Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Search
OPEN ACCESS

Articles

Page Path
HOME > Diabetes Metab J > Volume 41(4); 2017 > Article
Original Article
Epidemiology Depression and Mortality in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, 2003 to 2013: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Jong-Hyun Jeong1, Yoo Hyun Um1, Seung-Hyun Ko2, Jong-Heon Park3, Joong-Yeol Park4, Kyungdo Han5, Kyung-Soo Ko6orcid, Task Force Team for Diabetes Fact Sheet of the Korean Diabetes Association
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 2017;41(4):296-302.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.4.296
Published online: August 3, 2017
  • 4,883 Views
  • 61 Download
  • 24 Web of Science
  • 21 Crossref
  • 25 Scopus

1Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea.

2Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea.

3National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Korea.

4Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

5Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.

6Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

corresp_icon Corresponding author: Kyung-Soo Ko. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, 1342 Dongil-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01757, Korea. kskomd@paik.ac.kr
• Received: December 15, 2016   • Accepted: May 10, 2017

Copyright © 2017 Korean Diabetes Association

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

prev next
  • Background
    Previous reports have demonstrated a bidirectional relationship between depression and diabetes mellitus (DM), accentuating a need for more intensive depression screening in DM patients. There is a relative paucity of data on the mortality of depressed DM patients in Korea.
  • Methods
    Retrospective data from January 2003 to December 2013 were collected for adult type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients older than 30 years using the National Health Information database maintained by the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS). Demographic characteristics were analyzed with descriptive statistics, and the annual prevalence of depression was estimated. Mortality rates and hazard ratios for each age group (stratified into six age groups) of patients diagnosed with T2DM in 2003 were estimated using a Cox proportional hazard method, with the Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival curve showing the overall survival rates according to the T2DM status until the given year of 2013.
  • Results
    The annual prevalence of depression was consistently higher in T2DM group from 2003 to 2013. The mortality hazard ratio was higher in the depressed in all age groups, and the risk was higher in male groups and in younger-aged groups.
  • Conclusion
    Depression was significantly associated with a high mortality risk in T2DM patients; hence, a more systematic surveillance of T2DM patients to identify risk factors for depression might contribute significantly to reducing mortality risk in this group of patients.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is well known for its chronic course, with debilitating complications that require long-term management and treatment. A bidirectional relationship between depression and DM has been frequently reported [1], with ever increasing health costs as a notable adverse consequence [2]. A negative impact of depression on patients with DM has been reported from several perspectives. Depressive symptoms were closely associated with higher readmission and mortality rates [3], and a link between renal complications with diabetes was discussed in a recent study [4]. In addition, an 11-year follow-up revealed that the risk of diabetic foot ulcers increased in DM patients with depression [5].
Regarding the association between depression and DM, the influence that depression has on mortality rates warrants special clinical attention to discover predictors of mortality in DM patients, which could be conducive to setting up a proper paradigm to manage and treat DM patients systematically. Indeed, the importance of accurate depression screening in DM patients has been repeatedly emphasized [6]. Moreover, antidepressant drug prescription for depressed DM patients remarkably increased the effectiveness of glycemic control [7], and a need for further evidence-based lifestyle interventions has been suggested through a recent systematic review [8].
Recent studies have actively demonstrated a close relationship between depression and mortality rates in DM patients. Depressive symptoms proportionally increased mortality rates in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients who were not treated with insulin in one study [9], and a two-fold increase in mortality rates in T2DM patients with anhedonia was reported in another study [10]. In addition, the illness duration of depression significantly predicted mortality rates in a dose-dependent manner in one elderly cohort [11]. Despite the relatively large cohorts recruited in the aforementioned studies, most of them adopted depression scales to evaluate the relationship between depression and DM. Therefore, it is not clear whether their cohorts were patients who had been actually diagnosed with depression.
To summarize briefly the local data from Korea regarding depression and DM, the prevalence of depression in T2DM patients has been reported to be as high as 28.8% [12]. One national study sample on Korean women reported a prevalence of 22.6% in DM patients reporting symptoms of depression [13]. Risk factors for depression were reported, including oral diabetes medicine or insulin, low-incomes, smoking, and lack of exercise [12]. Despite such data available for the Korean sample, reports on the mortality rates in Korean DM patients comorbid with depression are relatively scarce despite its clinical importance.
In this study, patients with a dual diagnosis of DM and depression according to clinical interviews following the International Classification of Disease, 10th revision (ICD-10) were included to increase objectivity. Moreover, it is one of the few studies to report on the link between mortality rates and depressed DM patients in the Korean population. We hypothesized that DM patients with depression would demonstrate higher mortality risk than those without depression.
