Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Original Article

Complications
Impact of Hyperglycemia on Complication and Mortality after Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Sun Joon Moon, Chang Ho Ahn, Yun Bin Lee, Young Min Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(2):302-311. Published online January 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0255

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Current guidelines regarding periprocedural glycemic control to prevent complications after nonsurgical invasive procedures are insufficient. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a widely used treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. We aimed to investigate the association between diabetes mellitus (DM) per se and the degree of hyperglycemia with postprocedural complications after TACE.
Methods
A total of 22,159 TACE procedures performed at Seoul National University Hospital from 2005 to 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The associations between DM, preprocedural glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and periprocedural average glucose with postprocedural adverse outcomes were evaluated. The primary outcome was occurrence of postprocedural bacteremia. Secondary outcomes were acute kidney injury (AKI), delayed discharge and death within 14 days. Periprocedural glucose was averaged over 3 days: the day of, before, and after the TACE procedures. Propensity score matching was applied for procedures between patients with or without DM.
Results
Periprocedural average glucose was significantly associated with bacteremia (adjusted odds ratio per 50 mg/dL of glucose, 1.233; 95% confidence interval, 1.071 to 1.420; P=0.004), AKI, delayed discharge, and death within 14 days. DM per se was only associated with bacteremia and AKI. Preprocedural HbA1c was associated with delayed discharge. Average glucose levels above 202 and 181 mg/dL were associated with a significantly higher risk of bacteremia and AKI, respectively, than glucose levels of 126 mg/dL or lower.
Conclusion
Periprocedural average glucose, but not HbA1c, was associated with adverse outcomes after TACE, which is a nonsurgical invasive procedure. This suggests the importance of periprocedural glycemic control to reduce postprocedural complications.

Review

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Intensified Multifactorial Intervention in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Takayoshi Sasako, Toshimasa Yamauchi, Kohjiro Ueki; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(2):185-197. Published online January 12, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0325

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In the management of diabetes mellitus, one of the most important goals is to prevent its micro- and macrovascular complications, and to that end, multifactorial intervention is widely recommended. Intensified multifactorial intervention with pharmacotherapy for associated risk factors, alongside lifestyle modification, was first shown to be efficacious in patients with microalbuminuria (Steno-2 study), then in those with less advanced microvascular complications (the Anglo-Danish-Dutch Study of Intensive Treatment In People with Screen Detected Diabetes in Primary Care [ADDITION]-Europe and the Japan Diabetes Optimal Treatment study for 3 major risk factors of cardiovascular diseases [J-DOIT3]), and in those with advanced microvascular complications (the Nephropathy In Diabetes-Type 2 [NID-2] study and Diabetic Nephropathy Remission and Regression Team Trial in Japan [DNETT-Japan]). Thus far, multifactorial intervention led to a reduction in cardiovascular and renal events, albeit not necessarily significant. It should be noted that not only baseline characteristics but also the control status of the risk factors and event rates during intervention among the patients widely varied from one trial to the next. Further evidence is needed for the efficacy of multifactorial intervention in a longer duration and in younger or elderly patients. Moreover, now that new classes of antidiabetic drugs are available, it should be addressed whether strict and safe glycemic control, alongside control of other risk factors, could lead to further risk reductions in micro- and macrovascular complications, thereby decreasing all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Citations

