi Y, Lasserre F, et al. Liver PPARα is crucial for whole-body fatty acid homeostasis and is protective against NAFLD. Gut 2016;65:1202-14.
Article PubMed PMC
21. Jo SH, Nam H, Lee J, Park S, Lee J, Kyoung DS. Fenofibrate use is associated with lower mortality and fewer cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes: results of 10,114 patients from the Korean National Health Insurance Service Cohort. Diabetes Care 2021;44:1868-76.
Article PubMed PDF
22. Elam MB, Ginsberg HN, Lovato LC, Corson M, Largay J, Leiter LA, et al. Association of fenofibrate therapy with long-term cardiovascular risk in statin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA Cardiol 2017;2:370-80.
Article PubMed PMC
23. Sohn M, Kim K, Uddin MJ, Lee G, Hwang I, Kang H, et al. Delayed treatment with fenofibrate protects against high-fat dietinduced kidney injury in mice: the possible role of AMPK autophagy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017;312:F323-34.
Article PubMed
24. Weng H, Ji X, Endo K, Iwai N. Pex11a deficiency is associated with a reduced abundance of functional peroxisomes and aggravated renal interstitial lesions. Hypertension 2014;64:1054-60.
Article PubMed
25. Lee JN, Dutta RK, Kim SG, Lim JY, Kim SJ, Choe SK, et al. Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α ligand, prevents abnormal liver function induced by a fastingrefeeding process. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013;442:22-7.
Article PubMed
26. Araki H, Tamada Y, Imoto S, Dunmore B, Sanders D, Humphrey S, et al. Analysis of PPARalpha-dependent and PPARalpha-independent transcript regulation following fenofibrate treatment of human endothelial cells. Angiogenesis 2009;12:221-9.
Article PubMed PDF
27. Hua H, Yang J, Lin H, Xi Y, Dai M, Xu G, et al. PPARα-independent action against metabolic syndrome development by fibrates is mediated by inhibition of STAT3 signalling. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018;70:1630-42.
Article PubMed PMC PDF
28. Akiyama TE, Nicol CJ, Fievet C, Staels B, Ward JM, Auwerx J, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha regulates lipid homeostasis, but is not associated with obesity: studies with congenic mouse lines. J Biol Chem 2001;276:39088-93.
PubMed
29. Kondo K, Sugioka T, Tsukada K, Aizawa M, Takizawa M, Shimizu K, et al. Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist, improves hepatic microcirculatory patency and oxygen availability in a high-fat-diet-induced fatty liver in mice. Adv Exp Med Biol 2010;662:77-82.
PubMed
30. Kostapanos MS, Kei A, Elisaf MS. Current role of fenofibrate in the prevention and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Hepatol 2013;5:470-8.
Article PubMed PMC
31. Walton PA, Brees C, Lismont C, Apanasets O, Fransen M. The peroxisomal import receptor PEX5 functions as a stress sensor, retaining catalase in the cytosol in times of oxidative stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2017;1864:1833-43.
Article PubMed
32. Imanaka T, Aihara K, Suzuki Y, Yokota S, Osumi T. The 70- kDa peroxisomal membrane protein (PMP70), an ATP-binding cassette transporter. Cell Biochem Biophys 2000;32:131-8.
Article PubMed
33. Pawlak M, Lefebvre P, Staels B. Molecular mechanism of PPARα action and its impact on lipid metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2015;62:720-33.
Article PubMed
34. Regnier M, Polizzi A, Smati S, Lukowicz C, Fougerat A, Lippi Y, et al. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of Pparα promotes NAFLD in the context of obesity. Sci Rep 2020;10:6489.
Article PubMed PMC PDF
35. Jain MR, Giri SR, Bhoi B, Trivedi C, Rath A, Rathod R, et al. Dual PPARα/γ agonist saroglitazar improves liver histopathology and biochemistry in experimental NASH models. Liver Int 2018;38:1084-94.
Article PubMed PMC PDF
36. Rakhshandehroo M, Knoch B, Muller M, Kersten S. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha target genes. PPAR Res 2010;2010:612089.
Article PubMed PMC PDF
37. Cheng S, Liang S, Liu Q, Deng Z, Zhang Y, Du J, et al. Diosgenin prevents high-fat diet-induced rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through the AMPK and LXR signaling pathways. Int J Mol Med 2018;41:1089-95.