Source of database
The National Health Information database maintained by the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) was used. Retrospective data from January 2003 to December 2013 were collected for adult T2DM patients older than 30 years. The database includes specific information on the demographic characteristics, consultation statements, and diagnosis by the ICD-10 and prescription. Large-scale studies using the NHIS database have been conducted previously [14], and these data are widely accepted to be representative of the entire Korean population, which increases its utility as a source of data for population-based nationwide studies. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Korean National Institute for Bioethics Policy (P01-201504-21-005), through which informed consent was exempted.
Definition of diabetes mellitus, depression, and death
All participants were diagnosed with T2DM according to ICD-10 codes at baseline, and patients over the age of 30 years with a diagnostic code (ICD-10) of T2DM (E11-E14) more than once in a given year from January 2003 to December 2013 were included. They all made at least one visit to outpatient care or inpatient care to diagnose T2DM and accepted at least one prescription of antidiabetic medication, excluding prediabetes and non-diabetes subjects. Antidiabetic drugs included seven classes of medications dispensed during the study period in Korea (i.e., biguanide, sulfonylurea, α-glucosidase inhibitor, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, thiazolidinedione, meglitinide, and insulin). The glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist, with its relatively recent introduction in 2008 and subsequent insurance coverage in 2010, was not included. We defined the depressed T2DM group diagnosed with both T2DM and depression (F320-F349) according to the ICD-10 codes at baseline. In addition, patients with at least one prescription for antidepressants were also included. Claims data and national mortality data from the National Statistical Office to define death were merged for the analysis.
Statistical analysis
The demographic characteristics and the mortality rates for the participants were analyzed through descriptive statistics. The annual prevalence of depression was estimated according to the T2DM diagnosis status, and the age groups were stratified into five groups (30 to 39, 40 to 49, 50 to 59, 60 to 69, 70 to 79, and ≥80). Mortality rates and hazard ratios for each age group of those diagnosed with T2DM in 2003 were estimated using a Cox proportional hazard method with the Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival curve showing overall survival rates according to T2DM status, until the given year of 2013.
The demographic characteristics of patients with T2DM at baseline in 2003 are illustrated in Table 1. Comparisons of the annual prevalence of depression between the population with and without T2DM diagnosis from 2003 to 2013 demonstrated that, the annual prevalence of depression was consistently higher in the T2DM group (Table 2). Moreover, the annual prevalence of depression increased in both groups during the period of observation. Compared to 2003, the prevalence rates for depression in both groups increased by nearly two-fold in 2013. The unadjusted Cox model mortality hazard ratio for the T2DM group with depression was 1.43 when compared to those without depression (Table 3). The Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival curve is illustrated, with the non-depressed group showing a higher survival probability (Fig. 1). The mortality hazard ratio increased further in the male group, and the highest mortality hazard ratio was noted in the age group of 30 to 39, with the ratio decreasing proportionally in subsequent, older age groups (Table 3).
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Korean population-based study to delineate the association of depression and mortality in T2DM patients. Our results indicate that T2DM patients with depression exhibited a significantly higher mortality risk than those without depression. In particular, the mortality risk increased in the male group and younger age groups. We believe that the aforementioned association harbors several notable clinical implications.
First, the annual increase in prevalence of depression in T2DM patients between 2003 and 2013 is clinically meaningful. Despite that the annual prevalence of depression is ever increasing regardless of medical or psychiatric comorbidities, the increased prevalence of depression in this specific group of patients with T2DM patients warrants special attention. The reasons for such increases could be explored to expand awareness of the importance of early detection of depression and lessening the societal stigma for mental disorders. One recent study conducted door-to-door household surveys and noted this phenomenon, with an increased prevalence of major depressive disorders since 2001 [15]. Indeed, an underreporting of psychiatric symptoms has hampered an accurate estimation of the prevalence of mental disorders in Korea [15]. The same could have influenced the process of estimating the prevalence of depression in T2DM patients. Previous literatures have demonstrated a close link between DM and depression. To date, specific mechanisms involved in the bidirectional relationship between depression and DM, and their effects on mortality, remain elusive. An association between poor glycemic control and depression was previously reported [16], and a significant relationship between depression and diabetic complications was also demonstrated [17]. One study reported that amongst diabetic complications, diabetic neuropathic pain was a determinant for depression, suggesting pain management as an integral issue in diabetic care [18]. A previous Korean study demonstrated that DM patients were at high risk of depression and suicidal attempts, suggesting the detrimental effects of depression on the development of DM, with possible causative factors presumed to be increased physical inactivity and caloric intake [19]. Moreover, immunological dysfunction induced by depression in the trajectory of illness was purported to be a major culprit for mortality in another study [20].
