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Ultra-Processed Foods and the Impact on Cardiometabolic Health: The Role of Diet Quality
Xiaowen Wang, Qi Sun
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(6):1047-1055.   Published online November 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0659
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  • 168 Download
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
The consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) has surged globally, raising significant public health concerns due to their associations with a range of adverse health outcomes. This review aims to elucidate potential health impacts of UPF intake and underscore the importance of considering diet quality when interpreting study findings. UPF group, as classified by the Nova system based on the extent of industrial processing, contains numerous individual food items with a wide spectrum of nutrient profiles, as well as differential quality as reflected by their potential health effects. The quality of a given food may well misalign with the processing levels so that a UPF food can be nutritious and healthful whereas a non-UPF food can be of low quality and excess intake of which may lead to adverse health consequences. The current review argues that it is critical to focus on the nutritional content and quality of foods and their role within the overall dietary pattern rather than only the level of processing. Further research should dissect health effects of diet quality and food processing, investigate the health impacts of ingredients that render the UPF categorization, understand roles of metabolomics and the gut microbiome in mediating and modulating the health effects of food processing, and consider environmental sustainability in UPF studies. Emphasizing nutrient-dense healthful foods and dietary patterns shall remain the pivotal strategy for promoting overall health and preventing chronic diseases.
Original Article
Lifestyle
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Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Obesity in Korean Adults
Jee-Seon Shim, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim, Hyeon Chang Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(4):547-558.   Published online April 26, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0026
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  • 194 Download
  • 7 Web of Science
  • 8 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
This study aimed to investigate the association between consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) and obesity in Korean adults.
Methods
We included the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center cohort study baseline data of adults aged 30 to 64 years who completed a validated food frequency questionnaire. UPF was defined using the NOVA food classification. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association of dietary energy contribution of UPF with obesity indicators (body mass index [BMI], obesity, waist circumference [WC], and abdominal obesity).
Results
Consumption of UPF accounted for 17.9% of total energy intake and obesity and abdominal obesity prevalence was 35.4% and 30.2%, respectively. Compared with those in the lowest quartile of UPF consumption, adults in the highest quartile had greater BMI (β=0.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15 to 0.56), WC (β=1.03; 95% CI, 0.46 to 1.60), higher odds of having obesity (odds ratio [OR], 1.24; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.45), and abdominal obesity (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.57), after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, health-related behaviors, and family history of diseases. Dose-response associations between UPF consumption and obesity indicators were consistently found (all P trend <0.01). However, the strength of association was halved for all obesity indicators after further adjustments for total energy intake and overall diet quality score, and the trend toward association for obesity and WC disappeared.
Conclusion
Our finding supports the evidence that consumption of UPF is positively associated with obesity among Korean adults.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Obesity: A Narrative Review of Their Association and Potential Mechanisms
    Jee-Seon Shim
    Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2025; 34(1): 27.     CrossRef
  • Ultra-processed food consumption and increased risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: A cross-sectional analysis of the KNHANES 2016–2020
    Hansol Park, Youngmi Lee, Jinah Hwang, Yujin Lee
    Nutrition.2024; 122: 112374.     CrossRef
  • Navigating Ultra-Processed Foods with Insight
    Ji A Seo
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(4): 713.     CrossRef
  • Association of maternal ultra-processed food consumption during pregnancy with atopic dermatitis in infancy: Korean Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health (MOCEH) study
    Won Jang, Minji Kim, Eunhee Ha, Hyesook Kim
    Nutrition Journal.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Associations of Ultra-Processed Food Intake with Body Fat and Skeletal Muscle Mass by Sociodemographic Factors
    Sukyoung Jung, Jaehee Seo, Jee Young Kim, Sohyun Park
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(4): 780.     CrossRef
  • Association Between Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Metabolic Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Obesity
    Gyeong-yoon Lee, Joo Hyun Lim, Hyojee Joung, Dankyu Yoon
    Nutrients.2024; 16(20): 3524.     CrossRef
  • Diet quality partially mediates the association between ultraprocessed food consumption and adiposity indicators
    Jee‐Seon Shim, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim, Hyeon Chang Kim
    Obesity.2023; 31(9): 2430.     CrossRef
  • Development of a Semi-Quantitative Food-Frequency Questionnaire for Korean Adults with Obesity
    Jina Chung, Seoeun Ahn, Hyojee Joung, Sangah Shin
    Nutrients.2023; 15(22): 4848.     CrossRef

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