INTRODUCTION

Stroke is expected to be the second most important cause of mortality worldwide by 2020. Approximately 60% of the world's total mortality in 2002 was due to stroke, and in the East Asian region, which comprises Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific regions, stroke caused a total 3 million deaths in that year. The rapid socioeconomic changes in these regions during recent years have led to changes in lifestyle and diet that can greatly influence the risk factors for diseases such as stroke [1].

Approximately 30% to 40% of acute ischemic stroke patients present with hyperglycemia at admission either as a result of preexisting diabetes mellitus or acute stress response. Type 2 diabetes, a disease that affects more than 220 million people worldwide, has an alarming number of new cases in the Asian population and holds a 2- to 6-fold increased risk for ischemic stroke. Moreover, hyperglycemia is associated with poor outcome in acute ischemic stroke. Thus, in recent years, there has been a growing interest in methods to manage hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke [2,3].

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level reflects the mean glucose control range for the previous 2 to 3 months in patients with or without diabetes mellitus. HbA1c level is widely recommended as the therapeutic guideline for the prevention of cardiovascular complications in patients with diabetes [4]. Recently published clinical practice recommendations from the American Diabetes Association advocate the use of a HbA1c level greater than 6.5% for the diagnosis of diabetes, largely on the basis of the established association between HbA1c level and microvascular complications. Compared with fasting glucose, HbA1c has higher repeatability, can be tested in a non-fasting status, and is a relatively stable marker for glucose level. The disadvantage of the use of HbA1c in the diagnosis of diabetes might be the fact that the measurement of HbA1c level is not standardized, which may result in unreliable values in different laboratories and countries [5].

Despite the recent impending increase in risk for diabetes and ischemic stroke in Asians, and the increasing importance of predictive value of HbA1c in future risk for cardiovascular disease, there are no studies that have investigated the association of ischemic stroke with HbA1c level in Asians. We cross-sectionally analyzed the risk for ischemic stroke according to HbA1c level in Korean male patients admitted due to acute ischemic stroke without a previous history of diabetes.

METHODS

Study subjects

This was a case-controlled study in which ischemic stroke patients were selected from the Soonchunhyang stroke registry database. Among 1,685 patients who were admitted to the Neurology Department of 3 Soonchunhyang University-affiliated Hospitals in Seoul, Bucheon, and Cheonan due to acute ischemic stroke from September 2007 to April 2009, a total of 307 male patients (mean age, 63 years) were selected. All patients had suffered from focal symptoms and had been observed within 1 week of symptom onset and showed relevant lesions on magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Subjects without fasting blood glucose and HbA1c level data were excluded from the study. Patients with a history of diabetes and fasting blood glucose level ≥126 mg/dL were also excluded from the analyses. Only male adult subjects were selected, and patients with cardioembolic ischemic stroke were also excluded from the study. Ischemic stroke subtype was classified according to the Trial of Org 10,172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria [6].

A total of 253 age-matched control male subjects without a history of diabetes, hypertension, or cardiovascular disease were selected from the Health Check-up database of Kangbuk Samsung Hospital Health Promotion Center, Seoul, Korea. The purpose of the medical health check-up program is to promote the health of employees through regular health check-ups and early detection of existing diseases. Most of the examinees are employees or family members of various industrial companies all around the country. The employer typically pays the cost of these medical exams, and a considerable proportion of the examinees repeat the exam annually or biannually.

Case-controlled analyses were performed in these two cohorts to assess the risk for ischemic stroke according to HbA1c category (Fig. 1). The Institutional Review Board of Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital approved the protocol and data analysis for this study.

Laboratory measurements

Height and weight were measured in duplicate, and the results were averaged. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing the weight (kg) by the height (m) squared. All subjects were examined after an overnight fast. The hexokinase method (Advia 1,650 Autoanalyzer; Bayer Diagnostics, Leverkusen, Germany) was used to measure blood glucose level. An enzymatic colorimetric test was used to measure total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride concentrations. The selective inhibition method was used to measure the level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and a homogeneous enzymatic calorimetric test was used to measure the level of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).

HbA1c was measured using an immunoturbidimetric assay with a Cobra Integra 800 automatic analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) with a reference value of 4.4% to 6.4%. The methodology was aligned with the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) standards [7]. The intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) was 2.3%, and the inter-assay CV was 2.4%, both within NGSP acceptable limits [8].

Subjects were divided into 4 groups according to the quartiles of HbA1c level for the assessment of risk for ischemic stroke: 1st quartile, HbA1c≤5.3%; 2nd quartile, 5.3<HbA1c≤5.6%; 3rd quartile, 5.6<HbA1c≤6.0%; and 4th quartile, HbA1c>6.0%. In addition, subjects were divided into 10 groups according to the decile of HbA1c, and the proportion of the patients with ischemic stroke was assessed according to the HbA1c decile.

Statistical analysis

Data are expressed as the subject number with proportion (%) and mean with standard deviation. Comparison of the mean variables between the ischemic stroke patients and control subjects was performed with Student's t-tests. Logistic regression analysis with ischemic stroke as the dependent variable was performed with age, smoking, body mass index, HDL-C, LDL-C, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and quartile of HbA1c included in the model. The proportion of patients with ischemic stroke was analyzed according to the decile of HbA1c using the chi-square test. Mean values of HbA1c were compared among the groups divided by TOAST classification using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

General characteristics of the participants are presented in Table 1. According to TOAST classification, 124 patients (40.39%) had large artery disease, 84 (27.36%) had small vessel disease, 96 (31.27%) had undetermined disease, and 3 (0.98%) had other diseases (Fig. 2). Ischemic stroke patients showed a higher mean weight and mean HbA1c level compared to control subjects (Table 1). Mean values for TC and LDL-C were significantly lower in stroke patients, and the mean HDL-C level was significantly lower in ischemic stroke subjects compared to control subjects. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were significantly higher in ischemic stroke patients compared to control subjects, and significantly more subjects in the ischemic stroke group were smokers compared to the control subjects (Table 1).

When a logistic regression analysis was performed with ischemic stroke as the dependent variable, smoking, HDL-C, systolic blood pressure, and increasing HbA1c were the significant predictors for ischemic stroke development (Table 2). Patients who smoked showed a 25-fold increased risk for ischemic stroke. After adjustment for confounding variables, patients in the highest HbA1c quartile showed a nearly 10-fold increased risk for ischemic stroke compared with those in the lowest HbA1c quartile (Table 2).

When the subjects were divided into 10 groups according to decile of HbA1c, the proportion of patients with ischemic stroke showed a significant trend for increment as the decile of HbA1c increased (P for trend <0.01, Fig. 3).

When the mean HbA1c values were compared among patients with ischemic stroke subtypes divided by TOAST classification, the mean values of HbA1c for patients with ischemic stroke due to large artery disease, small vessel disease, other disease, and undetermined cause were 5.80±0.46, 5.82±0.58, 4.90±0.46, and 5.79±0.50%, respectively (P=0.024 by one-way ANOVA test).

DISCUSSION

In this cross-sectional, case-controlled study, patients with ischemic stroke showed a significantly increased mean HbA1c level compared with those of the age-matched control subjects. The odds ratio for ischemic stroke increased as the quartile of HbA1c increased from the first to the fourth quartile, and patients in the highest quartile of HbA1c showed a nearly 10-fold increased risk for ischemic stroke compared with patients in the lowest quartile. The proportion of patients with ischemic stroke showed a significantly increasing trend as the HbA1c decile increased from the first to the tenth decile, supporting the conclusion that higher HbA1c is associated with increased risk for ischemic stroke even in the non-diabetic HbA1c range. These results suggest a predictive value of increasing HbA1c for ischemic stroke risk in non-diabetic Korean male subjects.

The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry newly defines HbA1c as hemoglobin that is irreversibly glycated at one or both of the β-chain N-terminal valines, and it does not exclude hemoglobin that is additionally glycated at other sites on the α or β chains [9]. HbA1c could reflect universal tissue protein glycation and might be a much better index of the overall biological effects of glucose above and beyond its predictive value for the 3-month averages of circulating glucose level [10]. Although there are many studies that report the utility of HbA1c in predicting cardiovascular disease and diabetes, there are few that investigate the usefulness of HbA1c as a predictor of ischemic stroke.

Prior studies have demonstrated variable results with regard to an association of HbA1c with cardiovascular disease. In the Rancho Bernardo cohort of 1,239 older non-diabetic adults, baseline HbA1c, but not fasting or post-challenge glucose, predicted cardiovascular mortality in women but not in men [11]. In the EPIC-Norfolk study, a 1% increment in HbA1c was associated with a 21% increase in cardiovascular risk after multivariable adjustment in both men and women. However, when subjects with prior diabetes and cardiovascular disease were excluded, this association was diminished and not statistically significant [12]. In the Hoorn Study, which also presented categorical analyses with and without adjustment for traditional risk factors, the age-adjusted risk in the highest vs. lowest category (≥6.5% vs. <5.2%) was 3.8. However, after additional adjustment for gender, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking, this effect was attenuated and no longer statistically significant [13]. In a nested case-controlled study in the Women's Health Study cohort, HbA1c level was not predictive of cardiovascular events after adjustment for confounding effects of correlated cardiovascular risk factors [14]. In a previous study performed in 26,563 U.S. female health professionals with a follow-up period of 10 years, HbA1c failed to predict cardiovascular disease in non-diabetic women [15].

On the other hand, a previous study using a case-cohort design found associations of HbA1c with coronary heart disease and stroke in a subgroup of the ARIC population with low fasting glucose levels (at two time points) and low HbA1c values among persons with diabetes [16,17]. In a very recent study from a community-based population of non-diabetic adults followed-up for 14 years, HbA1c was significantly associated with a future risk for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and death from any cause as compared with fasting glucose. In this study, subjects with a baseline level of HbA1c between 5.0% and 5.5% were compared with subjects having higher HbA1c values, and their risk for ischemic stroke linearly increased as the baseline level of HbA1c increased. These significances were more prominent in HbA1c values compared with fasting glucose. Despite significant differences between blacks and whites in HbA1c value at baseline, race did not modify the association among HbA1c value, cardiovascular outcome and death in this population [18]. There have also been a few studies performed in non-diabetic Korean adults reporting the association between the risks for coronary artery disease or metabolic syndrome [19,20], but no studies were performed on the association of HbA1c and the risk for ischemic stroke in Koreans.

We analyzed the risk for ischemic stroke only in male adults because we wanted to determine if there were any gender differences considering that HbA1c failed to predict cardiovascular disease in non-diabetic women [15]. We also failed to show the usefulness of HbA1c as a predictor of ischemic stroke in non-diabetic Korean women. This result might be due to a lack of consideration for hormonal change or hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Recent studies reported that sex hormone and sex hormone-binding globulin, in addition to HbA1c, are associated with a risk of type 2 diabetes [21,22]. Because the average age of women in our study was in the sixties, and they were mostly postmenopausal women having severe hormonal change, it might be difficult to show the association of HbA1c as a predictor of ischemic stroke.

Our study has several limitations. First, it was a cross-sectional study such that a definite relationship between HbA1c and ischemic stroke cannot be assumed. Further research in a more diverse ethnic group must be conducted to clarify this relationship. Second, this study might cause controversy about the representativeness of stroke patients. However, our objects of study were stroke patients from 3 different regions representing a large city, a medium-sized city, and a rural area, respectively. The characteristics of stroke patients in this study were similar to those of nationwide Korean Stroke Registry data, so the groups of patients in this study could be representative of stroke patients in Korea to some extent. Third, according to the classification of ischemic stroke subtype in this study, the number of patients with cardioembolic ischemic stroke was smaller than usual, which might be explained because studies for cardiac source of ischemic stroke were insufficient. Fourth, the mean values for TC and LDL-C were significantly lower in stroke patients, and these differences might be assumed to be due to the higher percentage of lipid-lowering medications used in this study population. Fifth, the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes was only based on the levels of fasting glucose and HbA1c without a glucose challenge test. Therefore, there is still the possibility that subjects with overt diabetes could have been included in this study, although recent guidelines recommend that fasting glucose and HbA1c levels are sufficient to diagnose diabetes [5]. In spite of these limitations, the results of this study are meaningful in that this study was the first to report the association of increasing HbA1c with risk for ischemic stroke in non-diabetic Korean adults.

In conclusion, higher HbA1c indicated a significantly increased risk for ischemic stroke after adjusting for other confounding variables in non-diabetic Korean adult males. In addition, HbA1c might have significance in predicting the risk for ischemic stroke even in the non-diabetic range. Therefore, efforts to maintain glucose level within the normal range in subjects with high cardiovascular risk are important. These data support the need for a prospective study examining levels of HbA1c and future ischemic stroke in Korean subjects.

Acknowledgements

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We acknowledge the efforts of our colleagues in the Neurologic Department in Soonchunhyang University Hospital for their efforts in the maintenance and management of the stroke registry. We also would like to express special thanks to the health screening group at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

NOTES

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

REFERENCES

• 1. Burke TA, Venketasubramanian RN. The epidemiology of stroke in the East Asian region: a literature-based review. Int J Stroke 2006;1:208-215. ArticlePubMedPDF
• 2. Ergul A, Li W, Elgebaly MM, Bruno A, Fagan SC. Hyperglycemia, diabetes and stroke: focus on the cerebrovasculature. Vascul Pharmacol 2009;51:44-49. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 3. Ramachandran A, Ma RC, Snehalatha C. Diabetes in Asia. Lancet 2010;375:408-418. ArticlePubMed
• 4. Tahara Y, Shima K. Kinetics of HbA1c, glycated albumin, and fructosamine and analysis of their weight functions against preceding plasma glucose level. Diabetes Care 1995;18:440-447. ArticlePubMedPDF
• 5. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2011;34(Suppl 1):S62-S69. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 6. Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, Marsh EE 3rd. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke 1993;24:35-41. ArticlePubMed
• 7. National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP): List of NGSP certified methods accessed 2011 Aug 10. Available from: http://www.ngsp.org/docs/methods.pdf.
• 8. Schwartz KL, Monsur JC, Bartoces MG, West PA, Neale AV. Correlation of same-visit HbA1c test with laboratory-based measurements: a MetroNet study. BMC Fam Pract 2005;6:28ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 9. Finke A, Kobold U, Hoelzel W, Weykamp C, Miedema K, Jeppsson JO. Preparation of a candidate primary reference material for the international standardization of HbA1c determinations. Clin Chem Lab Med 1998;36:299-308. PubMed
• 10. Peterson KP, Pavlovich JG, Goldstein D, Little R, England J, Peterson CM. What is hemoglobin A1c? An analysis of glycated hemoglobins by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Clin Chem 1998;44:1951-1958. ArticlePubMedPDF
• 11. Park S, Barrett-Connor E, Wingard DL, Shan J, Edelstein S. GHb is a better predictor of cardiovascular disease than fasting or postchallenge plasma glucose in women without diabetes. The Rancho Bernardo Study. Diabetes Care 1996;19:450-456. ArticlePubMedPDF
• 12. Khaw KT, Wareham N, Bingham S, Luben R, Welch A, Day N. Association of hemoglobin A1c with cardiovascular disease and mortality in adults: the European prospective investigation into cancer in Norfolk. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:413-420. ArticlePubMed
• 13. de Vegt F, Dekker JM, Ruhe HG, Stehouwer CD, Nijpels G, Bouter LM, Heine RJ. Hyperglycaemia is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the Hoorn population: the Hoorn Study. Diabetologia 1999;42:926-931. ArticlePubMedPDF
• 14. Blake GJ, Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Williams GR, Buring J, Ridker PM, Glynn RJ. Hemoglobin A1c level and future cardiovascular events among women. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:757-761. ArticlePubMed
• 15. Pradhan AD, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM. Hemoglobin A1c predicts diabetes but not cardiovascular disease in nondiabetic women. Am J Med 2007;120:720-727. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 16. Selvin E, Coresh J, Shahar E, Zhang L, Steffes M, Sharrett AR. Glycaemia (haemoglobin A1c) and incident ischaemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Lancet Neurol 2005;4:821-826. ArticlePubMed
• 17. Selvin E, Coresh J, Golden SH, Brancati FL, Folsom AR, Steffes MW. Glycemic control and coronary heart disease risk in persons with and without diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1910-1916. ArticlePubMed
• 18. Selvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, Matsushita K, Wagenknecht L, Pankow J, Coresh J, Brancati FL. Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults. N Engl J Med 2010;362:800-811. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 19. Rivera JJ, Choi EK, Yoon YE, Chun EJ, Choi SI, Nasir K, Brancati FL, Blumenthal RS, Chang HJ. Association between increasing levels of hemoglobin A1c and coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic individuals without diabetes mellitus. Coron Artery Dis 2010;21:157-163. ArticlePubMed
• 20. Sung KC, Rhee EJ. Glycated haemoglobin as a predictor for metabolic syndrome in non-diabetic Korean adults. Diabet Med 2007;24:848-854. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 21. Ding EL, Song Y, Manson JE, Hunter DJ, Lee CC, Rifai N, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Liu S. Sex hormone-binding globulin and risk of type 2 diabetes in women and men. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1152-1163. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 22. Page-Wilson G, Goulart AC, Rexrode KM. Interrelation between sex hormones and plasma sex hormone-binding globulin and hemoglobin A1c in healthy postmenopausal women. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2009;7:249-254. ArticlePubMedPMC

Fig. 1

Selection of study subjects.

Fig. 2

Distribution of ischemic stroke patients according to TOAST classification. TOAST, Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment.

Fig. 3

The proportion of subjects with ischemic stroke according to HbA1c decile in Korean adult males. HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.

Table 1

Comparison of mean variables between patients with ischemic stroke and control subjects

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 2

Logistic regression analysis with ischemic stroke as the dependent variable

Adjusted for age, smoking, BMI, HDL-C, LDL-C, SBP, DBP, quartile of HbA1c.

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.

Figure & Data

References

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Association of Glycated Hemoglobin With Acute Ischemic Stroke in a Tertiary Care Center in a Tribal Region of Jharkhand
  Shimpy Priya, Vikas Mardi, Siddharth Kapoor, Abhay Kumar, Usha Saroj, Ajit Dungdung, Raunak Rishu
  Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Machine learning algorithms identify demographics, dietary features, and blood biomarkers associated with stroke records
  Jundong Liu, Elizabeth L. Chou, Kui Kai Lau, Peter Y.M. Woo, Jun Li, Kei Hang Katie Chan
  Journal of the Neurological Sciences.2022; 440: 120335.     CrossRef
• HbA1c and clinical outcomes after endovascular treatment in patients with posterior circulation large vessel occlusion: a subgroup analysis of a nationwide registry (BASILAR)
  Feixue Yue, Zhongxiu Wang, Jie Pu, Min Zhang, Yong Liu, Hongxing Han, Wenhua Liu, Xianjun Wang, Rongzong Li, Dongzhang Xue, Jiaming Cao, Zhizhong Yan, Guozhong Niu, Hao Zhang, Haitao Guan, Hongliang Zeng, Feng You, Qian Yang, Wenjie Zi, Yi Zhang, Zetao Sh
  Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders.2020; 13: 175628642098135.     CrossRef
• Mortality and cardiovascular disease burden of uncontrolled diabetes in a registry-based cohort: the ESCARVAL-risk study
  Jorge Navarro-Pérez, Domingo Orozco-Beltran, Vicente Gil-Guillen, Vicente Pallares, Francisco Valls, Antonio Fernandez, Ana María Perez-Navarro, Carlos Sanchis, Alejandro Dominguez-Lucas, Jose M. Martin-Moreno, Josep Redon, Maria Tellez-Plaza
  BMC Cardiovascular Disorders.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Hemoglobin A1c and risk of left atrial thrombus and spontaneous echo contrast in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients
  Rong-Ren Kuang, Fang-Zhou Liu, Yun-Peng Li, Wei-Dong Lin, Hua-Sheng Liang, Ai-Hua Chen
  European Journal of Medical Research.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Early New Ischemic Lesions Located Outside the Initially Affected Vascular Territory Appear More Often in Stroke Patients with Elevated Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
  Tim Bastian Braemswig, Christian H. Nolte, Jochen B. Fiebach, Tatiana Usnich
  Frontiers in Neurology.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Blood Pressure Is the Determinant for the Increased Risk for Intracranial Arterial Stenosis in Subjects with Elevated Glycated Hemoglobin Levels: The Kangbuk Samsung Health Study
  Hyung-Geun Oh, Eun-Jung Rhee
  Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases.2016; 25(11): 2729.     CrossRef
• Prognosis of Ischemic Stroke With Newly Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus According to Hemoglobin A1c Criteria in Chinese Population
  Jing Jing, Yuesong Pan, Xingquan Zhao, Huaguang Zheng, Qian Jia, Hao Li, Ling Guan, Liping Liu, Chunxue Wang, Xia Meng, Yan He, Yilong Wang, Yongjun Wang
  Stroke.2016; 47(8): 2038.     CrossRef
• Glycosylated haemoglobin as a predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
  I Cavero-Redondo, B Peleteiro, C Álvarez-Bueno, F Rodríguez-Artalejo, V Martínez-Vizcaíno
  BMJ Open.2016; 6(7): e012229.     CrossRef
• The Impact of Diabetes Mellitus and Corresponding HbA1c Levels on the Future Risks of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality: A Representative Cohort Study in Taiwan
  Yun-Yu Chen, Yenn-Jiang Lin, Eric Chong, Pei-Chun Chen, Taz-Fan Chao, Shih-Ann Chen, Kuo-Liong Chien, An Pan
  PLOS ONE.2015; 10(4): e0123116.     CrossRef
• Haptoglobin genotype modulates the relationships of glycaemic control with cognitive function in elderly individuals with type 2 diabetes
  Elizabeth Guerrero-Berroa, Ramit Ravona-Springer, Anthony Heymann, James Schmeidler, Andrew Levy, Derek Leroith, Michal S. Beeri
  Diabetologia.2015; 58(4): 736.     CrossRef
• Glycated Hemoglobin is a Better Predictor than Fasting Glucose for Cardiometabolic Risk in Non-diabetic Korean Women
  So Ra Yoon, Jae Hyang Lee, Ga Yoon Na, Yu Jeong Seo, Seongho Han, Min-Jeong Shin, Oh Yoen Kim
  Clinical Nutrition Research.2015; 4(2): 97.     CrossRef
• Assessment of the Association between Mean Hemoglobin A1c Levels for 5 Years and Coronary Artery Disease by Coronary Angiography in Nondiabetic Patients
  Jae-Joon Kim, Ji-Hoon Kang, Ja-Jun Goo, Kyoung-Nyoun Kim, Ja-Young Lee, Mi-kyung Kim, Tae Ik Kim
  Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2014; 38(1): 58.     CrossRef
• Glycated Hemoglobin and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Singaporean Chinese Without Diagnosed Diabetes: The Singapore Chinese Health Study
  Michael P. Bancks, Andrew O. Odegaard, James S. Pankow, Woon-Puay Koh, Jian-Min Yuan, Myron D. Gross, Mark A. Pereira
  Diabetes Care.2014; 37(12): 3180.     CrossRef
• Letter: Higher Glycated Hemoglobin Level Is Associated with Increased Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Non-Diabetic Korean Male Adults (Diabetes Metab J 2011;35:551-7)
  Seok Hong Lee, Jihyun Ahn, Jaetaek Kim
  Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2012; 36(1): 79.     CrossRef

About this article

Oh HG, Rhee EJ, Kim TW, Lee KB, Park JH, Yang KI, Jeong D, Park HK. Higher Glycated Hemoglobin Level Is Associated with Increased Risk for Ischemic Stroke in Non-Diabetic Korean Male Adults. Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(5):551-557.

Received: Aug 12, 2011; Accepted: Sep 23, 2011

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.5.551.

Download citation ↓