Second, the increased mortality in T2DM patients with depression conveys an important message to clinicians. Increased mortality in T2DM patients in our results could be attributed to the aforementioned adverse effects of depression on DM. Regarding a specific relationship between mortality and DM, a recent meta-analysis of prospective studies on mortality in diabetic patients indicated that self-reported depressive symptoms were associated with all-cause mortality risk, with a hazard ratio of 2.56, and a meta-analysis on six studies based on depression diagnosis through clinical interviews revealed the adjusted hazard ratio to be 1.49 for depressed diabetic patients [21]. Another meta-analytic study on the mortality risk of depression in diabetic patients reported similar numbers, with a hazard ratio of 1.50 for the depressed diabetic individuals [22]. Although the heterogeneity between studies should be kept in mind with caution before interpreting results from meta-analytic studies, our results are somewhat consistent with the aforementioned reports, with a hazard ratio of 1.44 for the depressed T2DM group.
Third, a higher mortality risk was noted in the depressed male group in our results. Disparate mechanisms are involved during the illness, and surely, gender differences in vulnerability to depression, with well-known female preponderance, might affect mortality risk. In this regard, depressed women, but not men, were vulnerable to DM in one recent study [23]. However, our results differed from the aforementioned reports, with the depressed male diabetic group showing a higher mortality risk. One recent study suggested that in male T2DM patients, physical inactivity was associated with severe distress, and current smoking was more likely to distress male patients than female patients [24]. In an epidemiological study on depression in the Korean general population, a lack of libido was found to be the most prominent depressive symptom in the male population [25]. In line with this stance, a recent study found that T2DM was closely associated with sexual dysfunction, and more significantly, clinical depression was closely linked to erectile dysfunction in male T2DM patients [2627]. Moreover, a recent study on male T2DM patients indicated that proper therapeutic management with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors significantly ameliorated sexual dysfunction and depressive symptoms [28]. Thus, a more focused clinical management of sexual dysfunction is necessary in T2DM male patients who present depression.
The statistical results indicate a higher mortality risk in younger, depressed age groups, with the highest mortality risk in the youngest age group of the participants (aged 30 to 39). Two interpretations could explain this result. First, considering that the participants were all T2DM patients, it is less likely that the mortality of our depressed, younger groups reflect deaths from medical conditions. With regard to their older counterparts, medical conditions related to DM complications rather than depression itself could have influenced their mortality. Previous reports indicated that suicidal thoughts were less frequent in older age groups, with decreased frequency of reported symptoms of depression and anxiety at ages over 55 [29]. This phenomenon could have been reflected in our participants as well. Second, a study on the association between illness perception and depression in T2DM patients [30] revealed that the possible vulnerability of younger age groups can be extrapolated. T2DM, an illness with chronic course and complications, could be more devastating to younger age groups with more years of life expectancy than their older counterparts. More active psychological intervention in the younger age group diagnosed with T2DM patients is thus needed.
This study has several limitations that must be considered. First, because the mortality hazard ratios shown in the results were all unadjusted for other well-known risk factors, such as smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, hypertension, cancer, cerebrovascular disease history, and diabetes complications, mortality from the aforementioned confounding factors cannot be excluded. However, we believe that the effect of depression in the overall mortality rates in T2DM patients still has strength, warranting special attention to those who present depressive symptoms during their illness. Second, because this epidemiological study is limited to the Korean population, it is difficult to generalize our results. Third, the selection criteria adopted to diagnose depression in the study was implemented using the code-based national registry; hence, a lack of structured interviews and scaled ratings by psychiatrists limits the accuracy of the association between depression and mortality in T2DM patients. Fourth, because all our participants were T2DM patients, further research is needed to elucidate the link between mortality and depression in type 1 DM patients. Fifth, because the causes of death of the participants were not clear, further research should be directed toward explicating the relationship between cause-specific mortality and depression.
Depression in T2DM patients significantly increased mortality risk, and more systematic interventions should be implemented to identify risk factors of depression and help those who need treatment for depression. Diabetes care should not be limited to resolving physical distress, but should be expanded to include systems enabling lifelong surveillance of patients' lifestyles, psychological health, and well-being.
Acknowledgements
This work was performed through cooperation with the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) using the National Health Information Database made by the NHIS (No. NHIS-2015-4-008).

