Yoo-Ri Chung; Kyoung Hwa Ha; Kihwang Lee; Dae Jung Kim

doi:10.4093/dmj.2019.0216

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Response Response: Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors versus Other Antidiabetic Drugs Added to Metformin Monotherapy in Diabetic Retinopathy Progression: A Real World-Based Cohort Study (Diabetes Metab J 2019;43:640–8): Yoo-Ri Chung¹, Kyoung Hwa Ha^2,3, Kihwang Lee¹, Dae Jung Kim^2,3; Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 2019;43(6):917-918.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0216
Published online: December 26, 2019

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¹Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.

²Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.

³Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.

Corresponding author: Kihwang Lee. Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea. kie114@ajou.ac.kr

Corresponding author: Dae Jung Kim. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea. djkim@ajou.ac.kr

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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REFERENCES
About this article

We appreciate the thoughtful comments by Dr. Moon on our recently published article, “Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors versus other antidiabetic drugs added to metformin monotherapy in diabetic retinopathy progression: a real world-based cohort study” [1]. We also would like to thank the editor for the chance to further discuss our article.

Dr. Moon pointed out in his comment that the lack of critical risk factors such as glycemic control (glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] level) and duration of diabetes requires careful interpretation, and also mentioned that the differences among dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4is) need to be evaluated as there is no specific antidiabetic agent that protects against the progression of diabetes so far.

We agree that the lack of HbA1c data for glycemic control is a critical limitation of our study, as intensive treatment of hyperglycemia is known to reduce the rate of diabetic retinopathy (DR) progression [2]. This is why we had described it as a major limitation, although we tried to adjust fasting glucose levels instead in the subgroup analysis. This lack of HbA1c data would be a persistent weakness of future cohort studies using national database for DR-related investigations. We also agree that the differences among DPP4is need to be evaluated, as they differ widely in their chemistry, properties, and elimination pathways [3]. Subgroup analysis of different DPP4is would be of interest, while this should be conducted with a much larger sample size.

We would also like to take this opportunity for a further discussion with the study by Kim et al. [4] based on the same database provided by the National Health Insurance Service in Korea (NHIS). We summarized the differences between our study and that of Kim et al. [4], although the main conclusions were similar in that there was no definite aggravation of DR by DPP4is (Table 1). The major differences between the two studies were the definition of DR progression and the presence of DR at baseline. Patients with DR was 13.7% (n=3,996) in the study of Kim et al. [4]; the majority of patients were without DR at baseline. Our study included patients with preexisting DR and had a larger sample size (n=11,200) than that of Kim et al. [4], which is sufficient to investigate the effect of DPP4is in the progression of DR. Kim et al. [4] reported an increased risk of DR progression early in the treatment phase (<12 months), while this trend was limited to those without DR. Adjusted hazard ratio was below 1 for DPP4i ever-users in those with DR, which was similar with our study.

Further study with a larger sample size and longer duration of treatment would be helpful to clarify the effect of specific DPP4is. Thank you again for your interest in our article.

NOTES

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

REFERENCES

1. Chung YR, Ha KH, Kim HC, Park SJ, Lee K, Kim DJ. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors versus other antidiabetic drugs added to metformin monotherapy in diabetic retinopathy progression: a real world-based cohort study. Diabetes Metab J 2019;43:640-648. Article PubMed PMC PDF
2. Chew EY, Davis MD, Danis RP, Lovato JF, Perdue LH, Greven C, Genuth S, Goff DC, Leiter LA, Ismail-Beigi F, Ambrosius WT. Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Eye Study Research Group. The effects of medical management on the progression of diabetic retinopathy in persons with type 2 diabetes: the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2014;121:2443-2451. Article PubMed PMC
3. Deacon CF, Lebovitz HE. Comparative review of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and sulphonylureas. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016;18:333-347. Article PubMed PDF
4. Kim NH, Choi J, Kim NH, Choi KM, Baik SH, Lee J, Kim SG. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor use and risk of diabetic retinopathy: a population-based study. Diabetes Metab 2018;44:361-367. Article PubMed

Table 1

Comparison of study designs on DPP4is and DR progression based on National Health Insurance Service data

	Kim et al. [4]	Chung et al. [1]
Inclusion year	2008–2013 (DPP4i, SU, TZD, and MET)	2009–2012 (for MET as first line therapy)
Inclusion year	2008–2013 (DPP4i, SU, TZD, and MET)	2013–2015 (for DPP4i, SU or TZD as second line therapy)
Classification	“DPP4i ever-use” vs. “never-use”	“MET+DPP4i” vs. “MET+SU” vs. “MET+TZD”
Study population	DR (13.7%), no DR (86.3%)	DR only
Sample size, n	29,104 (3,996 [DR] and 25,108 [no DR])	11,200 (DR)
Duration, mo	Follow-up (median): 28.4	Second line therapy (mean): MET+DPP4i (19.7), MET+SU (20.3), MET+TZD (18.6)
Definition of DR progression	(1) Procedure codes: photocoagulation, intravitreal injection or vitrectomy	(1) Procedure codes: photocoagulation, intravitreal injection or vitrectomy
Definition of DR progression	(2) Diagnostic codes: vitreous hemorrhage or blindness	(2) Diagnostic codes: vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment or neovascular glaucoma
Event rate, /1,000 PY	9.44 (ever-use) vs. 8.49 (never-use)	538 (MET+DPP4i), 461 (MET+SU), 421 (MET+TZD)
	DR: 20.69 (ever-use) vs. 20.66 (never-use)
	No DR: 7.15 (ever-use) vs. 6.00 (never-use)
HR, fully adjusted	1.08 (0.93–1.26) ever-use vs. never-use	0.80 (0.66–0.97) MET+DPP4i vs. MET+SU user
	DR: 0.98 (0.77–1.26) ever-use vs. never-use
	No DR: 1.17 (0.96–1.42) ever-use vs. never-use

DPP4i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; DR, diabetic retinopathy; SU, sulfonylurea; TZD, thiazolidinedione; MET, metformin; PY, person-year; HR, hazard ratio.

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Response: Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors versus Other Antidiabetic Drugs Added to Metformin Monotherapy in Diabetic Retinopathy Progression: A Real World-Based Cohort Study (Diabetes Metab J 2019;43:640–8)

Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(6):917-918. Published online December 26, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0216

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	Kim et al. [4]	Chung et al. [1]
Inclusion year	2008–2013 (DPP4i, SU, TZD, and MET)	2009–2012 (for MET as first line therapy)
Inclusion year	2008–2013 (DPP4i, SU, TZD, and MET)	2013–2015 (for DPP4i, SU or TZD as second line therapy)
Classification	“DPP4i ever-use” vs. “never-use”	“MET+DPP4i” vs. “MET+SU” vs. “MET+TZD”
Study population	DR (13.7%), no DR (86.3%)	DR only
Sample size, n	29,104 (3,996 [DR] and 25,108 [no DR])	11,200 (DR)
Duration, mo	Follow-up (median): 28.4	Second line therapy (mean): MET+DPP4i (19.7), MET+SU (20.3), MET+TZD (18.6)
Definition of DR progression	(1) Procedure codes: photocoagulation, intravitreal injection or vitrectomy	(1) Procedure codes: photocoagulation, intravitreal injection or vitrectomy
Definition of DR progression	(2) Diagnostic codes: vitreous hemorrhage or blindness	(2) Diagnostic codes: vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment or neovascular glaucoma
Event rate, /1,000 PY	9.44 (ever-use) vs. 8.49 (never-use)	538 (MET+DPP4i), 461 (MET+SU), 421 (MET+TZD)
	DR: 20.69 (ever-use) vs. 20.66 (never-use)
	No DR: 7.15 (ever-use) vs. 6.00 (never-use)
HR, fully adjusted	1.08 (0.93–1.26) ever-use vs. never-use	0.80 (0.66–0.97) MET+DPP4i vs. MET+SU user
	DR: 0.98 (0.77–1.26) ever-use vs. never-use
	No DR: 1.17 (0.96–1.42) ever-use vs. never-use

Table 1 Comparison of study designs on DPP4is and DR progression based on National Health Insurance Service data

DPP4i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; DR, diabetic retinopathy; SU, sulfonylurea; TZD, thiazolidinedione; MET, metformin; PY, person-year; HR, hazard ratio.

Table 1

About this article

Chung YR, Ha KH, Lee K, Kim DJ. Response: Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors versus Other Antidiabetic Drugs Added to Metformin Monotherapy in Diabetic Retinopathy Progression: A Real World-Based Cohort Study (Diabetes Metab J 2019;43:640–8). Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(6):917-918.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0216.

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