Supplementary Table 1
The pair-wise Pearson correlation coefficients between fetuin-A, age, BMI, plasma measures of ALT, lipids, hs-CRP, adiponectin, random insulin, random glucose and HbA1c levels, the Singapore Chinese Health Study
dmj-43-474-s001.pdf
Fig. 1Spline analysis of the association between fetuin-A concentrations and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus risk. The solid line represents point estimates of relative risk for the association between fetuin-A levels and risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus, and the dotted lines represent the upper and lower bound of 95% confidence interval (CI). Study participants with the highest 5% of fetuin-A were excluded to minimize the potential impact of outliers. Cubic spline analysis was used to examine the association between fetuin-A concentrations and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus using the model 1 from Table 2 (P nonlinearity=0.005).
Fig. 2Total type 2 diabetes mellitus risk according to joint distribution of fetuin-A and adiponectin. Multivariable model adjusted for age at blood taken (continuous), smoking status (never, ever smoker), alcohol intake (never, weekly or daily), weekly moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels (<0.5, 0.5 to 3.9, and ≥4 hours/week), education levels (no, primary school, secondary or above), history of hypertension (yes, no), fasting status (yes, no), and body mass index (continuous). OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Fig. 3Total type 2 diabetes mellitus risk according to joint distribution of fetuin-A and alanine transaminase (ALT). Multivariable model adjusted for age at blood taken (continuous), smoking status (never, ever smoker), alcohol intake (never, weekly or daily), weekly moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels (<0.5, 0.5 to 3.9, and ≥4 hours/week), education levels (no, primary school, secondary or above), history of hypertension (yes, no), fasting status (yes, no), and body mass index (continuous). OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Table 1Baseline characteristics and fetuin-A levels of diabetes cases and matched controls, the Singapore Chinese Health Studya
Characteristic |
Cases (n=558) |
Controls (n=558) |
P valueb
|
Age at blood taken, yr |
59.6±6.11 |
59.7±6.18 |
- |
Female sex |
325 (58.2) |
325 (58.2) |
- |
Dialect |
|
|
- |
Cantonese |
280 (50.2) |
280 (50.2) |
Hokkien |
278 (49.8) |
278 (49.8) |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
24.8±3.62 |
22.8±3.29 |
<0.001 |
Level of education |
|
|
0.226 |
No formal education |
102 (18.3) |
96 (17.2) |
Primary school |
249 (44.6) |
227 (40.7) |
Secondary and above |
207 (37.1) |
235 (42.1) |
History of hypertension |
257 (46.1) |
145 (26.0) |
<0.001 |
Cigarette smoking |
|
|
0.162 |
Never smokers |
400 (71.7) |
413 (74.0) |
Former smoker |
61 (10.9) |
70 (12.5) |
Current smokers |
97 (17.4) |
75 (13.4) |
Weekly moderate activity, hr/wk |
|
|
0.091 |