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

  • 1. Semenkovich K, Brown ME, Svrakic DM, Lustman PJ. Depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus: prevalence, impact, and treatment. Drugs 2015;75:577-587. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 2. Egede LE, Bishu KG, Walker RJ, Dismuke CE. Impact of diagnosed depression on healthcare costs in adults with and without diabetes: United States, 2004-2011. J Affect Disord 2016;195:119-126. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 3. Pederson JL, Warkentin LM, Majumdar SR, McAlister FA. Depressive symptoms are associated with higher rates of readmission or mortality after medical hospitalization: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hosp Med 2016;11:373-380. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 4. Aguilar A. Diabetes: depression is associated with renal complications. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016;12:444.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 5. Iversen MM, Tell GS, Espehaug B, Midthjell K, Graue M, Rokne B, Berge LI, Ostbye T. Is depression a risk factor for diabetic foot ulcers? 11-years follow-up of the Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT). J Diabetes Complications 2015;29:20-25. PubMed
  • 6. Barnacle M, Strand MA, Werremeyer A, Maack B, Petry N. Depression screening in diabetes care to improve outcomes: are we meeting the challenge? Diabetes Educ 2016;42:646-651. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 7. Brieler JA, Lustman PJ, Scherrer JF, Salas J, Schneider FD. Antidepressant medication use and glycaemic control in co-morbid type 2 diabetes and depression. Fam Pract 2016;33:30-36. ArticlePubMed
  • 8. Cezaretto A, Ferreira SR, Sharma S, Sadeghirad B, Kolahdooz F. Impact of lifestyle interventions on depressive symptoms in individuals at-risk of, or with, type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016;26:649-662. ArticlePubMed
  • 9. Iversen MM, Nefs G, Tell GS, Espehaug B, Midthjell K, Graue M, Pouwer F. Anxiety and depressive symptoms as predictors of all-cause mortality among people with insulin-naive type 2 diabetes: 17-year follow-up of the second Nord-Trondelag Health Survey (HUNT2), Norway. PLoS One 2016;11:e0160861ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 10. Nefs G, Pop VJ, Denollet J, Pouwer F. Depressive symptoms and all-cause mortality in people with type 2 diabetes: a focus on potential mechanisms. Br J Psychiatry 2016;209:142-149. ArticlePubMed
  • 11. White J, Zaninotto P, Walters K, Kivimaki M, Demakakos P, Biddulph J, Kumari M, De Oliveira C, Gallacher J, Batty GD. Duration of depressive symptoms and mortality risk: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Br J Psychiatry 2016;208:337-342. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 12. Park CY, Kim SY, Gil JW, Park MH, Park JH, Kim Y. Depression among Korean adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Ansan-Community-based Epidemiological Study. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2015;6:224-232. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 13. Sung HN, Chae HS, Kim ES, Kim JS. Diabetes and depressive symptoms in Korean women: the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2011). Korean J Fam Med 2014;35:127-135. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 14. Kim NH, Lee J, Kim TJ, Kim NH, Choi KM, Baik SH, Choi DS, Pop-Busui R, Park Y, Kim SG. Body mass index and mortality in the general population and in subjects with chronic disease in Korea: a nationwide cohort study (2002-2010). PLoS One 2015;10:e0139924ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 15. Cho MJ, Seong SJ, Park JE, Chung IW, Lee YM, Bae A, Ahn JH, Lee DW, Bae JN, Cho SJ, Park JI, Son J, Chang SM, Hahm BJ, Lee JY, Sohn JH, Kim JS, Hong JP. Prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV mental disorders in South Korean adults: the Korean epidemiologic catchment area study 2011. Psychiatry Investig 2015;12:164-170.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 16. Lustman PJ, Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, de Groot M, Carney RM, Clouse RE. Depression and poor glycemic control: a meta-analytic review of the literature. Diabetes Care 2000;23:934-942. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 17. de Groot M, Anderson R, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. Association of depression and diabetes complications: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 2001;63:619-630. ArticlePubMed
