1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
2Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
3Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
4Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea.
5Department of Family Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea.
6Policy Research Affairs, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea.
7Department of Family Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea.
Copyright © 2018 Korean Diabetes Association
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Variable | Development cohort | Validation cohort | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Men (n=191,199) | Women (n=168,150) | Men (n=3,164) | Women (n=3,496) | |
Age, yr | 51.2±9.2 | 52.5±9.6 | 50.4±8.4 | 51.3±8.8 |
Family history of diabetes | 11,164 (5.8) | 10,461 (6.2) | 301 (9.5) | 403 (11.5) |
Alcohol intake | ||||
Abstinent | 66,159 (34.6) | 138,003 (82.1) | 960 (30.3) | 2,597 (74.3) |
Low-medium | 112,992 (59.1) | 29,589 (17.6) | 1,726 (54.6) | 838 (24.0) |
High | 12,048 (6.3) | 558 (0.3) | 478 (15.1) | 61 (1.7) |
Smoking status | ||||
Non-smoker | 79,056 (41.4) | 161,964 (96.3) | 658 (20.8) | 3,321 (95.0) |
Former smoker | 29,888 (15.6) | 1,619 (1.0) | 987 (31.2) | 46 (1.3) |
Current smoker | 82,255 (43.0) | 4,567 (2.7) | 1,519 (48.0) | 129 (3.7) |
Physical activity | ||||
Low | 95,495 (49.9) | 112,770 (67.1) | 2,539 (80.3) | 2,921 (83.6) |
Medium | 78,139 (40.9) | 40,898 (24.3) | 573 (18.1) | 525 (15.0) |
High | 17,565 (9.2) | 14,482 (8.6) | 52 (1.6) | 50 (1.4) |
Antihypertensive therapy | 35,981 (18.8) | 42,188 (25.1) | 246 (7.8) | 355 (10.2) |
Statin therapy | 6,124 (3.2) | 7,454 (4.4) | 18 (0.6) | 9 (0.3) |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.9±2.8 | 23.9±3.0 | 24.2±2.8 | 24.7±3.2 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||
<18.5 | 4,588 (2.4) | 3,927 (2.3) | 62 (2.0) | 47 (1.3) |
18.5–22.9 | 66,475 (34.8) | 65,248 (38.8) | 972 (30.7) | 1,019 (29.2) |
23.0–24.9 | 53,976 (28.2) | 44,110 (26.2) | 907 (28.7) | 893 (25.5) |
25.0–29.9 | 62,430 (32.7) | 49,447 (29.4) | 1,156 (36.5) | 1,315 (37.6) |
≥30.0 | 3,730 (2.0) | 5,418 (3.2) | 67 (2.1) | 222 (6.4) |
Systolic BP, mm Hg | 128.0±17.2 | 124.2±18.5 | 120.6±16.6 | 118.2±18.8 |
Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 81.0±11.4 | 77.2±11.8 | 81.4±10.9 | 77.4±11.5 |
Systolic BP, mmHg | ||||
<100 | 2,823 (1.5) | 7,005 (4.2) | 226 (7.1) | 489 (14.0) |
100–119 | 45,513 (23.8) | 54,858 (32.6) | 1,401 (44.3) | 1,578 (45.1) |
120–139 | 91,123 (47.7) | 68,943 (41.0) | 1,135 (35.9) | 944 (27.0) |
140–159 | 40,625 (21.2) | 28,597 (17.0) | 326 (10.3) | 384 (11.0) |
≥160 | 11,115 (5.8) | 8,747 (5.2) | 76 (2.4) | 101 (2.9) |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 198.1±36.9 | 201.4±38.1 | 198.6±35.5 | 197.4±35.9 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | ||||
<240 | 167,175 (87.4) | 142,687 (84.9) | 2,756 (87.1) | 3,078 (88.0) |
≥240 | 24,024 (12.6) | 25,463 (15.1) | 408 (12.9) | 418 (12.0) |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 91.0 (82.0–101.0) | 89.0 (81.0–98.0) | 83.0 (78.0–90.0) | 80.0 (76.0–85.0) |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL | ||||
<70 | 3,887 (2.0) | 3,440 (2.0) | 72 (2.3) | 127 (3.6) |
70–84 | 55,142 (28.8) | 54,681 (32.5) | 1,654 (52.3) | 2,431 (69.5) |
85–99 | 79,498 (41.6) | 74,599 (44.4) | 1,239 (39.2) | 861 (24.6) |
100–109 | 32,794 (17.2) | 23,564 (14.0) | 160 (5.1) | 61 (1.7) |
≥110 | 19,878 (10.4) | 11,866 (7.1) | 39 (1.2) | 16 (0.5) |
GGT, U/L | 32.0 (21.0–54.0) | 16.0 (12.0–23.0) | 31.0 (20.0–53.0) | 15.0 (12.0–21.0) |
Variable | Men | Women |
---|---|---|
Age, yr | 1.04 (1.03–1.04) | 1.03 (1.03–1.04) |
Family history of diabetes | 1.50 (1.43–1.58) | 1.57 (1.48–1.67) |
Alcohol intake | NA | |
Abstinent | 1.00 | |
Low-medium | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) | |
High | 1.06 (1.00–1.11) | |
Smoking status | ||
Non-smoker | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Former smoker | 1.07 (1.03–1.12) | 1.27 (1.09–1.47) |
Current smoker | 1.48 (1.43–1.52) | 1.31 (1.21–1.42) |
Physical activity | ||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Medium | 0.88 (0.86–0.91) | 0.93 (0.90–0.97) |
High | 0.87 (0.83–0.91) | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) |
Antihypertensive therapy | 1.39 (1.35–1.44) | 1.47 (1.42–1.52) |
Statin therapy | 1.30 (1.23–1.38) | 1.37 (1.30–1.45) |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||
<18.5 | 1.08 (0.97–1.19) | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) |
18.5–22.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
23.0–24.9 | 1.40 (1.35–1.45) | 1.38 (1.32–1.45) |
25.0–29.9 | 1.92 (1.86–1.99) | 1.91 (1.83–1.99) |
≥30.0 | 3.50 (3.27–3.75) | 2.90 (2.72–3.09) |
Systolic BP, mm Hg | ||
<100 | 0.89 (0.76–1.03) | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) |
100–119 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
120–139 | 1.16 (1.12–1.21) | 1.21 (1.16–1.26) |
140–159 | 1.29 (1.24–1.35) | 1.34 (1.28–1.41) |
≥160 | 1.41 (1.33–1.49) | 1.44 (1.35–1.53) |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | ||
<240 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥240 | 1.20 (1.15–1.24) | 1.11 (1.07–1.15) |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL | ||
<70 | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | 0.98 (0.85–1.13) |
70–84 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
85–99 | 1.24 (1.20–1.29) | 1.26 (1.20–1.31) |
100–109 | 2.00 (1.92–2.09) | 2.18 (2.08–2.29) |
≥110 | 3.65 (3.50–3.80) | 3.83 (3.65–4.03) |
Log GGT | NA | 1.63 (1.59–1.67) |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range). BP, blood pressure; GGT, γ glutamyl transferase.
NA, not applicable; BP, blood pressure; GGT, γ glutamyl transferase.