Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Original Article

Genetics
Genome-Wide Association Study on Longitudinal Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose in Korean Population: Heejin Jin, Soo Heon Kwak, Ji Won Yoon, Sanghun Lee, Kyong Soo Park, Sungho Won, Nam H. Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(2):255-266. Published online January 19, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0375

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have identified more than 400 distinct genetic loci associated with diabetes and nearly 120 loci for fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting insulin level to date. However, genetic risk factors for the longitudinal deterioration of FPG have not been thoroughly evaluated. We aimed to identify genetic variants associated with longitudinal change of FPG over time.
Methods
We used two prospective cohorts in Korean population, which included a total of 10,528 individuals without T2DM. GWAS of repeated measure of FPG using linear mixed model was performed to investigate the interaction of genetic variants and time, and meta-analysis was conducted. Genome-wide complex trait analysis was used for heritability calculation. In addition, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis was performed using the Genotype-Tissue Expression project.
Results
A small portion (4%) of the genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) interaction with time explained the total phenotypic variance of longitudinal change in FPG. A total of four known genetic variants of FPG were associated with repeated measure of FPG levels. One SNP (rs11187850) showed a genome-wide significant association for genetic interaction with time. The variant is an eQTL for NOC3 like DNA replication regulator (NOC3L) gene in pancreas and adipose tissue. Furthermore, NOC3L is also differentially expressed in pancreatic β-cells between subjects with or without T2DM. However, this variant was not associated with increased risk of T2DM nor elevated FPG level.
Conclusion
We identified rs11187850, which is an eQTL of NOC3L, to be associated with longitudinal change of FPG in Korean population.

Review

Islet Studies and Transplantation
Regulation of Pancreatic β-Cell Mass by Gene-Environment Interaction: Shun-ichiro Asahara, Hiroyuki Inoue, Yoshiaki Kido; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(1):38-48. Published online January 27, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0045

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

The main pathogenic mechanism of diabetes consists of an increase in insulin resistance and a decrease in insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. The number of diabetic patients has been increasing dramatically worldwide, especially in Asian people whose capacity for insulin secretion is inherently lower than that of other ethnic populations. Causally, changes of environmental factors in addition to intrinsic genetic factors have been considered to have an influence on the increased prevalence of diabetes. Particular focus has been placed on “gene-environment interactions” in the development of a reduced pancreatic β-cell mass, as well as type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Changes in the intrauterine environment, such as intrauterine growth restriction, contribute to alterations of gene expression in pancreatic β-cells, ultimately resulting in the development of pancreatic β-cell failure and diabetes. As a molecular mechanism underlying the effect of the intrauterine environment, epigenetic modifications have been widely investigated. The association of diabetes susceptibility genes or dietary habits with gene-environment interactions has been reported. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of gene-environment interactions in pancreatic β-cell failure as revealed by previous reports and data from experiments.

Citations

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Original Article

Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Two Novel Loci with Sex-Specific Effects for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Glycemic Traits in a Korean Population: Min Jin Go, Joo-Yeon Hwang, Tae-Joon Park, Young Jin Kim, Ji Hee Oh, Yeon-Jung Kim, Bok-Ghee Han, Bong-Jo Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(5):375-387. Published online October 17, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.5.375

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

Until recently, genome-wide association study (GWAS)-based findings have provided a substantial genetic contribution to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or related glycemic traits. However, identification of allelic heterogeneity and population-specific genetic variants under consideration of potential confounding factors will be very valuable for clinical applicability. To identify novel susceptibility loci for T2DM and glycemic traits, we performed a two-stage genetic association study in a Korean population.

Methods

We performed a logistic analysis for T2DM, and the first discovery GWAS was analyzed for 1,042 cases and 2,943 controls recruited from a population-based cohort (KARE, n=8,842). The second stage, de novo replication analysis, was performed in 1,216 cases and 1,352 controls selected from an independent population-based cohort (Health 2, n=8,500). A multiple linear regression analysis for glycemic traits was further performed in a total of 14,232 nondiabetic individuals consisting of 7,696 GWAS and 6,536 replication study participants. A meta-analysis was performed on the combined results using effect size and standard errors estimated for stage 1 and 2, respectively.

Results

A combined meta-analysis for T2DM identified two new (rs11065756 and rs2074356) loci reaching genome-wide significance in CCDC63 and C12orf51 on the 12q24 region. In addition, these variants were significantly associated with fasting plasma glucose and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function. Interestingly, two independent single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with sex-specific stratification in this study.

Conclusion

Our study showed a strong association between T2DM and glycemic traits. We further observed that two novel loci with multiple diverse effects were highly specific to males. Taken together, these findings may provide additional insights into the clinical assessment or subclassification of disease risk in a Korean population.

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Letter: Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Two Novel Loci with Sex-Specific Effects for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Glycemic Traits in a Korean Population (Diabetes Metab J2014;38:375-87)
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Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2014; 38(6): 484. CrossRef
Response: Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Two Novel Loci with Sex-Specific Effects for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Glycemic Traits in a Korean Population (Diabetes Metab J2014;38:375-87)
Min Jin Go, Bong-Jo Kim
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Review

The Importance of Global Studies of the Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes: Mark I. McCarthy; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(2):91-100. Published online April 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.2.91

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Genome wide association analyses have revealed large numbers of common variants influencing predisposition to type 2 diabetes and related phenotypes. These studies have predominantly featured European populations, but are now being extended to samples from a wider range of ethnic groups. The transethnic analysis of association data is already providing insights into the genetic, molecular and biological causes of diabetes, and the relevance of such studies will increase as human discovery genetics increasingly moves towards sequencing-based approaches and a focus on low frequency and rare variants.

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Sulwon Lecture 2009

The Search for Genetic Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Kyong Soo Park; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(1):12-22. Published online February 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.1.12

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is caused by complex interplay between multiple genetic and environmental factors. The three major approaches used to identify the genetic susceptibility include candidate gene approach, familial linkage analysis and genome- wide association analysis. Recent advance in genome-wide association studies have greatly improved our understanding of the pathophysiology of T2DM. As of the end of 2010, there are more than 40 confirmed T2DM-associated genetic loci. Most of the T2DM susceptibility genes were implicated in decreased β-cell function. However, these genetic variations have a modest effect and their combination only explains less than 10% of the T2DM heritability. With the advent of the next-generation sequencing technology, we will soon identify rare variants of larger effect as well as causal variants. These advances in understanding the genetics of T2DM will lead to the development of new therapeutic and preventive strategies and individualized medicine.

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