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Original Article
Complications Serum Ceruloplasmin Level as a Predictor for the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy in Korean Men with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Min Jung Lee, Chang Hee Jung, Yu Mi Kang, Jung Eun Jang, Jaechan Leem, Joong-Yeol Park, Woo Je Lee
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 2015;39(3):230-239.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2015.39.3.230
Published online: April 22, 2015
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Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

corresp_icon Corresponding author: Woo Je Lee. Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea. lwjatlas@amc.seoul.kr
*Min Jung Lee and Chang Hee Jung contributed equally to this study as first authors.
• Received: July 18, 2014   • Accepted: September 12, 2014

Copyright © 2015 Korean Diabetes Association

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Background
    Oxidative stress is known to be associated with progression of diabetic kidney disease. Ceruloplasmin acts as a pro-oxidant under conditions of severe oxidative stress. Thus, we conducted a longitudinal observational study to evaluate whether the serum ceruloplasmin level is a predictive biomarker for progression of diabetic nephropathy.
  • Methods
    A total of 643 Korean men with type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled. Serum ceruloplasmin was measured using a nephelometric method. Progression of diabetic nephropathy was defined as transition in albuminuria class (i.e., normoalbuminuria to microalbuminuria, microalbuminuria to macroalbuminuria, or normoalbuminuria to macroalbuminuria) and/or a greater than 2-fold increase of serum creatinine at follow-up compared with the baseline value.
  • Results
    During the follow-up period (median, 2.7 years; range, 0.3 to 4.4 years), 49 of 643 patients (7.6%) showed the progression of diabetic nephropathy and three patients (0.5%) developed end-stage renal disease. Baseline ceruloplasmin levels were higher in the progressors than in the nonprogressors (262.6±40.9 mg/L vs. 233.3±37.8 mg/L, P<0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significantly higher incidence of nephropathy progression according to ceruloplasmin tertile (log-rank test, P<0.001). The hazard ratio (HR) for progression of diabetic nephropathy was significantly higher in the highest ceruloplasmin tertile category compared with the lowest ceruloplasmin tertile category, even after adjusting for confounding variables (HR, 3.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.28 to 8.61; P=0.003).
  • Conclusion
    Baseline serum ceruloplasmin is an independent predictive factor for the progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Diabetic kidney disease is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease, leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and premature death [1]. In addition, it negatively affects a patient's quality of life and social environment, and poses a burden on national health care budgets [2]. Although various therapeutic approaches, such as hypoglycemic agents, antihypertensive drugs, and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, have been tried to slow the progression of nephropathy, the number of patients with diabetic kidney disease continues to rise with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus [3]. Thus, early identification of patients at risk of developing diabetic nephropathy and initiation of appropriate therapy is important to improve patient outcomes.
Ceruloplasmin, a copper-carrying metalloenzyme, acts as an antioxidant through its ferroxidase activity [4]. However, in conditions of elevated oxidative stress, it may act as a pro-oxidant by donating of free copper ions, which induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation [5]. In addition, as an acute phase protein, the ceruloplasmin level reflects acute and chronic inflammation in an organism [5]. Elevated serum ceruloplasmin levels have been observed in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes [67] and in patients with diabetic retinopathy [8]. In line with that, in our previous cross-sectional study, we observed a positive association between serum ceruloplasmin level and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [9]. However, longitudinal studies investigating the association between serum ceruloplasmin and development of diabetic nephropathy had not been conducted. Thus, to evaluate the role of serum ceruloplasmin as a biomarker for predicting progression of diabetic nephropathy, we conducted this longitudinal observational study.
Study population
Study subjects were recruited from an outpatient clinic at a major referral center, Asan Medical Center (Seoul, Korea). A total of 703 patients whose serum ceruloplasmin levels were measured were followed up from January 2009 through December 2013. Ceruloplasmin were measured in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who visited our diabetes clinic for the first time after registration at the Asan Diabetes Registry as well as in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who underwent screening tests for diabetic microvascular complications regularly every 1 to 2 years. There was no doctor's intention in the recruitment process.
All patients visited the diabetes clinic on a regular basis (every 3 or 6 months). Subjects with histories of chronic inflammatory processes (n=1, ulcerative colitis; n=2, rheumatoid arthritis) or liver cirrhosis (n=6; due to hepatitis B infection in four cases and alcohol use in two cases), and those with leukocytosis or leukopenia (blood leukocyte count >10.0×103/mm3 or <4.0×103/mm3, n=51) at baseline were excluded. After the exclusion of ineligible subjects, 643 subjects with a mean age of 57.0 years (range, 24 to 86 years) were included in the analysis. The Institutional Review Board of Asan Medical Center approved this retrospective observational study, and waived for requirement of written informed consent because personal information was not included in this analysis and risk of this study was considered to be negligible.