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Exploring mechanisms underlying diabetes comorbidities and strategies to prevent vascular complications
Takayoshi Sasako
Diabetology International.2024; 15(1): 34. CrossRef
Targeting ERS-mitophagy in hippocampal neurons to explore the improvement of memory by tea polyphenols in aged type 2 diabetic rats
Wenjuan Feng, Chenhui Lv, Le Cheng, Xin Song, Xuemin Li, Haoran Xie, Shuangzhi Chen, Xi Wang, Lushan Xue, Cheng Zhang, Jie Kou, Lili Wang, Haifeng Zhao
Free Radical Biology and Medicine.2024; 213: 293. CrossRef
Risk of Dementia Among Patients With Diabetes in a Multidisciplinary, Primary Care Management Program
Kailu Wang, Shi Zhao, Eric Kam-Pui Lee, Susan Zi-May Yau, Yushan Wu, Chi-Tim Hung, Eng-Kiong Yeoh
JAMA Network Open.2024; 7(2): e2355733. CrossRef
Causes of In-Hospital Death and Pharmaceutical Associations with Age of Death during a 10-Year Period (2011–2020) in Individuals with and without Diabetes at a Japanese Community General Hospital
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External validation of a minimal-resource model to predict reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate in people with type 2 diabetes without diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in Mexico: a comparison between country-level and regional performance
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Gut Microbiota Targeted Approach by Natural Products in Diabetes Management: An Overview
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Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in Type 2 Diabetes: Further Insights into the Power of Weight Loss and Exercise
Seung-Hwan Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(3): 302. CrossRef
Sarcopenia: Loss of mighty armor against frailty and aging
Takayoshi Sasako, Kohjiro Ueki
Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2023; 14(10): 1145. CrossRef

Original Articles

Complication
Waist Circumference and Body Mass Index Variability and Incident Diabetic Microvascular Complications: A Post Hoc Analysis of ACCORD Trial: Daniel Nyarko Hukportie, Fu-Rong Li, Rui Zhou, Jia-Zhen Zheng, Xiao-Xiang Wu, Xian-Bo Wu; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(5):767-780. Published online May 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0258

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Background
Obesity is associated with adverse health events among diabetic patients, however, the relationship between obesity fluctuation and risk of microvascular complications among this specific population is unclear. We aimed to examine the effect of waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) variability on the risk of diabetic microvascular outcome
Methods
Annually recorded anthropometric data in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) study was used to examine the association of WC and BMI variability defined as variability independent of mean, with the risk of microvascular outcomes, including neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) (Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov., no. NCT00000620).
Results
There were 4,031, 5,369, and 2,601 cases of neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy during a follow-up period of 22,524, 23,941, and 23,850 person-years, respectively. Higher levels of WC and BMI variability were associated with an increased risk of neuropathy. Compared with the lowest quartile, the fully-adjusted HR (95% CI) for the highest quartile of WC and BMI variability for neuropathy risk were 1.21 (1.05 to 1.40) and 1.16 (1.00 to 1.33), respectively. Also, higher quartiles of BMI variability but not WC variability were associated with increased risk of nephropathic events. The fully-adjusted HR (95% CI) for the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile of BMI variability was 1.31 (1.18 to 1.46). However, the results for retinopathic events were all insignificant.
Conclusion
Among participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus, WC and BMI variability were associated with a higher risk of neuropathic events, whereas BMI variability was associated with an increased risk of nephropathic events.

Citations

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Association of body mass index and blood pressure variability with 10-year mortality and renal disease progression in type 2 diabetes
Stephen Fava, Sascha Reiff
Acta Diabetologica.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Waist Circumference and Body Mass Index Variability and Incident Diabetic Microvascular Complications: A Post Hoc Analysis of ACCORD Trial (Diabetes Metab J 2022;46:767-80)
Yun Kyung Cho
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(1): 147. CrossRef
Waist Circumference and Body Mass Index Variability and Incident Diabetic Microvascular Complications: A Post Hoc Analysis of ACCORD Trial (Diabetes Metab J 2022;46:767-80)
Daniel Nyarko Hukportie, Fu-Rong Li, Rui Zhou, Jia-Zhen Zheng, Xiao-Xiang Wu, Xian-Bo Wu
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(1): 150. CrossRef
Weight variability and diabetes complications
Francesco Prattichizzo, Chiara Frigé, Rosalba La Grotta, Antonio Ceriello
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2023; 199: 110646. CrossRef
Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy in Latin America (Mexico) and the World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Oscar Vivanco-Rojas, Sonia López-Letayf, Valentina Londoño-Angarita, Fátima Sofía Magaña-Guerrero, Beatriz Buentello-Volante, Yonathan Garfias
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(20): 6583. CrossRef
Effects of body weight variability on risks of macro- and microvascular outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes: The Rio de Janeiro type 2 diabetes cohort
Claudia R.L. Cardoso, Nathalie C. Leite, Gil F. Salles
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2023; 205: 110992. CrossRef
Correlation Between the Variability of Different Obesity Indices and Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study Based on Populations in Taiwan
Zhenzhen Sun, Kun Wang, Chuan Yun, Fang Bai, Xiaodan Yuan, Yaujiunn Lee, Qingqing Lou
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity.2023; Volume 16: 2791. CrossRef
Unraveling shared risk factors for diabetic foot ulcer: a comprehensive Mendelian randomization analysis
Kangli Yin, Tianci Qiao, Yongkang Zhang, Jiarui Liu, Yuzhen Wang, Fei Qi, Junlin Deng, Cheng Zhao, Yongcheng Xu, Yemin Cao
BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care.2023; 11(6): e003523. CrossRef

