Fig. 1Baseline serum betatrophin levels according to diabetes status at follow-up in the total population (A), men (B), women (C), <70 years-old (D), ≥70 years-old (E), non-obese (F), and obese (G) group. DM, diabetes mellitus.
Fig. 2Baseline serum betatrophin levels according to glucose tolerance status at follow-up in the total population (A), men (B), and women (C). NGT, normal glucose tolerance; Pre-DM, prediabetes mellitus; DM, diabetes mellitus.
Table 1Characteristics of participants according to their diabetes status at follow-up
Characteristic |
Non-converter (n=167) |
DM converter (n=167) |
P value |
Baseline |
|
|
|
Age, yr |
68.1±8.1 |
68.2±8.3 |
0.873 |
Male sex, % |
36.5 |
36.5 |
1.000 |
Height, cm |
155.5±8.4 |
154.8±8.3 |
0.465 |
Weight, kg |
59.8±8.9 |
59.1±9.6 |
0.458 |
Waist circumference, cm |
90.0±8.5 |
89.9±9.4 |
0.933 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
24.8±3.4 |
24.6±4.0 |
0.754 |
Systolic BP, mm Hg |
144.3±19.5 |
146.0±18.6 |
0.406 |
Diastolic BP, mm Hg |
85.3±10.0 |
84.5±10.3 |
0.461 |
FPG, mmol/L |
5.32±0.54 |
5.52±0.58 |
0.001 |
Fasting insulin, pmol/L |
25.5 (14.2–46.9) |
31.4 (17.3–44.8) |
0.252 |
HOMA-IR |
0.91 (0.47–1.57) |
1.09 (0.61–1.55) |
0.126 |
HOMA-β |
41.7 (24.2–73.6) |
46.3 (25.4–72.0) |
0.734 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L |
4.78±0.78 |
5.00±0.95 |
0.021 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L |
1.41 (0.95–2.13) |
1.56 (1.02–2.22) |
0.464 |
HDL-C, mmol/L |
1.21±0.30 |
1.27±0.37 |
0.120 |
LDL-C, mmol/L |
2.82±0.73 |
2.94±0.85 |
0.178 |
Serum creatinine, µmol/L |
64.4±14.4 |
65.2±14.6 |
0.648 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2
|
93.5±20.9 |
91.9±19.2 |
0.465 |
hsCRP, mg/L |
0.12 (0.07–0.23) |
0.11 (0.07–0.25) |
0.730 |
Betatrophin, pg/mL |
1,072±446 |
1,315±598 |
<0.001 |
Hypertension, % |
46.1 |
55.7 |
0.080 |
Family history of DM, % |
10.8 |
20.1 |
0.019 |
Smoking, % |
|
|
0.891 |
None |
66.5 |
64.0 |
Ex-smoker |
22.7 |
24.0 |
Current |
10.8 |
12.0 |
Alcohol drinking, % |
58.1 |
41.3 |
0.002 |
Regular exercise, % |
7.8 |
7.2 |
0.835 |
Follow-up |
|
|
|
FPG, mmol/L |
5.18±0.52 |
5.99±1.12 |
<0.001 |
Glucose30, mmol/L |
9.21±1.72 |
10.96±2.17 |
<0.001 |
Glucose120, mmol/L |
7.68±1.74 |
12.68±2.57 |
<0.001 |
Fasting insulin, pmol/L |
28.0 (13.3–47.6) |
44.3 (16.1–64.8) |
0.001 |
HOMA-IR |
0.96 (0.39–1.59) |
1.66 (0.55–2.49) |
<0.001 |
HOMA-β |
59.4 (21.5–95.0) |
59.9 (23.0–83.6) |
0.526 |
Table 2Serum betatrophin concentrations according to characteristics of participants
Characteristic |
No. |
Mean±SD, pg/mL |
P value |
Age, yra
|
|
|
<0.001 |
<70 |
171 |
1,064±552 |
≥70 |
163 |
1,329±494 |
Sex |
|
|
<0.001 |
Men |
122 |
1,358±627 |
Women |
212 |
1,099±459 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
|
|
0.009 |
<25 |
175 |
1,266±581 |
≥25 |
159 |
1,113±480 |
WC, cm |
|
|
0.032 |
<80 (W), 90 (M) |
49 |
1,347±583 |
≥80 (W), 90 (M) |
285 |
1,167±529 |
Metabolic syndrome |
|
|
0.130 |
No |
115 |
1,255±532 |
Yes |
219 |
1,161±543 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L |
|
|
0.274 |
<1.69 |
194 |
1,220±576 |
≥1.69 |
140 |
1,156±487 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2
|
|
|
0.124 |
<60 |
12 |
1,429±490 |
≥60 |
322 |
1,185±541 |
Hypertension |
|
|
0.026 |
No |
164 |
1,126±527 |
Yes |
170 |
1,258±547 |
Alcohol drinking |
|
|
0.625 |
No |
168 |
1,208±481 |
Yes |
166 |
1,179±596 |
HOMA-IRa |
|
|
0.142 |
<1.0 |
182 |
1,233±541 |
≥1.0 |
152 |
1,146±537 |
Table 3Risk of developing diabetes according to quartiles of serum betatrophin concentrations
|
No. of converter (%) |
Crude |
Model 1a
|
Model 2b
|
Q1 |
33 (39.8) |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
1 (reference) |
Q2 |
37 (44.1) |
1.193 (0.645–2.207) |
1.301 (0.690–2.452) |
1.362 (0.698–2.657) |
Q3 |
46 (55.4) |
1.884 (1.016–3.491) |
2.167 (1.122–4.183) |
2.063 (1.036–4.107) |
Q4 |
51 (60.7) |
2.342 (1.259–4.355) |
2.854 (1.427–5.708) |
3.275 (1.574–6.814) |
P value |
0.023 |
0.025 |
0.012 |
0.010 |