Table 1Clinical characteristics at baseline and follow-up examinations
Variable |
Baseline |
Follow-up |
Change |
P value |
Male (n=458) |
|
|
|
|
Age, yr |
15.9±0.4 |
18.3±0.3 |
2.4±0.2 |
<0.001 |
Height, cm |
171.4±5.2 |
172.9±5.1 |
1.5±1.6 |
<0.001 |
Weight, kg |
64.8±10.1 |
68.1±10.3 |
3.2±4.6 |
<0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
22.0±3.1 |
22.7±3.0 |
0.7±1.5 |
<0.001 |
WC, cm |
73.4±7.9 |
75.7±8.1 |
2.3±5.0 |
<0.001 |
Hip circumference, cm |
94.2±6.3 |
96.0±6.7 |
1.8±5.2 |
<0.001 |
WHR, % |
77.8±5.1 |
78.8±5.9 |
1.0±6.1 |
0.001 |
WHtR, % |
42.8±4.6 |
43.8±4.6 |
0.9±3.0 |
<0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
115.1±12.7 |
123.7±11.7 |
8.6±12.9 |
<0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
61.5±7.9 |
68.7±7.8 |
7.2±9.2 |
<0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
149.0±25.4 |
158.8±28.8 |
10.1±18.2 |
<0.001 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL |
76 (59–97) |
68 (52–89) |
−6.5±34.6 |
<0.001 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
44.6±10.3 |
52.1±10.4 |
7.6±8.8 |
<0.001 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL |
88.3±7.1 |
83.2±7.5 |
−5.1±7.3 |
<0.001 |
Insulin, µIU/L |
8.5±2.8 |
9.8±5.0 |
1.2±4.7 |
<0.001 |
HOMA-IR |
1.9±0.7 |
2.0±1.3 |
0.2±1.2 |
0.007 |
Female (n=426) |
|
|
|
|
Age, yr |
15.9±0.4 |
18.3±0.3 |
2.4±0.2 |
<0.001 |
Height, cm |
159.9±5.0 |
160.5±5.1 |
0.6±0.8 |
<0.001 |
Weight, kg |
54.2±7.4 |
56.0±8.2 |
1.8±3.8 |
<0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
21.2±2.6 |
21.7±2.9 |
0.6±1.5 |
<0.001 |
WC, cm |
68.6±6.7 |
69.7±8.3 |
1.1±7.4 |
0.002 |
Hip circumference, cm |
93.2±5.2 |
94.0±5.8 |
0.8±3.7 |
<0.001 |
WHR, % |
73.5±5.0 |
74.0±6.6 |
0.6±7.5 |
0.111 |
WHtR, % |
42.9±4.1 |
43.5±5.1 |
0.5±4.6 |
0.017 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
104.1±10.1 |
111.2±9.6 |
7.1±10.6 |
<0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
60.4±7.2 |
65.5±8.0 |
5.1±8.3 |
<0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
162.1±26.6 |
164.9±25.6 |
3.7±20.6 |
<0.001 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL |
75 (56–65) |
66 (52–84) |
−4.8±36.4 |
0.009 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
50.2±11.0 |
56.9±11.4 |
7.3±9.6 |
<0.001 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL |
86.4±6.8 |
81.8±7.4 |
−4.7±7.2 |
<0.001 |
Insulin, µIU/L |
8.6±2.8 |
9.9±4.6 |
1.3±4.6 |
<0.001 |
HOMA-IR |
1.8±0.7 |
2.0±1.2 |
0.2±1.1 |
0.002 |
Table 2Association between changes in obesity indices and change in fasting insulin
Obesity indices |
Association with Δinsulin (μIU/L) |
Unadjusted |
Adjusted |
β |
P value |
β |
P value |
Male (n=458) |
|
|
|
|
ΔBMI |
0.905 |
<0.001 |
1.026 |
<0.001 |
ΔWC |
0.760 |
0.001 |
0.822 |
0.001 |
ΔWHR |
0.541 |
<0.001 |
0.586 |
0.012 |
ΔWHtR |
0.671 |
0.003 |
0.735 |
0.002 |
Female (n=426) |
|
|
|
|
ΔBMI |
1.004 |
<0.001 |
1.047 |
<0.001 |
ΔWC |
1.020 |
<0.001 |
1.258 |
<0.001 |
ΔWHR |
0.982 |
<0.001 |
1.183 |
<0.001 |
ΔWHtR |
0.993 |
<0.001 |
1.234 |
<0.001 |
Table 3Association between changes in obesity indices and change in fasting insulin and HOMA-IR, stratified by obesity status at baseline
Obesity status at baseline |
No. of people |
Δinsulin |
ΔHOMA-IR |
β |
P value |
β |
P value |
Male (n=458) |
|
|
|
|
|
ΔBMI |
|
|
|
|
|
Baseline BMI <85th percentile |
381 |
0.957 |
0.008 |
0.136 |
0.078 |
Baseline BMI 85th to <95th percentile |
51 |
1.136 |
0.028 |
0.241 |
0.028 |
Baseline BMI ≥95th percentile |
26 |
1.817 |
0.036 |
0.408 |
0.037 |
ΔWC |
|
|
|
|
|
Baseline WC <90th percentile |
435 |
0.648 |
0.010 |
0.150 |
0.027 |
Baseline WC ≥90th percentile |
23 |
1.806 |
0.060 |
0.355 |
0.071 |
Female (n=426) |
|
|
|
|
|
ΔBMI |
|
|
|
|
|
Baseline BMI <85th percentile |
362 |
1.007 |
<0.001 |
0.216 |
0.001 |
Baseline BMI 85th to <95th percentile |
40 |
1.262 |
0.389 |
0.214 |
0.509 |
Baseline BMI ≥95th percentile |
24 |
2.535 |
0.016 |
0.557 |
0.011 |
ΔWC |
|
|
|
|
|
Baseline WC <90th percentile |
392 |
1.085 |
<0.001 |
0.220 |
0.002 |
Baseline WC ≥90th percentile |
34 |
2.080 |
0.017 |
0.479 |
0.013 |