Supplementary Fig. 3
Subgroup analysis based on baseline glycosylated hemoglobin level. SD, standard deviation; IV, inverse variance; CI, confidence interval.
dmj-43-302-s003.pdf
Supplementary Fig. 4
(A–D). Subgroup analysis based on the frequency and duration of exercise. SD, standard deviation; IV, inverse variance; CI, confidence interval.
dmj-43-302-s004.pdf
Fig. 1Flowchart of the study selection.
Fig. 2Effect of exercise intervention versus non-intervention on body weight (changes from baseline) in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The squares indicate the study-specific outcome estimates, and the size of the squares corresponds to the study's weight in the meta-analysis. Horizontal lines denote the range of the 95% confidence interval (CI). The diamonds indicate pooled estimates. Weights are from random-effects analysis. SD, standard deviation; IV, inverse variance.
Fig. 3Effect of exercise intervention versus non-intervention on glycosylated hemoglobin level (changes from baseline) in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. SD, standard deviation; IV, inverse variance; CI, confidence interval.
Fig. 4Subgroup analysis based on the type of exercise for body weight. SD, standard deviation; IV, inverse variance; CI, confidence interval.
Fig. 5Subgroup analysis based on the type of exercise for glycosylated hemoglobin level. SD, standard deviation; IV, inverse variance; CI, confidence interval.
Table 1Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis
Study |
Mean age, yr |
Women, % |
Participants |
Diabetes duration, yr |
Exercise intervention |
Aerobic exercise |
Resistance exercise |
Frequency (duration) |
Time, min |
Jun (1994) [12] |
55.1 |
70.0 |
30 |
4.7 |
Jogging |
- |
3 times/week (4 weeks) |
- |
Hwang et al. (2001) [13] |
50–59 |
61.8 |
34 |
More than 5 |
Aerobic |
- |
3–6 times/week (12 weeks) |
10–60 |
Kim et al. (2005) [14] |
51.5 |
0.0 |
21 |
- |
Treadmill |
Muscle exercise |
3 times/week (12 weeks) |
10–30 |
Nam et al. (2003) [15] |
52.6 |
0.0 |
14 |
- |
Treadmill |
Knee extension, knee flexion, back extension, chest press, pull down |
3 times/week (16 weeks) |
10–30 |
An et al. (2005) [16] |
54.9 |
100.0 |
26 |
6.6 |
Walking, cycling |
Elastic band |
5 times/week (12 weeks) |
45–60 |
Kim (2007) [17] |
63.7 |
0.0 |
24 |
- |
Cycling |
- |
3 times/week (12 weeks) |
20–60 |
Kwon et al. (2010) [18] |
56.4 |
100.0 |
28 |
5.9 |
- |
Elastic band |
3 times/week (12 weeks) |
60 |
Park et al. (2012) [19] |
70.8 |
51.9 |
27 |
- |
- |
Elastic band |
3 times/week (12 weeks) |
60 |
Tchai et al. (2004) [20] |
62.0 |
100.0 |
41 |
- |
Aquatic exercise |
- |
3 times/week (12 weeks) |
60 |
Lee et al. (2005) [21] |
62.4 |
56.6 |
99 |
6.9 |
Walking |
- |
5 times/week (12 weeks) |
30–60 |
Jeong et al. (2007) [22] |
59.3 |
71.8 |
39 |
5.5 |
Taeguk Gi-Gong |
- |
2 times/week (10 weeks) |
- |
Kim (2009) [23] |
51.4 |
100.0 |
69 |
3.6 |
Treadmill |
Push-up, sit-up |
3–4 times/week (12 weeks) |
90–120 |
Kim et al. (2010) [24] |
63.1 |
100.0 |
14 |
- |
Treadmill |
- |
3 times/week (12 weeks) |
60 |
Shin et al. (2012) [25] |
68.4 |
100.0 |
52 |
- |
Treadmill, walking |
Elastic band, music dance |
3 times/week (12 weeks) |
55–60 |
Choi (2012) [26] |
72.0 |
100.0 |
40 |
3–5 |
Treadmill, cycling |
Weight training |
5 times/week (52 weeks) |
- |
Park et al. (2013) [27] |
58.3 |
19.0 |
21 |
1–10 |
Walking |
- |
5 times/week (7 weeks) |
- |
Kang et al. (2014) [28] |
67.8 |
100.0 |
16 |
- |
Walking, cycling |
Elastic band |
3 times/week (8 weeks) |
80 |
Park et al. (2015) [9] |
59.4 |
100.0 |
20 |
- |
Step box |
Gym stick |
3 times/week (12 weeks) |
60 |
Kang et al. (2015) [11] |
57.6 |
100.0 |
16 |
- |
- |
Elastic band, push-up, sit-up |
3 times/week (12 weeks) |
60 |
Song (2015) [29] |
65.5 |
100.0 |
24 |
- |
- |
Elastic band |
3 times/week (12 weeks) |
60 |
Kang et al. (2016) [30] |
56.7 |
100.0 |
16 |
- |
Treadmill |
Weight machine |
3 times/week (12 weeks) |
60 |
Park et al. (2015) [31] |
70.4 |
54.1 |
37 |
- |
Circuit training (bike riding, walking) |
Circuit training (leg extension, chest press, abdominal crunch) |
3 times/week (12 weeks) |
60 |
Park (2015) [32] |
54.0 |
46.7 |
15 |
5.3 |
Passive stretching |
- |
3 times/week (8 weeks) |
40 |