  • 18. D'Amato C, Morganti R, Greco C, Di Gennaro F, Cacciotti L, Longo S, Mataluni G, Lauro D, Marfia GA, Spallone V. Diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain is a stronger predictor of depression than other diabetic complications and comorbidities. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2016;13:418-428. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 19. Chung JH, Moon K, Kim DH, Min JW, Kim TH, Hwang HJ. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among diabetes mellitus: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV, V) from 2007 to 2012. J Psychosom Res 2014;77:457-461. ArticlePubMed
  • 20. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Glaser R. Depression and immune function: central pathways to morbidity and mortality. J Psychosom Res 2002;53:873-876. PubMed
  • 21. Hofmann M, Kohler B, Leichsenring F, Kruse J. Depression as a risk factor for mortality in individuals with diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. PLoS One 2013;8:e79809ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 22. Park M, Katon WJ, Wolf FM. Depression and risk of mortality in individuals with diabetes: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2013;35:217-225. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 23. Demmer RT, Gelb S, Suglia SF, Keyes KM, Aiello AE, Colombo PC, Galea S, Uddin M, Koenen KC, Kubzansky LD. Sex differences in the association between depression, anxiety, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Psychosom Med 2015;77:467-477. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 24. Lipscombe C, Smith KJ, Gariepy G, Schmitz N. Gender differences in the association between lifestyle behaviors and diabetes distress in a community sample of adults with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes 2016;8:269-278. ArticlePubMed
  • 25. Kim JH, Cho MJ, Hong JP, Bae JN, Cho SJ, Hahm BJ, Lee DW, Park JI, Lee JY, Jeon HJ, Chang SM. Gender differences in depressive symptom profile: results from nationwide general population surveys in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2015;30:1659-1666. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 26. Rutte A, van Splunter MM, van der Heijden AA, Welschen LM, Elders PJ, Dekker JM, Snoek FJ, Enzlin P, Nijpels G. Prevalence and correlates of sexual dysfunction in men and women with type 2 diabetes. J Sex Marital Ther 2015;41:680-690. ArticlePubMed
  • 27. Furukawa S, Sakai T, Niiya T, Miyaoka H, Miyake T, Yamamoto S, Maruyama K, Ueda T, Senba H, Torisu M, Minami H, Onji M, Tanigawa T, Matsuura B, Hiasa Y, Miyake Y. Depressive symptoms and prevalence of erectile dysfunction in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Dogo Study. Int J Impot Res 2017;29:57-60. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 28. Corona G, Giorda CB, Cucinotta D, Guida P, Nada E. SUBITO-DE Study Group. Sexual dysfunction in type 2 diabetes at diagnosis: progression over time and drug and non-drug correlated factors. PLoS One 2016;11:e0157915ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 29. Cooper C, Rantell K, Blanchard M, McManus S, Dennis M, Brugha T, Jenkins R, Meltzer H, Bebbington P. Why are suicidal thoughts less prevalent in older age groups? Age differences in the correlates of suicidal thoughts in the English Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007. J Affect Disord 2015;177:42-48. ArticlePubMed
  • 30. Joshi S, Dhungana RR, Subba UK. Illness perception and depressive symptoms among persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an analytical cross-sectional study in clinical settings in Nepal. J Diabetes Res 2015;2015:908374ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
Fig. 1