Lifestyle factors and measurements
All participants were interviewed by a specially trained nurse, and information on medication and history of previous medical or surgical diseases was obtained. Smoking habits were categorized as "never," "previous," or "current." A history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) was defined as a history of angina, myocardial infarction, and/or cerebrovascular incidents. Antidiabetic treatments were categorized as none, oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs), insulin, or insulin combined with OHAs. The antihypertensive medications that subjects were taking were categorized as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), or others (β-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, diuretics, or α-blockers). Height (m) and weight (kg) were measured while subjects were wearing light clothing without shoes. Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. Blood pressure was measured using an automatic manometer with an appropriate cuff size on the right arm after a resting period of ≥5 minutes at intervals of 6 months, and mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values for the observation period were used as follow-up data. The presence of retinopathy was assessed by retinal photography (two fields per eye) with a wide-angle camera and scored centrally by an ophthalmologist.
After overnight fasting, early morning blood samples were drawn from the antecubital vein. Fasting total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and uric acid levels were measured using an enzymatic colorimetric method (Toshiba Medical System Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentrations were measured using immunoturbidimetric (Toshiba) and enzymatic colorimetric (Toshiba) methods, respectively. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured using an immunoturbidimetric method and an Integra 800 System (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) every 6 months, and calculated mean HbA1c values for the observation period were used as follow-up data.
The extent of albuminuria was determined from the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), which was measured by a photometric method using the Integra 800 system (Roche Diagnostics) in a random spot urine collection. The category of albuminuria was defined as normoalbuminuria if the UACR was <30 mg/g, microalbuminuria if the UACR was 30 to 299 mg/g, and macroalbuminuria if the UACR was ≥300 mg/g [10]. Creatinine was measured using the Jaffe method, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation [11]. Serum ceruloplasmin level was measured using a nephelometric method (BN II System; Siemens, Marburg, Germany).
Definition of diabetic nephropathy progression
The outcome in terms of "progression of diabetic nephropathy" was defined as transition in albuminuria class (i.e., normo- to microalbuminuria, micro- to macroalbuminuria, or normo- to macroalbuminuria) and/or a greater than 2-fold increase in serum creatinine at follow-up compared with the baseline value. Transition in albuminuria class and doubling of creatinine value were confirmed by at least two consecutive tests to reduce misclassification.
Statistical analyses
Subjects were categorized into three tertile groups (i.e., Q1 ≤219 mg/L, Q2=220 to 249 mg/L, and Q3 ≥250 mg/L) according to the baseline ceruloplasmin concentration. Continuous variables with a normal distribution were expressed as the mean±standard deviation, and continuous variables with a skewed distribution were expressed as the median (interquartile range). Categorical variables were expressed as percentages (%). Characteristics of the study population according to ceruloplasmin tertile categories were compared using one-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables, and the chi-square test for categorical variables.
Demographic and biochemical characteristics of the study population with respect to the progression of diabetic nephropathy were compared using an independent t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables, and the chi-square test for categorical variables. Time to progression of diabetic nephropathy was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and statistical differences among groups were compared by the log-rank test. The follow-up time was censored if diabetic nephropathy progressed or if the patient was lost to follow-up. To calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of each ceruloplasmin tertile category for the development of diabetic nephropathy, multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were applied after adjustment for conventional risk factors of diabetic nephropathy. Traditional diabetic nephropathy risk factors were included in model 1 and factors that showed a statistically significant (P<0.05) or borderline significant (P<0.10) associations in the univariate analysis were included in model 2. All the variables in models 1 and 2 were included in model 3.
All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS version 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Table 1 shows the clinical and biochemical characteristic of the subjects according to serum ceruloplasmin tertile category at baseline. There were significant positive associations between ceruloplasmin tertile category and SBP, current smoking status, HbA1c, total cholesterol, LDL-C, hsCRP, UACR, and percentage of subjects using insulin therapy at baseline. There was a borderline significant positive association between ceruloplasmin tertile and the prevalence of retinopathy at baseline. Among follow-up data, UACR measured at the time of last follow-up or at event occurrence increased according to ceruloplasmin tertile.
