1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
2Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
3Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
4Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
5Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
Copyright © 2020 Korean Diabetes Association
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CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Study | Study population | Diagnostic methods | Categories | Prevalence, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mohan et al. (2009) [16] | In 132 Indian adults with diabetes | US | NAFLD | 54.5 |
Kim et al. (2014) [17] | In 4,437 Korean patients with T2DM | US | NAFLD | 72.7 |
Targher et al. (2007) [18] | In 2,839 Italian patients with T2DM | US | NAFLD | 69.5 |
Portillo-Sanchez et al. (2015) [11] | In 103 American patients with diabetes with normal plasma aminotransferases | 1H-MRS | NAFLD | 50 |
Williams et al. (2011) [13] | In 54 biopsied patients with diabetes | Liver biopsy | NASH | 22 |
Hyysalo et al. (2014) [12] | In 115 biopsied participants in in the Finnish population-based D2D-study | Liver biopsy | NASH | 17.6 |
Kim et al. (2014) [15] | In 929 Korean patients with diabetes | US | NAFLD | 63.3 |
US, ultrasonography; CT, computed tomography; MRI-PDFF, magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction; 1H-MRS, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy; CAP, controlled attenuation parameter; VCTE, vibration-controlled transient elastography; BMI, body mass index; MRE, magnetic resonance elastography; LSM, liver stiffness measurement.
Study | Study population | Diagnostic methods | Categories | Prevalence, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mohan et al. (2009) [ | In 132 Indian adults with diabetes | US | NAFLD | 54.5 |
Kim et al. (2014) [ | In 4,437 Korean patients with T2DM | US | NAFLD | 72.7 |
Targher et al. (2007) [ | In 2,839 Italian patients with T2DM | US | NAFLD | 69.5 |
Portillo-Sanchez et al. (2015) [ | In 103 American patients with diabetes with normal plasma aminotransferases | 1H-MRS | NAFLD | 50 |
Williams et al. (2011) [ | In 54 biopsied patients with diabetes | Liver biopsy | NASH | 22 |
Hyysalo et al. (2014) [ | In 115 biopsied participants in in the Finnish population-based D2D-study | Liver biopsy | NASH | 17.6 |
Kim et al. (2014) [ | In 929 Korean patients with diabetes | US | NAFLD | 63.3 |
Device | Detection criteria | Accuracy reproducibility quantification | Hepatic volume of assessment | Time accessibility | Cost | Specific comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hepatic steatosis | ||||||
US | Specific sonographic findings | + | +++ | + (bedside) | + | Cannot detect mild steatosis, observer dependency |
CT | Liver HU <40 or liver HU-spleen HU <−10 | ++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | Radiation hazard |
Diverse criteria for definition (liver/spleen ratio of HU, etc.) | ||||||
Low sensitivity in mild steatosis | ||||||
MRI-PDFF | ≥5% liver fat | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | Optimal for clinical trials |
1H-MRS | ≥5.6% liver fat | +++ | + | +++ | +++ | Gold standard |
Sampling errors | ||||||
Requires expertise/device | ||||||
CAP by VCTE | ≥248–≥288 dB/m (variable cutoffs) | ++ | + | + (bedside) | + | Not linear with a higher liver fat content |
Results are affected by BMI, diabetes, etiology | ||||||
XL probe for the obese | ||||||
Hepatic fibrosis | ||||||
MRE | Advanced fibrosis (F3) threshold >2.4–5.55 kPa | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | Diverse cut-off points by type of modality (2D, 3D, etc.) |
Most accurate but expensive | ||||||
Failure risk in iron overload condition | ||||||
LSM by VCTE | Diverse cutoffs (7.3–9.9 kPa) for advanced fibrosis (F3) | ++ | + | + (bedside) | + | Affected by BMI (failure risk) |
XL probe for the obese | ||||||
VCTE can measure CAP and LSM simultaneously |
US, ultrasonography; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; 1H-MRS, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
US, ultrasonography; CT, computed tomography; MRI-PDFF, magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction; 1H-MRS, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy; CAP, controlled attenuation parameter; VCTE, vibration-controlled transient elastography; BMI, body mass index; MRE, magnetic resonance elastography; LSM, liver stiffness measurement.