Survival curves for two groups: type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with depression and T2DM without depression.

dmj-41-296-g001.jpg
Table 1

Demographic characteristics and mortality rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with and without depression, Korea at baseline (2003)

dmj-41-296-i001.jpg
Characteristic Depression P value
Yes (n=39,287) No (n=1,003,802)
Age 61.51±10.81 59.08±11.48 <0.001
Male sex 15,403 (39.21) 526,723 (52.47) <0.001
Deaths 12,242 (31.16) 227,837 (22.7) <0.001

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

Table 2

Comparisons of annual prevalence rates of depression in between population with T2DM and without T2DM from 2003 to 2013 in Korea

dmj-41-296-i002.jpg
Year Without With
No. of population with T2DM No. of population with T2DM diagnosed with depression Percentage No. of population with T2DM No. of population with T2DM diagnosed with depression Percentage
2003 26,188,923 625,114 2.4 1,095,633 65,508 6.0
2004 26,821,899 686,253 2.6 1,253,322 77,948 6.2
2005 27,240,582 756,236 2.8 1,482,285 93,192 6.3
2006 27,684,991 798,500 2.9 1,655,495 105,980 6.4
2007 28,147,652 875,540 3.1 1,817,040 122,677 6.8
2008 28,805,192 975,364 3.4 1,979,403 144,401 7.3
2009 29,308,401 1,072,905 3.7 2,138,344 167,018 7.8
2010 29,825,904 1,166,410 3.9 2,287,430 188,657 8.2
2011 30,299,500 1,251,383 4.1 2,455,658 214,867 8.7
2012 30,807,297 1,408,749 4.6 2,590,519 245,967 9.5
2013 31,176,455 1,439,801 4.6 2,720,777 261,329 9.6

T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 3

Mortality hazard ratio of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with depression diagnosed in 2003

dmj-41-296-i003.jpg
Variable No. HR 95% CI
Total 39,287 1.433 1.407–1.459
Sex
 Male 15,403 1.557 1.517–1.599
 Female 23,884 1.356 1.323–1.391
Age, yr
 30–39 1,080 2.810 2.334–3.384
 40–49 4,780 2.063 1.902–2.237
 50–59 9,566 1.703 1.620–1.791
 60–69 14,518 1.511 1.465–1.557
 70–79 7,914 1.319 1.279–1.360
 ≥80 1,429 1.216 1.146–1.290

All HRs were statistically significant, with concordant P values of <0.001.

HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Trajectories of depressive symptoms in Korean adults with diabetes: Individual differences and associations with life satisfaction and mortality
      Eun‐Jung Shim, Sang Jin Park, Gyu Hyeong Im, Ruth A. Hackett, Paola Zaninotto, Andrew Steptoe
      British Journal of Health Psychology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and depression among Korean midlife women: a cross-sectional analysis study
      You Lee Yang, Eun-Ok Im, Yunmi Kim
      BMC Nursing.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • An observational study to evaluate the awareness of drug treatment, prescription pattern, adverse drug reactions, and adherence in patients of major depressive disorder
      Urwashi Indrakumar Parmar, Pranali Puradkar, Kranti Kadam, Firoz Tadavi, Snehalata Gajbhiye, Shirish Joshi, Amitoj Sohal
      Perspectives in Clinical Research.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • The Effect of Exercise Interventions to Improve Psychosocial Aspects and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
      Gholam Rasul Mohammad Rahimi, Reza Aminzadeh, Amin Azimkhani, Vahid Saatchian
      Biological Research For Nursing.2022; 24(1): 10.     CrossRef
    • Is it time to consider depression as a major complication of type 2 diabetes? Evidence from a large population-based cohort study
      Rossella Messina, Marica Iommi, Paola Rucci, Chiara Reno, Maria Pia Fantini, Carlotta Lunghi, Mattia Altini, Francesca Bravi, Simona Rosa, Antonio Nicolucci, Paolo Di Bartolo
      Acta Diabetologica.2022; 59(1): 95.     CrossRef
    • The effects of smoking habit change on the risk of depression–Analysis of data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service
      Ga Eun Kim, Min-ho Kim, Weon-Jeon Lim, Soo In Kim
      Journal of Affective Disorders.2022; 302: 293.     CrossRef
    • Association Between Diabetic Retinopathy and Insomnia Risk: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
      Yoo Hyun Um, Tae-Won Kim, Jong-Hyun Jeong, Seung-Chul Hong, Ho-Jun Seo, Kyung-Do Han
      Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Implication of Melanocortin Receptor Genes in the Familial Comorbidity of Type 2 Diabetes and Depression
      Mutaz Amin, Jurg Ott, Rongling Wu, Teodor T. Postolache, Claudia Gragnoli
      International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(15): 8350.     CrossRef
    • Nutritional importance of tryptophan for improving treatment in depression and diabetes
      Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem
      Nutrition Reviews.2022; 81(1): 133.     CrossRef
    • Depression but not non-persistence to antidiabetic drugs is associated with mortality in type 2 diabetes: A nested case-control study
      Carlotta Lunghi, Arsène Zongo, Isabelle Tardif, Éric Demers, Joël Désiré Relwende Diendéré, Line Guénette
      Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2021; 171: 108566.     CrossRef
    • Single-session acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) interventions for patients with chronic health conditions: A systematic review and meta-analysis
      Cara Dochat, Jennalee S. Wooldridge, Matthew S. Herbert, Michael W. Lee, Niloofar Afari
      Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science.2021; 20: 52.     CrossRef
    • Population segmentation of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and its clinical applications - a scoping review
      Jun Jie Benjamin Seng, Amelia Yuting Monteiro, Yu Heng Kwan, Sueziani Binte Zainudin, Chuen Seng Tan, Julian Thumboo, Lian Leng Low
      BMC Medical Research Methodology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in Patients with Diabetes and Coexisting Depression: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
      Inha Jung, Hyemi Kwon, Se Eun Park, Kyung-Do Han, Yong-Gyu Park, Yang-Hyun Kim, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee
      Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(3): 379.     CrossRef
    • Spiritual intelligence, mindfulness, emotional dysregulation, depression relationship with mental well-being among persons with diabetes during COVID-19 pandemic
      Wojujutari Kenni Ajele, Teslim Alabi Oladejo, Abimbola A. Akanni, Oyeyemi Bukola Babalola
      Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders.2021; 20(2): 1705.     CrossRef
    • The Association between Diabetes Complications, Diabetes Distress, and Depressive Symptoms in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
      Qian-Qian Yang, Ji-Wei Sun, Di Shao, Hui-Hui Zhang, Cai-Feng Bai, Feng-Lin Cao
      Clinical Nursing Research.2021; 30(3): 293.     CrossRef
    • Altered circulatory levels of miR-128, BDNF, cortisol and shortened telomeres in patients with type 2 diabetes and depression
      Paramasivam Prabu, Subramani Poongothai, Coimbatore Subramanian Shanthirani, Ranjit Mohan Anjana, Viswanathan Mohan, Muthuswamy Balasubramanyam
      Acta Diabetologica.2020; 57(7): 799.     CrossRef
    • Intervention Strategies for Prevention of Comorbid Depression Among Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: A Scoping Review
      Eva Guérin, Hamdi Jaafar, Lisa Amrani, Denis Prud'homme, Céline Aguer
      Frontiers in Public Health.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Association between use of oral hypoglycemic agents in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of depression: A retrospective cohort study
      Hayato Akimoto, Kotoe Tezuka, Yayoi Nishida, Tomohiro Nakayama, Yasuo Takahashi, Satoshi Asai
      Pharmacology Research & Perspectives.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Depression and cardiovascular disease in elderly: Current understanding
      Yaxin Zhang, Yujing Chen, Lina Ma
      Journal of Clinical Neuroscience.2018; 47: 1.     CrossRef
    • Past and Current Status of Adult Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management in Korea: A National Health Insurance Service Database Analysis
      Seung-Hyun Ko, Kyungdo Han, Yong-ho Lee, Junghyun Noh, Cheol-Young Park, Dae-Jung Kim, Chang Hee Jung, Ki-Up Lee, Kyung-Soo Ko
      Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2018; 42(2): 93.     CrossRef
    • Depression and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
      Seo Young Lee, Sung Hee Choi
      Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2017; 41(4): 263.     CrossRef