Article PubMed
38. Chen WL, Chen YL, Chiang YM, Wang SG, Lee HM. Fenofibrate lowers lipid accumulation in myotubes by modulating the PPARα/AMPK/FoxO1/ATGL pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2012;84:522-31.
Article PubMed
39. Yan F, Wang Q, Xu C, Cao M, Zhou X, Wang T, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α activation induces hepatic steatosis, suggesting an adverse effect. PLoS One 2014;9:e99245.
Article PubMed PMC
40. Oosterveer MH, Grefhorst A, van Dijk TH, Havinga R, Staels B, Kuipers F, et al. Fenofibrate simultaneously induces hepatic fatty acid oxidation, synthesis, and elongation in mice. J Biol Chem 2009;284:34036-44.
Article PubMed PMC
41. Cortes-Lopez F, Sanchez-Mendoza A, Centurion D, CervantesPerez LG, Castrejon-Tellez V, Del Valle-Mondragon L, et al. Fenofibrate protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reperfusion- and high glucose-induced detrimental effects. PPAR Res 2021;2021:8895376.
Article PubMed PMC PDF
42. Ning LJ, He AY, Lu DL, Li JM, Qiao F, Li DL, et al. Nutritional background changes the hypolipidemic effects of fenofibrate in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Sci Rep 2017;7:41706.
Article PubMed PMC PDF
43. Honsho M, Tamura S, Shimozawa N, Suzuki Y, Kondo N, Fujiki Y. Mutation in PEX16 is causal in the peroxisome-deficient Zellweger syndrome of complementation group D. Am J Hum Genet 1998;63:1622-30.
PubMed PMC
44. Sacksteder KA, Jones JM, South ST, Li X, Liu Y, Gould SJ. PEX19 binds multiple peroxisomal membrane proteins, is predominantly cytoplasmic, and is required for peroxisome membrane synthesis. J Cell Biol 2000;148:931-44.
Article PubMed PMC PDF
45. Ghaedi K, Tamura S, Okumoto K, Matsuzono Y, Fujiki Y. The peroxin pex3p initiates membrane assembly in peroxisome biogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2000;11:2085-102.
Article PubMed PMC
46. Delille HK, Dodt G, Schrader M. Pex11pβ-mediated maturation of peroxisomes. Commun Integr Biol 2011;4:51-4.
Article PubMed PMC
47. Weng H, Ji X, Naito Y, Endo K, Ma X, Takahashi R, et al. Pex11α deficiency impairs peroxisome elongation and division and contributes to nonalcoholic fatty liver in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013;304:E187-96.
Article PubMed
48. Walker CL, Pomatto L, Tripathi DN, Davies K. Redox regulation of homeostasis and proteostasis in peroxisomes. Physiol Rev 2018;98:89-115.
Article PubMed PMC
49. Piao L, Choi J, Kwon G, Ha H. Endogenous catalase delays high-fat diet-induced liver injury in mice. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 2017;21:317-25.
Article PubMed PMC PDF
50. Shin SK, Cho HW, Song SE, Bae JH, Im SS, Hwang I, et al. Ablation of catalase promotes non-alcoholic fatty liver via oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in diet-induced obese mice. Pflugers Arch 2019;471:829-43.
Article PubMed PDF
51. Koepke JI, Wood CS, Terlecky LJ, Walton PA, Terlecky SR. Progeric effects of catalase inactivation in human cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008;232:99-108.
Article PubMed
52. Hwang I, Uddin MJ, Lee G, Jiang S, Pak ES, Ha H. Peroxiredoxin 3 deficiency accelerates chronic kidney injury in mice through interactions between macrophages and tubular epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2019;131:162-72.
Article PubMed
53. Wang YX. PPARs: diverse regulators in energy metabolism and metabolic diseases. Cell Res 2010;20:124-37.
Article PubMed PMC PDF
54. Schrader M, Grille S, Fahimi HD, Islinger M. Peroxisome interactions and cross-talk with other subcellular compartments in animal cells. Subcell Biochem 2013;69:1-22.
Article PubMed
55. Li X, Gould SJ. PEX11 promotes peroxisome division independently of peroxisome metabolism. J Cell Biol 2002;156:643-51.
Article PubMed PMC PDF
56. Chen Z, Yu R, Xiong Y, Du F, Zhu S. A vicious circle between insulin resistance and inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Lipids Health Dis 2017;16:203.
Article PubMed PMC PDF