Table 1Comparison of endoscopic GERD findings between initial decodes and final decodes (κ=0.703, P<0.001)
Initial |
Final |
Total |
Normal |
GERD, minimal |
GERD, LA-A or higher |
Normal |
143 |
0 |
0 |
143 |
GERD, minimal |
38 |
192 |
40 |
270 |
GERD, LA-A or higher |
0 |
0 |
29 |
29 |
Total |
181 |
192 |
69 |
442 |
Table 2Comparison of baseline characteristics between the two groups
Characteristic |
T2DM patients (n=258) |
Controls (n=184) |
P value |
Clinical |
|
|
|
Age, yr |
57.7±0.6 |
52.7±0.6 |
<0.001 |
Male sex, % |
50.4 |
51.1 |
0.885 |
Weight, kg |
65.4±0.7 |
62.2±0.9 |
0.004 |
Height, cm |
161.4±0.6 |
162.34±0.7 |
0.307 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
25.1±0.2 |
23.4±0.2 |
<0.001 |
Cigarette use, % |
24 |
11 |
0.008 |
Alcohol consumption, % |
39 |
36 |
0.604 |
SBP, mm Hg |
132.2±1.0 |
124.8±1.5 |
<0.001 |
DBP, mm Hg |
78.4±0.6 |
76.5±1.1 |
0.101 |
Laboratory |
|
|
|
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
160.1±2.6 |
196.5±2.8 |
<0.001 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
46.4±0.7 |
53.6±1.1 |
<0.001 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL |
135.8±11.4 |
129.5±5.4 |
<0.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL |
126.9±2.3 |
100.9±1.7 |
<0.001 |
AST, U/L |
28.0±0.6 |
27.6±0.7 |
0.661 |
ALT, U/L |
27.6±10.8 |
24.1±1.0 |
0.007 |
γ-GTP, U/L |
31.3±2.2 |
31.1±2.2 |
0.971 |
Table 3Prevalence of GERD and GERD symptoms in T2DM patients and controls
Variable |
T2DM patients (n=258) |
Controls (n=184) |
P value |
GERD, % |
32.6 |
35.9 |
0.266 |
LA-A or higher |
15.5 |
15.7 |
0.453 |
Minimal and symptoms |
17.1 |
20.1 |
0.477 |
Age ≥60 (n=138) |
31.4 |
33.3 |
0.543 |
Age <60 (n=304) |
33.4 |
36.5 |
0.615 |
BMI ≥25 (n=171) |
26.8 |
28.1 |
0.953 |
BMI <25 (n=271) |
37.8 |
36.8 |
0.955 |
Smoking (n=144) |
29.9 |
32.1 |
0.472 |
Nonsmoking (n=298) |
34.2 |
36.4 |
0.554 |
GERD symptoms, % |
58.8 |
59.2 |
0.503 |
Table 4Comparison of clinical characteristics between the GERD group and the non-GERD group
Characteristic |
GERD (n=150) |
Non-GERD (n=292) |
P value |
Clinical |
|
|
|
Age, yr |
55.0±0.7 |
56.1±0.5 |
0.241 |
Male sex, % |
58.7 |
51.0 |
0.639 |
Weight, kg |
63.2±1.0 |
64.6±0.6 |
0.223 |
Height, cm |
162.0±0.8 |
161.4±0.5 |
0.581 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
23.9±0.3 |
24.8±0.2 |
0.026 |
Cigarette use, % |
16.0 |
21.0 |
0.227 |
Alcohol consumption, % |
35.0 |
38.0 |
0.566 |
SBP, mm Hg |
129.2±1.4 |
130.7±1.0 |
0.390 |
DBP, mm Hg |
78.4±0.9 |
77.6±0.6 |
0.437 |
Laboratory |
|
|
|
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
182.0±4.1 |
171.7±2.4 |
0.681 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
50.5±1.3 |
48.8±0.7 |
0.219 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL |
157.8±19.5 |
120.5±3.9 |
0.013 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL |
115.6±2.8 |
118.2±2.2 |
0.483 |
AST, U/L |
28.5±0.8 |
27.6±0.5 |
0.340 |
ALT, U/L |
26.7±1.3 |
25.9±0.7 |
0.565 |
γ-GTP, U/L |
35.3±3.7 |
29.2±1.5 |
0.069 |
Table 5Comparison of clinical characteristics between the GERD group and the non-GERD group in DM patients
Characteristic |
DM with GERD (n=84) |
DM without GERD (n=174) |
P value |
Clinical |
|
|
|
Age, yr |
56.8±1.0 |
58.3±0.7 |
0.234 |
Male sex, % |
47.6 |
51.7 |
0.837 |
Weight, kg |
65.0±1.3 |
65.5±0.8 |
0.720 |
Height, cm |
162.5±1.0 |
160.7±0.7 |
0.131 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
24.5±0.5 |
25.4±0.3 |
0.059 |
Cigarette use, % |
18 |
25 |
0.185 |
Alcohol consumption, % |
38 |
38 |
0.966 |
SBP, mm Hg |
132.5±1.7 |
132.1±1.2 |
0.828 |
DBP, mm Hg |
80.0±1.0 |
77.7±0.7 |
0.053 |
Laboratory |
|
|
|
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
166.9±5.6 |
157.1±2.8 |
0.082 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
45.8±1.1 |
46.7±0.9 |
0.559 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL |
158.9±23.7 |
135.4±9.7 |
0.065 |
AST, U/L |
28.6±1.1 |
27.7±0.6 |
0.471 |
ALT, U/L |
28.0±1.6 |
27.4±0.9 |
0.698 |
γ-GTP, U/L |
38.5±5.6 |
27.7±1.7 |
0.021 |
DM-related |
|
|
|
Duration of DM, yr |
8.7±0.8 |
8.5±0.5 |
0.808 |
Glycosylated hemoglobin, % |
7.1±0.1 |
7.6±0.4 |
0.358 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL |
126.7±3.8 |
126.8±2.9 |
0.982 |
Fasting insulin, µU/mL |
10.6±1.2 |
12.6±1.7 |
0.442 |
Fasting C-peptide, ng/mL |
3.4±1.7 |
2.8±1.0 |
0.765 |
Complication-related |
|
|
|
DiCAN score ≥1.5, % |
56.0 |
55.0 |
0.894 |
TSS ≥2 and abnormal sign, % |
8.5 |
4.1 |
0.159 |
TSS ≥2 or abnormal sign, % |
28.5 |
20.8 |
0.140 |
Max-baPWV, m/sec |
1,566.8±31.9 |
1,624.4±27.1 |
0.203 |
Retinopathy, % |
27.0 |
22.0 |
0.420 |
Medications |
|
|
|
Insulin (basal), % |
25 |
22 |
0.636 |
Insulin (prandial), % |
7 |
5 |
0.528 |
Sulfonylurea, % |
30 |
30 |
0.552 |
Metformin, % |
86 |
81 |
0.387 |
Thiazolidinedione, % |
4 |
5 |
0.569 |
DPP-4 inhibitor, % |
27 |
27 |
1.000 |
ACE inhibitor, % |
5 |
4 |
0.752 |
ARB, % |
36 |
37 |
0.891 |
CCB, % |
25 |
31 |
0.380 |
β-Blocker, % |
7 |
11 |
0.378 |
Statin, % |
62 |
57 |
0.502 |
Aspirin, % |
20 |
17 |
0.607 |
Cilostazol, % |
11 |
11 |
1.000 |