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Effect of Different Types of Diagnostic Criteria for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Adverse Neonatal Outcomes: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression: Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani, Marzieh Saei Ghare Naz, Razieh Bidhendi-Yarandi, Samira Behboudi-Gandevani; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(4):605-619. Published online March 8, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0178

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Background
Evidence supporting various diagnostic criteria for diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are consensus-based, needs for additional evidence related to outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this systematic-review and meta-analysis was to assess the impact of different GDM diagnostic-criteria on the risk of adverse-neonatal-outcomes.
Methods
Electronic databases including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Sciences were searched to retrieve English original, population-based studies with the universal GDM screening approach, up to January-2020. GDM diagnostic criteria were classified in seven groups and International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) was considered as reference one. We used the Mantel–Haenszel method to calculate the pooled odds of events. The possibility of publication bias was examined by Begg’s test.
Results
A total of 55 population-based studies consisting of 1,604,391 pregnant women with GDM and 7,770,855 non-GDM counterparts were included. Results showed that in all diagnostic-criteria subgroups, the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes including macrosomia, hyperbilirubinemia, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal intensive care unit admission, preterm birth, and birth-trauma were significantly higher than the non-GDM counterparts were significantly higher than non-GDM counterparts. Meta-regression analysis revealed that the magnitude of neonatal risks in all diagnostic-criteria subgroups are similar.
Conclusion
Our results showed that the risk of adverse-neonatal-outcome increased among women with GDM, but the magnitude of risk was not different among those women who were diagnosed through more or less intensive strategies. These findings may help health-care-providers and policy-makers to select the most cost-effective approach for the screening of GDM among pregnant women.

Citations

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Hyperglycemia in pregnancy did not worsen the short-term outcomes of very preterm infants: a propensity score matching study
Ying Li, Wei Shen, Rong Zhang, Jian Mao, Ling Liu, Yan-Mei Chang, Xiu-Zhen Ye, Yin-Ping Qiu, Li Ma, Rui Cheng, Hui Wu, Dong-Mei Chen, Ling Chen, Ping Xu, Hua Mei, San-Nan Wang, Fa-Lin Xu, Rong Ju, Xiao-Mei Tong, Xin-Zhu Lin, Fan Wu
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Chronobiology International.2023; 40(9): 1224. CrossRef
Various screening and diagnosis approaches for gestational diabetes mellitus and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a secondary analysis of a randomized non-inferiority field trial
Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani, Ali Sheidaei, Maryam Rahmati, Farshad Farzadfar, Mahsa Noroozzadeh, Farhad Hosseinpanah, Mehrandokht Abedini, Farzad Hadaegh, Majid Valizadeh, Farahnaz Torkestani, Davood Khalili, Faegheh Firouzi, Masoud Solaymani-Dodaran, Afshin
BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care.2023; 11(6): e003510. CrossRef

