Fig. 1Study flow diagram.
Fig. 2Changes of (A) homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and (B) serum omentin-1 before and after 12 weeks training intervention based on analysis of variance. RE, resistance exercise; AE, aerobic exercise; CE, combined exercise. aP<0.05 compare with control, bP<0.05 compare with resistance, cP<0.05 comparison with aerobic.
Table 1Baseline characteristics of the participants
Characteristic |
Control (n=15) |
Resistance (n=15) |
Aerobic (n=15) |
Combination (n=15) |
P valuea
|
Height, cm |
153.18±5.86 |
157.65±3.43 |
155.75±6.57 |
155.18±5.32 |
0.64 |
Weight, kg |
68.65±7.45 |
72.44±6.37 |
72.64±12.89 |
69.79±6.11 |
0.82 |
BMI, kg/cm2
|
28.15±3.72 |
29.11±1.92 |
30.03±5.48 |
29.01±2.57 |
0.85 |
Body fat, % |
35.35±5.12 |
36.41±3.05 |
37.03±4.22 |
36.29±3.98 |
0.74 |
Muscle, kg |
40.17±4.56 |
41.75±3.95 |
41.74±5.16 |
40.18±3.86 |
0.92 |
Glucose, mg/dL |
181.87±12.20 |
169.80±22.64 |
172.20±18.14 |
170.00±21.25 |
0.50 |
Insulin, µIU/mL |
12.70±3.39 |
14.43±3.09 |
13.25±3.92 |
12.16±3.62 |
0.47 |
HOMA-IR |
5.66±1.37 |
5.94±0.98 |
5.50±1.2 |
4.97±0.98 |
0.26 |
Omentin, ng/mL |
24.17±5.75 |
29.00±4.90 |
27.67±7.60 |
31.90±4.12 |
0.74 |
Table 2Laboratory values, anthropometric measures in groups at baseline and 12th week
Variable |
Control (n=15) |
Resistance (n=12) |
Aerobic (n=12) |
Combination (n=13) |
P valueb
|
Pre- |
Post- |
% ∆ |
P valuea
|
Pre- |
Post- |
% ∆ |
P valuea
|
Pre- |
Post- |
% ∆ |
P valuea
|
Pre- |
Post- |
% ∆ |
P valuea
|
Weight, kg |
68.65±7.45 |
67.82±7.80 |
1.22 |
0.18 |
72.44±6.37 |
70.92±7.03 |
1.74 |
0.02 |
72.64±12.89 |
71.94±13.19 |
1.08 |
0.33 |
69.79±6.11 |
68.30±6.75 |
2.19 |
0.01 |
0.732 |
BMI, kg/cm2
|
28.15±3.72 |
28.17±3.52 |
0.21 |
0.36 |
29.11±1.92 |
28.54±1.98 |
1.70 |
0.02 |
30.03±5.48 |
29.73±5.57 |
1.08 |
0.32 |
29.01±2.57 |
28.37±2.57 |
2.19 |
0.01 |
0.387 |
Body fat, % |
35.35±5.12 |
35.07±5.19 |
5.18 |
0.27 |
36.41±3.05 |
35.88±3.15 |
11.04 |
0.13 |
37.03±4.22 |
35.39±4.32 |
10.26 |
0.01 |
36.29±3.98 |
34.31±4.07c,d
|
11.97 |
0.001 |
0.023 |
Muscle, kg |
40.17±4.56 |
41.30±4.56 |
2.96 |
0.07 |
41.75±3.95 |
43.47±5.17 |
3.35 |
0.02 |
41.74±5.16 |
43.24±5.25 |
4.22 |
0.05 |
40.18±3.86 |
41.72±4.06 |
3.83 |
0.001 |
0.84 |
Glucose, mg/dL |
181.87±12.20 |
166.62±8.27 |
7.99 |
0.02 |
169.80±22.64 |
129.20±23.85c
|
22.21 |
0.005 |
172.20±18.14 |
139.70±21.71c
|
24.58 |
0.001 |
40.18±3.86 |
123.45±9.34c
|
26.43 |
0.001 |
0.001 |
Insulin, μIU/mL |
12.70±3.39 |
14.30±3.36 |
14.40 |
0.11 |
14.43±3.09 |
18.53±5.65 |
29.33 |
0.02 |
13.25±3.92 |
14.90±5.51 |
13.08 |
0.15 |
12.16±3.62 |
13.01±3.62 |
10.02 |
0.32 |
0.168 |
HOMA-IR |
5.66±1.37 |
5.90±1.56 |
5.01 |
0.56 |
5.94±0.98 |
18.53±5.65 |
4.95 |
0.059 |
5.50±1.2 |
4.53±0.88c,d
|
16.50 |
0.004 |
4.97±0.98 |
3.92±1.11c,d
|
19.67 |
0.005 |
0.002 |
Omentin, |
24.17± |
21.41± |
10.47 |
0.11 |
29.00± |
31.76± |
28.63 |
0.59 |
27.67± |
29.09± |
19.23 |
0.66 |
31.90± |
48.82± |
65.48 |
0.001 |
0.002 |
Table 3The correlations between omentin and BMI (and HOMA-IR)
Variable |
Omentin |
BMI |
Body fat percent |
HOMA-IR |
Omentin |
1.0 |
- |
- |
- |
BMI |
–0.301a
|
1.0 |
- |
- |
Body fat percent |
–0.532b
|
0.965 |
1.0 |
- |
HOMA-IR |
–0.801b
|
0.677 |
–0.178 |
1.0 |