During the follow-up period (median, 2.7 years; range, 0.3 to 4.4 years), 49 of 643 patients (7.6%) showed the progression of diabetic nephropathy and three patients (0.5%) developed ESRD. The clinical and biochemical characteristics at baseline and during follow-up for progressors and non-progressors are shown in Table 2. Duration of diabetes was significantly longer in progressors compared with nonprogressors. Progressors tended to use of insulin therapy and ACEi or ARB at baseline more frequently than nonprogressors. The percentage of subjects taking other antihypertensive medication tended to be higher in progressors, with borderline statistical significance. Progressors had significantly higher levels of uric acid, hsCRP, UACR, and creatinine at baseline, but a lower eGFR compared with non-progressors. They had higher values of total cholesterol and TG at baseline, although the associations were borderline significant. Baseline ceruloplasmin levels were significantly higher in the progressors than in the non-progressors (262.6±40.9 mg/L vs. 233.3±37.8 mg/L, P<0.001). During the follow-up period, the two groups did not differ in terms of mean SBP and DBP, but mean HbA1c was significantly higher in progressors than nonprogressors. At the time of event occurrence or the last observation, the progressors had higher UACR and creatinine, but lower eGFR compared with nonprogressors (all P values <0.001).
Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of progression of diabetic nephropathy according to baseline ceruloplasmin tertile (log-rank test, P<0.001) (Fig. 1). Above all, subjects in Q3 showed a significantly increasing trend of diabetic nephropathy progression compared with Q1 and Q2 (Q1 vs. Q3, P<0.001; Q2 vs. Q3, P=0.002). No difference was found between Q1 and Q2 (P=0.167).
When we performed multivariate Cox regression analysis adopting various models, the HRs for progression of diabetic nephropathy according to baseline ceruloplasmin tertile category consistently showed an increasing trend (Table 3). In the unadjusted model, the HRs and 95% CIs based on ceruloplasmin tertile groups were 1.95 (0.73 to 5.19) for Q2, and 5.41 (2.30 to 12.96) for Q3, respectively (P<0.001), with Q1 as reference. After adjusting for confounding variables including age, BMI, duration of diabetes, current smoker, past history of CVD, antidiabetic medication, ACEi or ARB use, other HTN medication, retinopathy, FPG, total cholesterol, uric acid, hsCRP, baseline UACR, baseline creatinine, follow-up mean HbA1c, follow-up mean SBP and follow-up mean DBP, the HRs (95% CI) for progression of diabetic nephropathy were 1.14 (0.38 to 3.40) for Q2 and 3.14 (1.21 to 8.10) for Q3, respectively (P=0.010). Besides baseline ceruloplasmin, baseline creatinine, baseline UACR, follow-up mean HbA1c, and uric acid were predictive factors for the development of diabetic nephropathy in model 3 (Table 4).
Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of ESRD and greatly contributes to all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes [1]. To slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy, early detection and treatment of those patients at risk of developing nephropathy is regarded as an important goal [12]. Recently, several novel biomarkers have been investigated to predict nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. However there were few longitudinal studies with suitable methodological quality that properly adjusted for traditional conventional risk factors for diabetic nephropathy [12].
In this longitudinal observational study, elevated ceruloplasmin levels at baseline were found to be positively associated with progression of diabetic nephropathy. After adjusting for conventional risk factors, ceruloplasmin levels still remained an independent risk factor for the progression of diabetic nephropathy. This result indicates that an elevated ceruloplasmin level might be a strong predictor of diabetic nephropathy progression.
The exact mechanism underlying this positive association between ceruloplasmin levels and progression of diabetic nephropathy is largely unknown. One plausible explanation is that ceruloplasmin might act as a pro-oxidant under conditions of increased oxidative stress, such as in type 2 diabetes mellitus [8]. Although ceruloplasmin possesses antioxidant properties due to its ferroxidase activity [4], increased generation of ROS disrupts the binding of copper from ceruloplasmin which further induces ROS formation and LDL oxidation [5]. Considering that increased oxidative stress and oxidized LDL are known to be associated with progression of diabetic kidney disease [13], elevated ceruloplasmin level might reflect or augment progression of diabetic nephropathy.
In addition, as an acute phase protein, ceruloplasmin might reflect subclinical inflammation, which plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy [14]. Navarro et al. [15] reported that inflammatory parameters including hsCRP are independently associated with urinary albumin excretion. However, when we performed multivariate Cox regression analysis, serum hsCRP levels were not associated with the progression of diabetic nephropathy (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.90 to 1.06; P=0.590) (Table 4), which contrasts with the results of a previous study [15]. Although the reasons for these discrepancies are unclear, we suspect that, compared with hsCRP, elevated ceruloplasmin might reflect chronic subclinical inflammation more sensitively or play a more important role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