Review

Type 1 Diabetes
Time in Range from Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Novel Metric for Glycemic Control: Jee Hee Yoo, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):828-839. Published online December 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0257; Correction in: Diabetes Metab J 2021;45(5):795

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Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has been the sole surrogate marker for assessing diabetic complications. However, consistently reported limitations of HbA1c are that it lacks detailed information on short-term glycemic control and can be easily interfered with by various clinical conditions such as anemia, pregnancy, or liver disease. Thus, HbA1c alone may not represent the real glycemic status of a patient. The advancement of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has enabled both patients and healthcare providers to monitor glucose trends for a whole single day, which is not possible with HbA1c. This has allowed for the development of core metrics such as time spent in time in range (TIR), hyperglycemia, or hypoglycemia, and glycemic variability. Among the 10 core metrics, TIR is reported to represent overall glycemic control better than HbA1c alone. Moreover, various evidence supports TIR as a predictive marker of diabetes complications as well as HbA1c, as the inverse relationship between HbA1c and TIR reveals. However, there are more complex relationships between HbA1c, TIR, and other CGM metrics. This article provides information about 10 core metrics with particular focus on TIR and the relationships between the CGM metrics for comprehensive understanding of glycemic status using CGM.

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Original Articles

Complications
Time to Reach Target Glycosylated Hemoglobin Is Associated with Long-Term Durable Glycemic Control and Risk of Diabetic Complications in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 6-Year Observational Study: Kyoung Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Jae Hyun Bae, Kyeong Jin Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Ji A Seo, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Sin Gon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(3):368-378. Published online October 20, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0046

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Background
To evaluate the association of time to reach the target glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level with long-term durable glycemic control and risk of diabetic complications in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
In a longitudinal observational cohort, 194 patients with T2DM newly diagnosed between January 2011 and March 2013 were followed up over 6 years. Patients were classified according to the time needed to reach the target HbA1c (<7.0%): <3, 3 to 6 (early achievement group), and ≥6 months (late achievement group). Risks of microvascular complications including diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy as well as macrovascular events including ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease were assessed by multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis.
Results
During a median follow-up of 6.53 years, 66 microvascular and 14 macrovascular events occurred. Maintenance of durable glycemic control over 6 years was more likely in the early achievement groups than in the late achievement group (34.5%, 30.0%, and 16.1% in <3, 3 to 6, and ≥6 months, respectively, P=0.039). Early target HbA1c achievement was associated with lower risk of composite diabetic complications (adjusted hazard ratio [HR, 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26 to 0.86 in <3 months group) (adjusted HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.23 to 1.10 in 3 to 6 months group, in reference to ≥6 months group). Similar trends were maintained for risks of microvascular and macrovascular complications, although statistical significance was not reached for macrovascular complications.
Conclusion
Early target HbA1c achievement was associated with long-term durable glycemic control and reduced risk of diabetic complications in newly diagnosed T2DM.

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Complications
Association between Sleep Quality and Painless Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Assessed by Current Perception Threshold in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Dughyun Choi, Bo-Yeon Kim, Chan-Hee Jung, Chul-Hee Kim, Ji-Oh Mok; Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(3):358-367. Published online August 6, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0219

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Background

It is known that the painful sensation of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) results in sleep problems in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, it is not known that the painless DPN also is associated with poor sleep quality in T2DM. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the association between painless DPN and poor sleep quality in T2DM.

Methods

A total of 146 patients of T2DM who do not have any painful symptoms of DPN were recruited into the study. Among the patients, painless DPN was diagnosed by using the current perception threshold test. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire.

Results

The percentage of painless DPN was significantly higher in the poor sleep quality group than the good sleep quality group (70.0% vs. 35.5%, P<0.001). In the subscale results, stimulus values at 2,000 Hz, hypoesthesia and hyperesthesia were more common in the poor sleep quality group than in the good sleep quality group (45.7% vs. 25.0%, P=0.009; 34.3% vs. 18.4%, P=0.029; 40.0% vs. 19.7%, P=0.007, respectively). The association of painless DPN and poor sleep quality remained significant after adjustment for significant covariates (odds ratio, 3.825; 95% confidence interval, 1.674 to 8.742; P<0.001).

