Fig. 1The proportion of study subjects according to body mass index (BMI) and the presence of metabolic syndrome among newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes.
Fig. 2The proportion of study subjects according to insulin resistance and insulin secretion among newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes. HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.
Table 1Baseline characteristics of the study subjects
Variable |
Male (n=693) |
Female (n=621) |
Total (n=1,314) |
Age, yr |
53.8±11.6 |
57.4±11.4a
|
55.5±11.6 |
Weight, kg |
72.4±10.0 |
61.3±9.1a
|
67.2±11.1 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
25.3±3.0 |
25.2±3.4 |
25.2±3.2 |
Waist circumference, cm |
89.5±9.3 |
85.2±9.6a
|
87.5±9.7 |
Family history of diabetes |
193 (27.9) |
167 (26.9) |
360 (27.5) |
SBP, mm Hg |
128.8±13.6 |
128.5±13.7 |
128.7±13.7 |
DBP, mm Hg |
81.1±9.7 |
79.7±9.4b
|
80.5±9.6 |
HbA1c, % |
7.70±1.83 |
7.60±1.87 |
7.65±1.85 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L |
10.83±2.22 |
11.03±2.21 |
10.92±2.21 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L |
11.28±9.43 |
9.13±5.98a
|
10.26±8.06 |
HDL-C, mmol/L |
2.49±0.60 |
2.72±0.64a
|
2.60±0.63 |
FPG, mmol/L |
9.65±4.78 |
8.99±4.26b
|
9.34±4.55 |
FPI, µIU/mL |
13.5±15.4 |
14.6±19.4 |
14.0±17.4 |
Fasting C-peptide, ng/mL |
1.01±0.62 |
1.03±0.74 |
1.02±0.68 |
HOMA-IR |
5.98±8.25 |
6.40±10.0 |
6.18±9.12 |
HOMA-β |
28.1±38.5 |
30.7±41.7 |
29.4±40.0 |
Anti-hypertensive agents |
265 (38.2) |
272 (43.8)b
|
537 (40.9) |
Lipid-lowering agents |
107 (15.4) |
119 (19.2) |
226 (17.2) |
Table 2The relationship between HOMA-IR, C-peptide levels, metabolic syndrome, and obesity
Variable |
HOMA-IR ≤2.5 (n=532) |
HOMA-IR >2.5 (n=782) |
P value |
Age, yr |
|
|
|
≥65 |
128 (24.1) |
180 (23.0) |
|
<65 |
404 (75.9) |
601 (77.0) |
0.6707 |
Weight, kg |
64.5±9.6 |
69.0±11.6 |
<0.0001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
|
|
|
<18.5 |
7 (1.3) |
6 (0.8) |
|
18.5-22.9 |
162 (30.4) |
123 (15.7) |
|
23.0-24.9 |
161 (30.3) |
200 (25.6) |
|
25.0-29.9 |
186 (35.0) |
383 (49.0) |
|
>30 |
16 (3.0) |
70 (8.9) |
|
≥25 |
202 (38.0) |
453 (57.9) |
<0.0001 |
Waist circumference, cm |
|
|
|
M ≥90 or F ≥85 |
235 (44.3) |
420 (53.8) |
0.0008 |
HbA1c, % |
7.25±1.77 |
7.93±1.85 |
<0.0001 |
C-peptide, ng/mL |
|
|
|
<1.1 |
38 (7.1) |
5 (0.6) |
|
1.1-1.69 |
208 (39.1) |
25 (3.2) |
|
≥1.7 |
286 (53.8) |
752 (96.2) |
<0.0001 |
Components of the metabolic syndrome |
|
|
|
1-2+ |
194 (36.5) |
191 (24.4) |
|
3+ |
185 (34.8) |
245 (31.3) |
|
4+ |
112 (21.0) |
229 (29.3) |
|
5+ |
41 (7.7) |
117 (15.0) |
|
>3+ |
222 (41.7) |
395 (50.5) |
0.0017 |