    • PubReader PubReader
    • Cite this Article
      Cite this Article
      export Copy Download
      Close
      Download Citation
      Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

      Format:
      • RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
      • BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software
      Include:
      • Citation for the content below
      Depression and Mortality in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, 2003 to 2013: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
      Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(4):296-302.   Published online August 3, 2017
      Close
    • XML DownloadXML Download
    Figure
    • 0
    Related articles
    Depression and Mortality in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, 2003 to 2013: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
    Image
    Fig. 1 Survival curves for two groups: type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with depression and T2DM without depression.
    Depression and Mortality in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, 2003 to 2013: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
    CharacteristicDepressionP value
    Yes (n=39,287)No (n=1,003,802)
    Age61.51±10.8159.08±11.48<0.001
    Male sex15,403 (39.21)526,723 (52.47)<0.001
    Deaths12,242 (31.16)227,837 (22.7)<0.001
    YearWithoutWith
    No. of population with T2DMNo. of population with T2DM diagnosed with depressionPercentageNo. of population with T2DMNo. of population with T2DM diagnosed with depressionPercentage
    200326,188,923625,1142.41,095,63365,5086.0
    200426,821,899686,2532.61,253,32277,9486.2
    200527,240,582756,2362.81,482,28593,1926.3
    200627,684,991798,5002.91,655,495105,9806.4
    200728,147,652875,5403.11,817,040122,6776.8
    200828,805,192975,3643.41,979,403144,4017.3
    200929,308,4011,072,9053.72,138,344167,0187.8
    201029,825,9041,166,4103.92,287,430188,6578.2
    201130,299,5001,251,3834.12,455,658214,8678.7
    201230,807,2971,408,7494.62,590,519245,9679.5
    201331,176,4551,439,8014.62,720,777261,3299.6
    VariableNo.HR95% CI
    Total39,2871.4331.407–1.459
    Sex
     Male15,4031.5571.517–1.599
     Female23,8841.3561.323–1.391
    Age, yr
     30–391,0802.8102.334–3.384
     40–494,7802.0631.902–2.237
     50–599,5661.7031.620–1.791
     60–6914,5181.5111.465–1.557
     70–797,9141.3191.279–1.360
     ≥801,4291.2161.146–1.290
    Table 1 Demographic characteristics and mortality rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with and without depression, Korea at baseline (2003)

    Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

    Table 2 Comparisons of annual prevalence rates of depression in between population with T2DM and without T2DM from 2003 to 2013 in Korea

    T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

    Table 3 Mortality hazard ratio of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with depression diagnosed in 2003

    All HRs were statistically significant, with concordant P values of <0.001.

    HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

    Jeong JH, Um YH, Ko SH, Park JH, Park JY, Han K, Ko KS, . Depression and Mortality in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, 2003 to 2013: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(4):296-302.
    Received: Dec 15, 2016; Accepted: May 10, 2017
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.4.296.

    Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal
    Close layer
    TOP