Conclusion

The current study showed that painless DPN was associated with poor sleep quality. Future studies are required to clarify the pathophysiologic causal relationship between painless DPN and sleep quality.

Citations

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Deteriorated sleep quality and associate factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Lin Fu, Liping Zhong, Xin Liao, Lingrui Wang, Youyi Wang, Xiuquan Shi, Yanna Zhou
PeerJ.2024; 12: e16789. CrossRef
Sleep impairment: Is it an overlooked burden in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy? A single-centre, cross-sectional study from south India
Adlin Lawrence, Himsikhar Khataniar, Sinimol Joseph, Thenmozhi Nagarajan, Soumya Umesh, John Michael Raj A
Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews.2022; 16(8): 102568. CrossRef
Sleep: an emerging therapeutic target in diabetes care
Nishant Raizada, S. V. Madhu
International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries.2021; 41(1): 1. CrossRef

Type 1 Diabetes
Age at Diagnosis and the Risk of Diabetic Nephropathy in Young Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Jong Ha Baek, Woo Je Lee, Byung-Wan Lee, Soo Kyoung Kim, Gyuri Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(1):46-54. Published online July 10, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0134

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Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate characteristics and risk of diabetic complications according to age at diagnosis among young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Methods

A total of 255 T1DM patients aged less than 40 years were included. Patients were categorized into three groups (<20, 20 to 29, and 30 to 40 years) according to age at diagnosis. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) was defined when spot urine-albumin creatinine ratio was 300 mg/g or more and/or estimated glomerular filtration ratio (eGFR) level was 60 mL/min/1.73 m² or less.

Results

Median age at diagnosis was 25 years and disease duration was 14 years. Individuals diagnosed with T1DM at childhood/adolescent (age <20 years) had lower stimulated C-peptide levels. They received more intensive insulin treatment with higher total daily insulin doses compared to older onset groups. The prevalence of DN was higher in the childhood/adolescent-onset group than in older onset groups (25.3% vs. 15.3% vs. 9.6%, P=0.022). The eGFR was inversely associated with disease duration whilst the degree of decrease was more prominent in the childhood/adolescent-onset group than in the later onset group (aged 30 to 40 years; P<0.001). Childhood/adolescent-onset group was independently associated with the risk of DN compared to the older onset group (aged 30 to 40 years; odds ratio, 3.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.45 to 8.33; P=0.005).

Conclusion

In individuals with childhood/adolescent-onset T1DM, the reduction in renal function is more prominent with disease duration. Early age-onset T1DM is an independent risk of DN.

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Age at Diagnosis and the Risk of Diabetic Nephropathy in Young Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J 2021;45:46-54)
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Brief Report

Complications
Acute Hyperglycemic Crises with Coronavirus Disease-19: Case Reports: Na-young Kim, Eunyeong Ha, Jun Sung Moon, Yong-Hoon Lee, Eun Young Choi; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(2):349-353. Published online April 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0091

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Since the first case was contracted by coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) in Daegu, Korea in February 2020, about 6,800 cases and 130 deaths have been reported on April 9, 2020. Recent studies have reported that patients with diabetes showed higher mortality and they had a worse prognosis than the group without diabetes. In poorly controlled patients with diabetes, acute hyperglycemic crises such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) also might be precipitated by COVID-19. Thus, intensive monitoring and aggressive supportive care should be needed to inadequately controlled patients with diabetes and COVID-19 infection. Here, we report two cases of severe COVID-19 patients with acute hyperglycemic crises in Korea.