In multivariate Cox regression analysis, baseline creatinine, UACR, and follow-up mean HbA1c were found to be predictive factors for the progression of diabetic nephropathy, which is in line with previous studies [161718]. However, multivariate Cox regression analysis did not indicate that SBP was an independent predictor of progressive diabetic nephropathy, which was inconsistent with previous studies [19]. Since progressors tend to take ACEi or ARB and other hypertension medication at baseline more often than non-progressors, the difference in hypertensive medications between groups during the follow-up period might affect this outcome.
Furthermore, in our study, an increased baseline uric acid level was predictive for the progression of diabetic nephropathy, which is in accordance with previous studies [1820]. Several studies showed that high uric acid level as well as ceruloplasmin was associated with increased oxidative stress [521], but further study is need to clarify the connections between those biomarkers and mechanisms of how they contributes to diabetic nephropathy.
Although not statistically significant, we observed a tendency for eGFR to be increased in patients with the highest ceruloplasmin tertile category (Table 1). Since glomerular hyperfiltration usually occurs in early stages of diabetic nephropathy [22], it can be speculated that an elevated eGFR in the highest tertile category might reflect the early stages of renal dysfunction. Long-term extension studies will be required to evaluate the association between serum ceruloplasmin and changes in eGFR.
This study has several limitations. First, we investigated the relationship between ceruloplasmin and progression of diabetic nephropathy only in men. Since medications such as oral contraceptives can affect ceruloplasmin levels [23], women were not included in this study and the result cannot be generalized to both sexes. Second, although we postulated that dissociated free copper, ROS, and oxidized LDL might play a role in ceruloplasmin-mediated diabetic nephropathy, we did not measure these values. Considering the previous report that ceruloplasmin was positively correlated with makers of ROS under the oxidative stress conditions [24], it might be better to measure oxidative stress makers as well as the level of ceruloplasmin in our study. Third, in this study, ceruloplasmin was measured by nephelometry. It has been suggested that the ratio of enzymatic to immunoreactive ceruloplasmin is a better indicator of copper status than either enzyme activity or immunoreactive ceruloplasmin level alone [25]. Thus, it might be better to assess ceruloplasmin using both methods. Forth, since increased urinary excretions of ceruloplasmin also predicted development of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients [26], concurrent measure of serum and urinary ceruloplasmin might be beneficial to evaluate the association between these markers, but we did not measure the level of urinary ceruloplasmin. In addition, we did not measure follow-up ceruloplasmin values and could not evaluate whether participants remained in initially allocated tertile category at the end of study. Lastly, to evaluate the long-term prognosis, it might be better to evaluate the occurrence of ESRD or death rather than transition of albuminuria class as the primary outcome. Although three patients developed ESRD (one event in group Q1, two events in group Q3) in this study, long-term follow-up of large numbers of subjects will be required to evaluate the ultimate outcome.
Despite these limitations, our study has some robust features, in that we properly adjusted for various conventional risk factors that might affect the progression of diabetic nephropathy. It should be noted that the predictive value of ceruloplasmin in our Cox model was found to be equal to or even stronger than that of well-known risk factors for the progression of diabetic nephropathy, including hyperglycemia, baseline creatinine, UACR, and uric acid. Furthermore, we observed that the number of subjects who exceeded a 2-fold increase of creatinine at follow-up tended to rise with ceruloplasmin tertile group (one event in group Q1, three events in group Q2, and six events in group Q3). Although this subgroup analysis was not statistically significant, due to the small number of events, this result prompts further investigation of the possibility that an increased ceruloplasmin level predicts renal dysfunction as well as transition in albuminuria class.
Albuminuria has been traditionally considered as the hallmark for diabetic nephropathy [27], but recent studies showed that one third to one half of type 2 diabetes with chronic kidney disease have no proteinuria [2829]. Although it is not widely available in clinical practice, measurements of serum ceruloplasmin might be used to compensate this limitation of 'albuminuria' as a predictive marker for diabetic nephropathy. To evaluate the predictive role of ceruloplasmin on progression of 'nonalbuminuric diabetic nephropathy,' further study will be required.
In conclusion, these data suggest that an elevated serum ceruloplasmin is a strong prognostic marker for progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This effect remains significant even after adjustment for conventional risk factors for diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, measuring ceruloplasmin levels in addition to UACR might be used for early identification of patients at risk of diabetic nephropathy in order to initiate appropriate therapy.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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Fig. 1

