Fig. 1Adjusted odds ratio of high insulin resistance (>75 percentile) by tertiles (T) of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and adiposity status. (A) General obesity was defined as a body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or greater. (B) Abdominal obesity was defined as a waist circumference of 90 cm or greater for men and 85 cm or greater for women. Serum 25(OH)D was categorized into T. T1, first tertile; T2, second tertile; T3, third tertile. Model adjusted for age, gender, waist circumference, alcohol consumption, smoking status, physical exercise, season, and cohort. aP<0.05.
Table 1Characteristics of study participants: the CMERC study
Characteristic |
Serum 25(OH)D, ng/mL Characteristic |
P valuea
|
Tertile 3 (≥14.3) |
Tertile 2 (9.7–14.3) |
Tertile 1 (<9.7) |
Number |
611 |
595 |
601 |
|
Age, yr |
51.0±8.3 |
48.7±9.1 |
48.9±8.8 |
<0.001 |
Male sex |
237 (38.8) |
241 (40.5) |
150 (25.0) |
<0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
23.9±2.8 |
24.3±3.1 |
24.2±3.2 |
0.102 |
Waist circumference, cm |
80.2±8.2 |
81.2±9.2 |
80.1±9.2 |
0.055 |
SBP, mm Hg |
117.4±13.9 |
118.6±14.8 |
117.2±15.1 |
0.188 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL |
89.0 (84.0–96.0) |
89.0 (83.0–97.0) |
88.0 (83.0–94.0) |
0.583 |
Fasting insulin, µIU/mL |
7.4 (6.1–8.9) |
7.8 (6.5–9.7) |
7.9 (6.4–10.2) |
0.001 |
HOMA-IR, units |
1.67 (1.33–2.10) |
1.74 (1.40–2.25) |
1.74 (1.35–2.35) |
0.009 |
Alcohol consumption, g/day |
0.5 (0.0–11.0) |
1.1 (0.0–10.2) |
0.0 (0.0–5.5) |
0.317 |
Smoking status |
|
|
|
<0.001 |
Never |
407 (66.6) |
398 (66.9) |
455 (75.7) |
Former smoker |
118 (19.3) |
101 (17.0) |
70 (11.7) |
Current smoker |
86 (14.1) |
96 (16.1) |
76 (12.7) |
Physical exercise |
|
|
|
<0.001 |
Low |
219 (35.8) |
243 (40.8) |
288 (47.2) |
Moderate |
244 (39.9) |
238 (40.0) |
216 (35.9) |
High |
148 (24.2) |
114 (19.2) |
97 (16.1) |
Season |
|
|
|
<0.001 |
May–October |
188 (30.8) |
118 (19.8) |
70 (11.7) |
November–April |
423 (69.2) |
477 (80.2) |
531 (88.4) |
Table 2OR of high insulin resistance (HOMA-IR >75 percentile) according to serum 25(OH)D levels
25(OH)D, ng/mL |
Model 1a
|
Model 2b
|
Model 3c
|
OR (95% CI) |
P for trendd
|
OR (95% CI) |
P for trendd
|
OR (95% CI) |
P for trendd
|
≥14.3 |
Reference |
0.001 |
Reference |
0.001 |
Reference |
0.042 |
9.7 to <14.3 |
1.31 (1.00–1.71) |
|
1.37 (1.04–1.80) |
|
1.19 (0.88–1.62) |
|
<9.7 |
1.57 (1.21–2.04) |
|
1.65 (1.26–2.16) |
|
1.37 (1.01–1.86) |
|
Table 3OR of high insulin resistance (>75 percentile) according to serum 25(OH)D levels stratified by adiposity
25(OH)D, ng/mL |
High insulin resistance |
OR (95% CI) |
Model 1a
|
Model 2b
|
Model 3c
|
General obesity |
|
|
|
|
Normal |
|
|
|
|
≥14.7 |
47 (12.2) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
9.8 to <14.7 |
50 (12.9) |
1.07 (0.70–1.63) |
1.18 (0.76–1.82) |
1.20 (0.76–1.88) |
<9.8 |
63 (16.7) |
1.45 (0.96–2.18) |
1.53 (1.01–2.32) |
1.64 (1.05–2.56) |
Obesity |
|
|
|
|
≥13.9 |
88 (39.8) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
9.6 to <13.9 |
99 (45.6) |
1.27 (0.87–1.85) |
1.25 (0.85–1.83) |
1.04 (0.68–1.58) |
<9.6 |
104 (47.7) |
1.38 (0.94–2.01) |
1.30 (0.88–1.91) |
0.97 (0.63–1.48) |
Abdominal obesity |
|
|
|
|
Normal |
|
|
|
|
≥14.6 |
71 (15.0) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
9.8 to <14.6 |
74 (15.9) |
1.06 (0.75–1.52) |
1.14 (0.80–1.63) |
1.10 (0.76–1.60) |
<9.8 |
90 (19.5) |
1.37 (0.97–1.92) |
1.42 (1.00–2.01) |
1.33 (0.92–1.93) |
Obesity |
|
|
|
|
≥13.8 |
63 (46.3) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
9.4 to <13.8 |
75 (54.7) |
1.40 (0.87–2.26) |
1.38 (0.86–2.24) |
1.15 (0.68–1.94) |
<9.4 |
78 (58.7) |
1.64 (1.01–2.66) |
1.57 (0.96–2.55) |
1.38 (0.81–2.37) |