<0.5 |
445 (79.8) |
444 (79.6) |
0.5–3.9 |
82 (14.7) |
67 (12.0) |
≥4 |
31 (5.6) |
47 (8.4) |
Alcohol intake |
|
|
0.838 |
Abstainers |
486 (87.1) |
486 (87.1) |
Weekly drinkers |
54 (9.7) |
57 (10.2) |
Daily drinkers |
18 (3.2) |
15 (2.7) |
Fasting status (yes) |
171 (30.7) |
154 (27.6) |
0.263 |
Fetuin-A, µg/mL |
711 (542–916) |
640 (490–844) |
<0.001 |
ALT, IU/L |
27 (20–37) |
20 (15–27) |
<0.001 |
TC, mmol/L |
5.30±0.95 |
5.20±0.84 |
0.067 |
HDL-C, mmol/L |
1.08±0.24 |
1.23±0.32 |
<0.001 |
TG, mmol/L |
2.15 (1.45–2.94) |
1.54 (1.07–2.23) |
<0.001 |
Adiponectin, µg/mL |
7.02±2.70 |
9.08±3.78 |
<0.001 |
hs-CRP, mg/L |
1.80 (0.90–3.40) |
1.20 (0.60–2.30) |
<0.001 |
Random insulin, mIU/L |
14.6 (7.90–35.2) |
8.85 (4.40–21.6) |
<0.001 |
Random glucose, mmol/L |
6.00 (4.80–8.90) |
4.50 (4.10–5.30) |
<0.001 |
HbA1c, % |
6.40 (5.90–7.20) |
5.60 (5.40–5.80) |
<0.001 |
HbA1c, mmol/mol |
46.0 (41.0–55.0) |
38.0 (36.0–40.0) |
<0.001 |
Table 2ORs (95% CIs) of type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with sex-specific quintiles of fetuin-A, the Singapore Chinese Health Study
Variable |
Quintiles of fetuin-A |
Q1 |
Q2 |
Q3 |
Q4 |
Q5 |
Male, µg/mL, median (range) |
396 (262–470) |
513 (470–569) |
619 (570–685) |
788 (685–899) |
1,057 (906–1,499) |
Female, µg/mL, median (range) |
384 (259–454) |
522 (455–588) |
658 (589–721) |
825 (724–938) |
1,125 (938–1,682) |
Cases/controls |
86/114 |
82/113 |
110/113 |
149/109 |
131/109 |
Crude model, OR (95% CI) |
1.00 |
1.08 (0.70–1.67) |
1.68 (1.07–2.65) |
2.45 (1.56–3.85) |
2.26 (1.41–3.62) |
Adjusted modela, OR (95% CI) |
1.00 |
1.21 (0.74–1.97) |
2.10 (1.25–3.51) |
2.09 (1.26–3.48) |
2.06 (1.21–3.51) |
Table 3ORs (95% CIs) of type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with different levels of fetuin-A, the Singapore Chinese Health Study
Variable |
Four groups fetuin-A |
P value |
Group 1a
|
Group 2a
|
Group 3a
|
Group 4 |
Male, µg/mL, median (range) |
412 (262–487) |
564 (490–628) |
727 (632–829) |
998 (833–1,499) |
|
Female, µg/mL, median (range) |
405 (259–488) |
556 (489–631) |
714 (632–829) |
1,027 (830–1,682) |
|
Cases/controls |
105/137 |
107/137 |
151/137 |
195/147 |
|
Crude model, OR (95% CI) |
1.00 |
1.38 (0.87–2.21) |
2.02 (1.24–3.30) |
2.07 (1.27–3.38) |
0.001 |
Model 1b, OR (95% CI) |
1.00 |
1.41 (0.89–2.23) |
2.02 (1.25–3.27) |
2.16 (1.34–3.47) |
0.002 |
Model 1b+hs-CRP, OR (95% CI) |
1.00 |
1.38 (0.86–2.20) |
1.94 (1.19–3.16) |
2.03 (1.25–3.31) |
0.003 |
Model 1b+adiponectin, OR (95% CI) |
1.00 |
1.32 (0.81–2.16) |
1.98 (1.19–3.31) |
1.83 (1.10–3.05) |
0.013 |
Model 1b+TG/HDL-C, OR (95% CI) |
1.00 |
1.30 (0.79–2.16) |
2.11 (1.26–3.54) |
1.86 (1.11–3.13) |
0.009 |
Model 1b+ALT, OR (95% CI) |
1.00 |
1.29 (0.79–2.11) |
1.92 (1.15–3.19) |
1.80 (1.08–3.00) |
0.015 |
Model 1b+random glucose, OR (95% CI) |
1.00 |
1.22 (0.70–2.13) |
1.76 (0.99–3.13) |
1.98 (1.10–3.55) |
0.011 |
Model 2c, OR (95% CI) |
1.00 |
1.28 (0.74–2.20) |
1.84 (1.05–3.23) |
1.60 (0.92–2.78) |
0.169 |