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Original Articles

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Impact of Diabetes Control on Subclinical Atherosclerosis: Analysis from Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography Registry: Gyung-Min Park, Chang Hoon Lee, Seung-Whan Lee, Sung-Cheol Yun, Young-Hak Kim, Yong-Giun Kim, Ki-Bum Won, Soe Hee Ann, Shin-Jae Kim, Dong Hyun Yang, Joon-Won Kang, Tae-Hwan Lim, Eun Hee Koh, Woo Je Lee, Min-Seon Kim, Joong-Yeol Park, Hong-Kyu Kim, Jaewon Choe, Sang-Gon Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(3):470-479. Published online November 22, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0073

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader

Background

There are limited data on the impact of diabetes control on the risk of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis.

Methods

We analyzed 6,434 consecutive asymptomatic individuals without previous history of coronary artery disease who underwent coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) (mean age, 53.7±7.6 years and 4,694 men [73.0%]). The degree and extent of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis were assessed by CCTA, and ≥50% diameter stenosis was defined as significant. A cardiac event was defined as a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or coronary revascularization. Study participants were categorized as normal (n=5,319), controlled diabetes (glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] <7%, n=747), or uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c ≥7%, n=368), respectively.

Results

Compared with normal individuals, there were no statistically significant differences in the risk of for any atherosclerotic plaque (odds ratio [OR], 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98 to 1.38; P=0.086) and significant coronary artery stenosis (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.42; P=0.583) in controlled diabetic individuals. In contrast, uncontrolled diabetic individuals had consistently higher risks of any atherosclerotic plaque (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.70 to 2.75; P<0.001) and significant coronary artery stenosis (OR, 3.34; 95% CI, 2.52 to 4.43; P<0.001) than normal individuals. During a follow-up of median 5.4 years, there was no significant difference in cardiac events between normal and controlled diabetic individuals (P=0.365). However, uncontrolled diabetes was associated with an increased risk of cardiac events compared with normal individuals (P<0.001) and controlled diabetic individuals (P=0.023).

Conclusion

Asymptomatic uncontrolled diabetes was associated with significant subclinical coronary atherosclerosis with subsequent high risk for cardiac events.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Carotid Ultrasound Abnormalities of People Living With HIV in Kunming, China: Multiple Correspondence Analysis Approach to Identify Influencing Factors
Shuishui Pan, Haiyan Fu, Zhiqiong Ai, Chongxi Li, Jinsong Bai
International Journal of STD & AIDS.2023; 34(10): 710. CrossRef
Differential Impact of Degree of Hypertension on Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic Subjects With and Without Diabetes Mellitus
Hyun Woo Park, Sangyong Jo, Kyung Sun Park, Hyeji Lee, Young-Jee Jeon, Sangwoo Park, Soe Hee Ann, Yong-Giun Kim, Seong Hoon Choi, Woon Jung Kwon, Young-Rak Cho, Jon Suh, Gyung-Min Park
The American Journal of Cardiology.2023; 203: 343. CrossRef
Exosomal MALAT1 Derived from High Glucose-Treated Macrophages Up-Regulates Resistin Expression via miR-150-5p Downregulation
Kou-Gi Shyu, Bao-Wei Wang, Wei-Jen Fang, Chun-Ming Pan, Chiu-Mei Lin
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(3): 1095. CrossRef
Comparison of Framingham risk score and pooled cohort equations for the prediction of coronary atherosclerosis in patients who meet the target LDL-C level of Korean dyslipidemia guideline
Su Bin Kim, Hae Won Jung
Medicine.2022; 101(47): e31816. CrossRef
Time to Reach Target Glycosylated Hemoglobin Is Associated with Long-Term Durable Glycemic Control and Risk of Diabetic Complications in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 6-Year Observational Study
Kyoung Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Jae Hyun Bae, Kyeong Jin Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Ji A Seo, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Sin Gon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(3): 368. CrossRef
Frequency and Significance of Right Bundle Branch Block and Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic Individuals
Hyeji Lee, Young-Jee Jeon, Byung Ju Kang, Tae Young Lee, Eun Ji Park, Sangwoo Park, Soe Hee Ann, Yong-Giun Kim, Yongjik Lee, Seong Hoon Choi, Gyung-Min Park
The American Journal of Cardiology.2021; 158: 30. CrossRef
The association between glucose-related variables and plaque morphology in patients with ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction
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Cardiovascular Diabetology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Choosing Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: How to Reduce the Risk of Death
N. A. Koziolova, P. G. Karavaev, A. S. Veklich
Kardiologiia.2020; 60(4): 109. CrossRef

Clinical Care/Education
Impact of Continuous Care on Health Outcomes and Cost for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Analysis Using National Health Insurance Cohort Database: Ji Hyun Nam, Changwoo Lee, Nayoung Kim, Keun Young Park, Jeonghoon Ha, Jaemoon Yun, Dong Wook Shin, Euichul Shin; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(6):776-784. Published online October 21, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0189

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Background

The objective of the study was to determine the impact of continuous care on health outcomes and cost of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Korea.

Methods

A nationwide retrospective, observational case-control study was conducted. Continuity of treatment was measured using Continuity of Care (COC) score. Information of all patients newly diagnosed with T2DM in 2004 was retrieved from the National Health Insurance database for the period of 2002 to 2013. The study examined 2,373 patients after applying exclusion criteria, such as for patients who died from conditions not related to T2DM. Statistical analyses were performed using frequency distribution, simple analysis (t-test and chi-squared test), and multi-method analysis (simple linear regression, logistic regression, and survival analysis).

Results

The overall COC score was 0.8±0.24. The average incidence of diabetic complications was 0.39 per patient with a higher COC score, whereas it was 0.49 per patient with a lower COC score. In both survival and logistic analyses, patients who had high COC score were significantly less likely to have diabetic complications (hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.54 to 0.88). The average medical cost was approximately 3,496 United States dollar (USD) per patient for patients with a higher COC score, whereas it was 3,973 USD per patient for patients with a lower COC score during the 2006 to 2013 period, with a difference of around 477 USD, which is statistically significant after adjusting for other factors (β=−0.152).

Conclusion

Continuity of care for diabetes significantly reduced health complications and medical costs from patients with T2DM.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Continuity of primary care for type 2 diabetes and hypertension and its association with health outcomes and disease control: insights from Central Vietnam
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Clinical Study Using Healthcare Claims Database
Jin-Su Park, Chan Hee Lee
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Ye Seul Yang, Kyungdo Han, Tae Seo Sohn, Nam Hoon Kim
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Epidemiology
Diabetes Mellitus and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Population-Based Study: Sen Li, Jiaxin Wang, Biao Zhang, Xinyi Li, Yuan Liu; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(3):319-341. Published online April 19, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0060

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Background

To investigate whether diabetes contributes to mortality for major types of diseases.

Methods

Six National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data cycles (1999 to 2000, 2001 to 2002, 2003 to 2004, 2005 to 2006, 2007 to 2008, and 2009 to 2010) and their linked mortality files were used. A population of 15,513 participants was included according to the availability of diabetes and mortality status.

Results

Participants with diabetes tended to have higher all-cause mortality and mortality due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory diseases, cerebrovascular disease, influenza and pneumonia, and kidney disease. Confounder-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models showed that both diagnosed diabetes category (yes or no) and diabetes status (diabetes, prediabetes, or no diabetes) were associated with all-cause mortality and with mortality due to cardiovascular disease, chronic lower respiratory diseases, influenza and pneumonia, and kidney disease. No associations were found for cancer-, accidents-, or Alzheimer's disease-related mortality.

Conclusion

The current study's findings provide epidemiological evidence that diagnosed diabetes at the baseline is associated with increased mortality risk due to cardiovascular disease, chronic lower respiratory diseases, influenza and pneumonia, and kidney disease, but not with cancer or Alzheimer's disease.

