Fig. 1Proportion of newly-diagnosed and drug-naïve type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects in normal body composition, low muscle mass (LM), abdominal obesity (AO), and low muscle mass with obesity (LMAO) groups. (A) All subjects, (B) men, and (C) women.
Fig. 2Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values by body composition group (normal, low muscle mass [LM], abdominal obesity [AO], and low muscle mass with obesity [LMAO]). P value for linear trend was calculated using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, alcohol status, physical activity, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and medication history including statin, antiplatelet, and antihypertensive agents.
Table 1Metabolic characteristics of study subjects by body composition group
Variable |
Normal (n=81) |
Low muscle mass (n=29) |
Abdominal obesity (n=104) |
Low muscle mass with abdominal obesity (n=19) |
P value |
Age, yr |
54.2±10.9 |
55.9±12.3 |
52.9±13.2 |
57.8±12.5 |
0.178 |
Sex, male:female |
47:34 |
16:13 |
50:54 |
9:10 |
0.554 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
23.6 (22–24.4)a
|
23 (21.4–24.2)a
|
28.4 (27–31.1)b
|
27.5 (25.3–29.2)b
|
<0.001 |
WC, cm |
82.1 (78–87)a
|
82 (77.8–84.1)a
|
94.5 (90–100.5)b
|
92 (91.5–97.1)b
|
<0.001 |
WHR |
0.9 (0.9–0.9)a
|
0.9 (0.8–0.9)a
|
0.9 (0.9–1)b
|
0.9 (0.9–1)b
|
<0.001 |
SBP, mm Hg |
126.5±15.1a,b
|
121.6±13.9a
|
131.4±15.1b
|
121.6±16.8a,b
|
0.011 |
DBP, mm Hg |
82 (75–90) |
85 (76–101) |
88 (77.5–97) |
85 (77–100) |
0.303 |
AST, IU/L |
25 (22–30) |
28 (22–36) |
28 (22–39.5) |
27 (22–35) |
0.594 |
ALT, IU/L |
82 (75–90) |
85 (76–101) |
88 (77.5–97) |
85 (77–100) |
0.303 |
FBS, mg/dL |
134 (119–177) |
131 (108–175) |
138 (122.5–192.5) |
148 (127–220) |
0.225 |
HbA1c, % |
6.9 (6.5–8) |
7.1 (6.5–8.3) |
7.7 (6.6–9.6) |
7.4 (6.7–8.9) |
0.144 |
BUN, mg/dL |
14.5 (12.8–17.7) |
14.6 (12.9–17.7) |
15 (12.2–18.1) |
13 (11.5–15.6) |
0.367 |
Creatinine, mg/dL |
0.7 (0.6–0.8) |
0.8 (0.6–0.9) |
0.7 (0.6–0.8) |
0.8 (0.6–0.9) |
0.608 |
Microalbuminuria |
10.5 (6.3–27.3) |
9.3 (6.2–16.8) |
12 (8.1–32.5) |
9.4 (6.7–17.1) |
0.099 |
hs-CRP, mg/L |
0.9 (0.4–2.1)a
|
1 (0.4–3)a,b |
1.8 (0.9–4)b |
1.2 (0.7–5)a,b
|
0.002 |
TC, mg/dL |
183 (157–214) |
184 (158–197) |
189.5 (162–223) |
165 (146–214) |
0.343 |
TG, mg/dL |
110 (79–168)a
|
118 (88–176)a,b
|
145.5 (93.5–230.5)b
|
122 (93–178)a,b
|
0.007 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
110 (92–140) |
117 (94–128) |
116.5 (92.5–136.5) |
104 (79–141) |
0.991 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
50 (43–59) |
48 (40–62) |
46.5 (40–55) |
45 (39–57) |
0.130 |
HOMA-IR |
2.6 (2–3.7)a
|
2.5 (1.8–3.8)a
|
5.1 (3.4–6.8)b |
6.3 (3.2–10.3)b
|
<0.001 |
baPWV, cm/sec |
14.7 (13.4–16.3) |
15.3 (13.6–16.6) |
15.1 (13.7–16.7) |
14.6 (13.8–17.5) |
0.845 |
CIMT, mm |
0.6 (0.5–0.7) |
0.6 (0.5–0.7) |
0.6 (0.5–0.7) |
0.6 (0.6–0.7) |
0.642 |
ASM/height2, kg/m2
|
7.4±1.1a
|
5.3±0.9b
|
7.8±1.3a
|
5.1±1.1b |
<0.001 |
HTN |
27 (33.3) |
11 (37.9) |
51 (49) |
11 (57.9) |
0.084 |
Dyslipidemia |
31 (38.3) |
9 (31) |
41 (39.4) |
7 (36.8) |
0.874 |
Smoking |
18 (22.2) |
5 (17.2) |
16 (15.4) |
5 (26.3) |
0.541 |
Alcohol use |
49 (60.5) |
14 (48.3) |
60 (57.7) |
10 (52.6) |
0.689 |
Physical activity |
50 (61.7) |
15 (51.7) |
43 (41.8) |
9 (47.4) |
0.062 |
CVD history |
12 (14.8) |
1 (3.5) |
11 (10.6) |
1 (5.3) |
0.384 |
HTN medication |
23 (28.4) |
10 (34.5) |
44 (42.3) |
9 (47.4) |
0.188 |
Statin use |
15 (18.5) |
2 (6.9) |
21 (20.2) |
3 (15.8) |
0.413 |
Anti-PLT use |
11 (13.6) |
6 (20.7) |
18 (17.3) |
3 (15.8) |
0.799 |
Table 2Multiple logistic regression analysis for the risk of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ≥3 by body composition group
|
Normal |
Low muscle mass |
Abdominal obesity |
Low muscle mass with abdominal obesity |
P value |
P for trend |
Univariate |
1 |
1.38 (0.59–3.26) |
6.34 (3.30–12.16) |
6.38 (1.94–20.99) |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
Multivariate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Model 1 |
1 |
1.51 (0.62–3.68) |
6.69 (3.41–13.12) |
8.17 (2.39–27.99) |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
Model 2 |
1 |
1.51 (0.62–3.67) |
6.58 (3.35–12.94) |
8.07 (2.36–27.65) |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
Model 3 |
1 |
1.48 (0.60–3.62) |
6.54 (3.27–13.08) |
8.63 (2.44–30.48) |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
Model 4 |
1 |
1.34 (0.51–3.51) |
5.17 (2.40–11.14) |
9.27 (2.41–35.69) |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
Model 5 |
1 |
1.33 (0.50–3.54) |
5.36 (2.46–11.69) |
9.39 (2.41–36.56) |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |