Fig. 1Comparison between the observed and projected prevalence of diabetes mellitus in adult males and females for the year 2013 when considering the 2013 population projection. The dashed lines indicate the projected prevalence of diabetes mellitus (14.0 % for men and 10.4% for women) before considering the 2013 population projection. CI, confidence interval.
Fig. 2Projected prevalence of diabetes mellitus in adult males and females for the year 2030 when considering the 2030 population projection. CI, confidence interval.
Table 1Comparison of outcome and exposure variables for three cycles of the KNHANES and national statistical data
Variable |
Survey cycles (yr) |
P for trend |
3rd (2005) |
4th (2007–2009) |
5th (2010–2012) |
KNHANES data |
|
|
|
|
No. of participants |
4,433 |
13,711 |
14,461 |
|
Diabetes mellitus, % |
8.4 |
10.9 |
11.6 |
<0.001 |
Male sex, % |
42.6 |
42.5 |
42.8 |
0.624 |
Married, % |
95.9 |
96.2 |
95.3 |
<0.010 |
Office worker, % |
15.8 |
16.8 |
19.5 |
<0.001 |
Non-office worker, % |
45.1 |
42.3 |
40.8 |
<0.001 |
Low-income householda, % |
18.5 |
23.8 |
16.3 |
<0.001 |
Lower than high school education, % |
41.2 |
44.0 |
38.5 |
<0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
23.9±3.2 |
23.8±3.2 |
23.8±3.3 |
0.095 |
Obesityb, % |
34.4 |
33.3 |
33.3 |
0.265 |
Hypertension, % |
28.5 |
33.0 |
33.9 |
<0.001 |
Current smoker, % |
22.4 |
21.0 |
18.1 |
<0.001 |
Current alcohol drinkerc, % |
47.9 |
50.8 |
51.1 |
<0.010 |
Sleep duration ≤7 hr/day |
70.4 |
70.5 |
71.6 |
0.042 |
Stress, % |
34.3 |
27.6 |
25.2 |
<0.001 |
Depression, % |
16.0 |
16.1 |
13.2 |
<0.001 |
National statistical data |
|
|
|
|
Fertility rate |
1.10±0.13 |
1.22±0.16 |
1.28±0.17 |
<0.001 |
Consumer price index for gasoline |
82.7±1.2 |
94.1±3.9 |
109.2±6.9 |
<0.001 |
Table 2Results of a stepwise logistic regression analysis for the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among 32,605 adults
Exposure variables (reference) |
Coefficient estimates |
Multivariate OR (95% CI) |
Survey year |
0.029 |
1.03 (1.01–1.05) |
Age, yr |
0.035 |
1.04 (1.03–1.04) |
Males (females) |
0.463 |
1.59 (1.41–1.79) |
Married (unmarried) |
0.305 |
1.36 (1.03–1.79) |
Unemployed (office worker) |
0.323 |
1.38 (1.20–1.60) |
Lower than high school education (higher education) |
0.266 |
1.31 (1.18–1.44) |
Obesity (no) |
0.578 |
1.78 (1.65–1.92) |
Hypertension (no) |
0.685 |
1.98 (1.83–2.15) |
Former smoker (non-smoker) |
0.130 |
1.14 (1.01–1.29) |
Current heavy smoker (non-smoker) |
0.403 |
1.50 (1.28–1.74) |
Alcohol drinker (non-drinker) |
−0.191 |
0.83 (0.76–0.90) |
Sleep duration ≤7 hr/day (>7 hr/day) |
−0.102 |
0.90 (0.83–0.98) |
Stress (no) |
0.110 |
1.12 (1.02–1.22) |
Depression (no) |
0.134 |
1.14 (1.03–1.27) |
Fertility rate |
−0.278 |
0.76 (0.61–0.95) |
Table 3Results of stepwise logistic regression analysis for the prevalence of diabetes mellitus by gender
Exposure variables (reference) |
Coefficient estimates |
Multivariate OR (95% CI) |
13,908 Males |
|
|
Age, yr |
0.036 |
1.04 (1.03–1.04) |
Married (unmarried) |
0.354 |
1.43 (1.02–1.98) |
Unemployed (office worker) |
0.302 |
1.35 (1.13–1.62) |
Obesity (no) |
0.434 |
1.54 (1.38–1.72) |
Hypertension (no) |
0.605 |
1.83 (1.64–2.04) |
Current heavy smoker (non-smoker) |
0.341 |
1.41 (1.18–1.67) |
Sleep duration ≤7 hr/day (>7 hr/day) |
−0.145 |
0.87 (0.78–0.97) |
Depression (no) |
0.204 |
1.23 (1.05–1.44) |
Consumer price index for gasoline |
0.006 |
1.01 (1.01–1.01) |
18,697 Females |
|
|
Survey year |
0.032 |
1.03 (1.01–1.06) |
Age, yr |
0.032 |
1.03 (1.03–1.04) |
Non-office worker (office worker) |
0.397 |
1.49 (1.08–2.05) |
Unemployed (office worker) |
0.668 |
1.95 (1.42–2.68) |
Lower than high school education (higher education) |
0.515 |
1.67 (1.41–1.99) |
Obesity (no) |
0.664 |
1.94 (1.75–2.16) |
Hypertension (no) |
0.744 |
2.10 (1.87–2.37) |
Heavy smoker (non-smoker) |
0.574 |
1.78 (1.08–2.92) |
Alcohol drinker (non-drinker) |
−0.286 |
0.75 (0.66–0.85) |
Stress (no) |
0.231 |
1.26 (1.13–1.41) |
Fertility rate |
−0.560 |
0.57 (0.42–0.78) |