1Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
2Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
Copyright © 2018 Korean Diabetes Association
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; PP2, 2-hour postprandial; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; sEGFR, soluble epidermal growth factor receptor.
aP value from independent t-test, bP value from chi-square test.
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; SE, standard error; BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; PP2, 2-hour postprandial; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Variable | Control (n=109) | T2DM (n=103) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 48.9±14.7 | 52.2±12.4 | 0.070a |
Sex, male | 42 (38.5) | 58 (56.3) | 0.010b |
Height, cm | 162.5±9.6 | 164.3±9.0 | 0.168a |
Body weight, kg | 65.2±5.1 | 70.0±13.6 | 0.016a |
Waist circumference, cm | 84.4±11.0 | 88.7±11.6 | 0.049a |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.5±4.1 | 25.9±4.1 | 0.018a |
Smoking status | |||
Current smoker | 8 (7.5) | 24 (24.2) | 0.001b |
Former smoker | 11 (10.4) | 15 (15.2) | 0.321b |
Never | 87 (82.1) | 60 (60.6) | 0.001b |
Hypertension | 18 (16.5) | 35 (34.0) | 0.003b |
Dyslipidemia | 19 (17.4) | 20 (19.4) | 0.709b |
Coronary artery disease | 10 (9.2) | 6 (5.8) | 0.356b |
Cerebrovascular disease | 1 (0.5) | 6 (5.8) | 0.059b |
Systolic BP, mm Hg | 128.7±15.1 | 134.4±17.9 | 0.014a |
Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 76.5±11.0 | 80.1±10.1 | 0.015a |
HbA1c, % | 5.5±0.4 | 8.2±2.2 | <0.001a |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 99.2±14.5 | 169.7±59.6 | <0.001a |
PP2 glucose, mg/dL | 127.9±34.7 | 311.2±99.8 | <0.001a |
Fasting C-peptide, pmol/mL | 0.70±0.36 | 0.90±0.38 | <0.001a |
PP2 C-peptide, pmol/mL | 3.38±1.42 | 2.74±1.48 | 0.003a |
Fasting insulin, µIU/mL | 9.39±5.21 | 11.79±6.72 | 0.005a |
PP2 insulin, µIU/mL | 65.32±66.80 | 49.54±45.60 | 0.059a |
HOMA-IR | 2.39±1.93 | 4.89±2.96 | <0.001a |
HOMA-β | 99.2±50.6 | 52.9±47.2 | <0.001a |
Apolipoprotein A, mg/dL | 131.7±29.8 | 121.7±28.7 | 0.089a |
Apolipoprotein B, mg/dL | 91.7±25.5 | 104.1±30.0 | 0.025a |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 127.3±103.6 | 221.7±242.2 | <0.001a |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 190.5±37.8 | 203.3±52.2 | 0.046a |
Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.74±0.16 | 0.84±1.01 | 0.313a |
Estimated GFR | 104.5±20.7 | 115.9±59.6 | 0.068a |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 54.7±13.5 | 49.4±13.8 | 0.006a |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 117.5±34.6 | 124.6±47.8 | 0.229a |
sEGFR, ng/mL | 76.6±19.9 | 84.5±16.1 | 0.002a |
Variable | Univariate regression | Multivariate regression | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R | R2 | β±SE | P value | Partial R2 | β±SE | P value | |
Male sex | 0.159 | 0.025 | −5.112±3.166 | 0.110 | |||
Age | 0.276 | 0.076 | −0.358±0.124 | 0.005 | 0.001 | −0.053±0.161 | 0.744 |
Height | 0.211 | 0.044 | 0.376±0.175 | 0.034 | 0.001 | −0.081±0.226 | 0.723 |
Body weight | 0.125 | 0.016 | 0.148±0.117 | 0.207 | |||
Waist circumference | 0.242 | 0.059 | −0.337±0.172 | 0.054 | |||
Body mass index | 0.002 | 0.000 | −0.007±0.394 | 0.986 | |||
Smoking status | |||||||
Current smoker | 0.163 | 0.026 | 6.153±3.712 | 0.101 | |||
Former smoker | 0.125 | 0.016 | 1.895±1.491 | 0.207 | |||
Never | 0.229 | 0.053 | −3.716±1.570 | 0.020 | 0.060 | −3.988±1.425 | 0.006 |
Hypertension | 0.108 | 0.012 | −3.633±3.339 | 0.279 | |||
Dyslipidemia | 0.129 | 0.017 | −5.199±3.988 | 0.195 | |||
Coronary artery disease | 0.110 | 0.012 | −7.532±6.749 | 0.267 | |||
Cerebrovascular disease | 0.075 | 0.006 | 5.140±6.772 | 0.450 | |||
Systolic BP | 0.062 | 0.004 | −0.056±0.089 | 0.535 | |||
Diastolic BP | 0.038 | 0.001 | 0.060±0.157 | 0.705 | |||
Hemoglobin | 0.162 | 0.026 | 1.602±1.002 | 0.113 | |||
HbA1c | 0.470 | 0.221 | 3.440±0.646 | <0.001 | 0.166 | 3.143±0.675 | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose | 0.407 | 0.166 | 0.110±0.024 | <0.001 | 0.016 | 0.074±0.052 | 0.155 |
PP2 glucose | 0.469 | 0.220 | 0.075±0.015 | <0.001 | 0.001 | −0.002±0.029 | 0.951 |
Fasting C-peptide | 0.160 | 0.026 | −6.801±4.258 | 0.113 | |||
PP2 C-peptide | 0.450 | 0.202 | −4.770±1.034 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.685±2.491 | 0.784 |
Fasting insulin | 0.256 | 0.066 | −0.620±0.238 | 0.011 | 0.037 | −0.785±0.359 | 0.032 |
PP2 insulin | 0.410 | 0.168 | −0.142±0.034 | <0.001 | 0.005 | −0.080±0.092 | 0.388 |
HOMA-IR | 0.056 | 0.003 | −0.310±0.558 | 0.579 | |||
HOMA-β | 0.296 | 0.087 | −0.102±0.033 | 0.003 | 0.028 | 0.141±0.075 | 0.065 |
Apolipoprotein A | 0.072 | 0.005 | −0.044±0.084 | 0.603 | |||
Apolipoprotein B | 0.226 | 0.051 | 0.131±0.077 | 0.094 | |||
Triglyceride | 0.198 | 0.039 | 0.013±0.006 | 0.045 | 0.004 | −0.007±0.010 | 0.497 |
Total cholesterol | 0.366 | 0.134 | 0.113±0.029 | <0.001 | 0.081 | 0.107±0.033 | 0.002 |
Serum creatinine | 0.274 | 0.075 | 4.337±1.517 | 0.005 | 0.014 | 1.976±1.451 | 0.178 |
Estimated GFR | 0.012 | 0.001 | −0.003±0.027 | 0.907 | |||
HDL-C | 0.064 | 0.004 | −0.075±0.118 | 0.527 | |||
LDL-C | 0.272 | 0.074 | 0.092±0.033 | 0.006 | 0.001 | −0.011±0.106 | 0.921 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; PP2, 2-hour postprandial; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; sEGFR, soluble epidermal growth factor receptor. a
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; SE, standard error; BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; PP2, 2-hour postprandial; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.