Fig. 1Total number of diabetic patients under the care of the Hong Kong Hospital Authority.
Fig. 2Number of diabetic patients new to the Hospital Authority.
Fig. 3Hospital Authority's service framework for the provision of diabetes care.
Fig. 4Algorithm for blood glucose lowering therapy. DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin.
Fig. 5Percentage of diabetic patients under the care of Hospital Authority achieving glycosylated hemoglobin <7%.
Table 1The dual-track health care system of Hong Kong
|
Public sector |
Private sector |
Funding source |
Highly subsidized by government |
Payment-out-pocket by patients |
Private medical insurance |
Expenditure as % of GDP |
2.6% |
2.8% |
Access |
Open to all citizens |
Individual choice depending on affordability |
Providers |
Hospital Authority |
11 Private hospitals |
41 Hospitals |
Around 100 private clinics |
47 Specialist Outpatient Clinics |
>2,000 Private doctors in solo or group practice |
73 General Outpatient Clinics |
|
Market share |
|
|
Inpatient |
90% |
10% |
Outpatient |
29% |
71% |
Table 2Treatment target values for adult patients with type 2 diabetes
Variable |
Ideal control |
Unsatisfactory control |
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L |
4–6 |
≥8 |
Glycosylated hemoglobin |
<7a
|
≥8 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
<23 |
≥27 |
Waist circumference for male, cm |
<90 (<36 inches) |
≥90 (≥36 inches) |
Waist circumference for female, cm |
<80 (<32 inches) |
≥80 (≥32 inches) |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
<130b
|
≥160 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
<80b
|
≥95 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L |
<4.5 |
≥6.2 |
HDL-C for male, mmol/L |
>1.0 |
<0.9 |
HDL-C for female, mmol/L |
>1.3 |
<0.9 |
LDL-C, mmol/L |
<2.6c
|
≥4.2 |
Triglyceride, mmol/L |
<1.7 |
≥2.8 |