Citations

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Short Communication

Complications
Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Subjects Affected by Iron-Deficiency Anemia: Jari Intra, Giuseppe Limonta, Fabrizio Cappellini, Maria Bertona, Paolo Brambilla; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(4):539-544. Published online November 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0072

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Previous studies have suggested that iron-deficiency anemia affects glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measurements, but the results were contradictory. We conducted a retrospective case-control study to determine the effects of iron deficiency on HbA1c levels. Starting with the large computerized database of the Italian Hospital of Desio, including data from 2000 to 2016, all non-pregnant individuals older than 12 years of age with at least one measurement of HbA1c, cell blood count, ferritin, and fasting blood glucose on the same date of blood collection were enrolled. A total of 2,831 patients met the study criteria. Eighty-six individuals were diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia, while 2,745 had a normal iron state. The adjusted means of HbA1c were significantly higher in anemic subjects (5.59% [37.37 mmol/mol]), than those measured in individuals without anemia (5.34% [34.81 mmol/mol]) (P<0.0001). These results suggest that clinicians should be cautious about diagnosing prediabetes and diabetes in individuals with anemia.

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Implications of Iron Deficiency Anaemia on Glycemic Dynamics in Diabetes Mellitus: A Critical Risk Factor in Cardiovascular Disease
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Original Article

Complications
Association between Serum Cystatin C and Vascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus without Nephropathy: Hye Jeong Kim, Dong Won Byun, Kyoil Suh, Myung Hi Yoo, Hyeong Kyu Park; Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(6):513-518. Published online October 15, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0006

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Background

Recent studies have correlated serum cystatin C (CysC) with vascular complications, but few studies have investigated this correlation in diabetes patients without nephropathy. This study aimed to evaluate if higher serum CysC levels increase the risk for vascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with normal renal function or mild renal impairment.

Methods

A total of 806 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were admitted to the diabetes center of Soonchunhyang University Hospital for blood glucose control were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with nephropathy were excluded. Subjects were categorized into quartiles of serum CysC levels (Q1, ≤0.65 mg/L; Q2, 0.66 to 0.79 mg/L; Q3, 0.80 to 0.94 mg/L; and Q4, ≥0.95 mg/L).

Results

The proportion of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) (P for trend <0.001), coronary heart disease (CHD) (P for trend <0.001), and stroke (P for trend <0.001) increased across the serum CysC quartiles. After adjustment for confounding factors, the highest serum CysC level remained a significant risk factor for DR (odds ratio [OR], 1.929; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.007 to 4.144; P=0.040). Compared with Q1, a significant positive association was observed between serum CysC and CHD in Q2 (OR, 7.321; 95% CI, 1.114 to 48.114; P=0.012), Q3 (OR, 6.027; 95% CI, 0.952 to 38.161; P=0.020), and Q4 (OR, 8.122; 95% CI, 1.258 to 52.453; P=0.007). No associations were observed between CysC and stroke after additional adjustment for confounding variables.

Conclusion

Serum CysC levels are independently associated with DR and CHD, suggesting that CysC may be useful for identifying type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without nephropathy who are at high risk for vascular complications.

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Review

Complications
Diagnosing Diabetic Neuropathy: Something Old, Something New: Ioannis N. Petropoulos, Georgios Ponirakis, Adnan Khan, Hamad Almuhannadi, Hoda Gad, Rayaz A. Malik; Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(4):255-269. Published online August 21, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0056

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There are potentially many ways of assessing diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). However, they do not fulfill U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requirements in relation to their capacity to assess therapeutic benefit in clinical trials of DPN. Over the past several decades symptoms and signs, quantitative sensory and electrodiagnostic testing have been strongly endorsed, but have consistently failed as surrogate end points in clinical trials. Therefore, there is an unmet need for reliable biomarkers to capture the onset and progression and to facilitate drug discovery in DPN. Corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) is a non-invasive ophthalmic imaging modality for in vivo evaluation of sensory C-fibers. An increasing body of evidence from multiple centers worldwide suggests that CCM fulfills the FDA criteria as a surrogate endpoint of DPN.

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