Kaplan-Meier curves for progression of diabetic nephropathy according to serum ceruloplasmin tertile categories.

dmj-39-230-g001.jpg
Table 1

Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study subjects according to serum ceruloplasmin tertile categories at baseline

dmj-39-230-i001.jpg
Characteristic Ceruloplasmin tertile categories P value
Q1 (≤219 mg/L)
(n=222)
Q2 (220-249 mg/L)
(n=210)
Q3 (≥250 mg/L)
(n=211)
Baseline data
 Age, yr 56.7±9.9 57.4±9.5 56.9±11.4 0.807
 BMI, kg/m2 25.3±2.8 25.3±2.7 25.1±3.2 0.597
 Duration of diabetes, yr 8.0 (4.0-12.0) 8.0 (5.0-13.0) 7.0 (3.0-13.0) 0.209
 SBP, mm Hg 126.5±14.1 127.3±14.8 130.1±16.3 0.035
 DBP, mm Hg 77.0±9.0 76.8±9.6 78.1±10.2 0.326
 Current smoker, % 18.5 28.6 26.1 0.038
 Past history of CVD, % 12.6 11.0 9.0 0.484
 Antidiabetic medication, % <0.001
  None 6.8 8.1 7.6
  OHA 90.1 82.3 72.9
  Insulin 0.5 0 6.2
  OHA+insulin 2.7 9.6 13.3
 ACEi or ARB use, % 33.3 41.0 39.3 0.225
 Other HTN medication use, % 27.9 33.8 30.3 0.413
 Statin use, % 36.5 35.7 37.4 0.934
 Retinopathy, % 19.8 28.6 28.0 0.064
 FPG, mmol/L 7.3 (6.48-8.23) 7.33 (6.11-8.82) 7.38 (6.44-8.99) 0.443
 HbA1c, % 7.0 (6.5-7.7) 7.2 (6.4-8.2) 7.5 (6.7-8.4) 0.001
 HbA1c, mmol/L 53 (48-61) 55 (46-66) 58 (50-68) 0.001
 Total cholesterol, mmol/L 4.42±0.93 4.48±0.90 4.71±1.06 0.005
 Triglyceride, mmol/L 1.38 (0.98-1.98) 1.51 (1.11-2.11) 1.46 (1.01-2.16) 0.513
 LDL-C, mmol/L 2.54±0.74 2.62±0.76 2.79±0.81 0.004
 HDL-C, mmol/L 1.27±0.34 1.23±0.30 1.21±0.29 0.114
 Uric acid, µmol/L 321.4±74.1 334.3±80.6 329.9±87.3 0.243
 hsCRP, mg/L 0.5 (0.3-0.8) 0.6 (0.3-1.2) 1.3 (0.7-2.8) <0.001
 Ceruloplasmin, mg/L 197.3±17.3 233.6±8.4 277.8±29.6 -
 UACR, mg/g 5.9 (3.1-13.9) 9.7 (4.2-39.9) 11.9 (4.5-46.3) <0.001
 Creatinine, mg/dL 1.0 (0.9-1.1) 1.0 (0.9-1.1) 0.9 (0.8-1.1) 0.376
 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 87.1±17.1 86.0±19.4 88.9±23.0 0.325
Follow-up data
 Follow-up mean HbA1c, % 7.1 (6.6-7.7) 7.1 (6.5-8.0) 7.2 (6.5-8.0) 0.766
 Follow-up mean HbA1c, mmol/L 54 (49-61) 54 (48-63) 55 (48-64) 0.766
 Follow-up mean SBP, mm Hg 126.0±23.0 126.0±20.0 129.7±17.9 0.123
 Follow-up mean DBP, mm Hg 70.9±13.3 70.4±11.2 72.5±10.6 0.192
 Last UACR, mg/ga 7.6 (3.7-17.5) 9.1 (4.4-44.0) 12.0 (5.0-71.8) <0.001
 Last creatinine, mg/dL 0.9 (0.8-1.0) 0.9 (0.8-1.1) 0.9 (0.8-1.1) 0.542
 Last eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 89.5±18.3 88.1±24.1 90.9±29.6 0.488
 Progression of diabetic nephropathy, n (%) 6 (2.7) 12 (5.7) 31 (14.7) <0.001

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, median (range) unless otherwise indicated.

BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; HTN, hypertension; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.

aLast UACR represent UACR in spot urine sample at last follow-up or at the time of event occurrence.

Table 2

Baseline and follow-up clinical and biochemical characteristics of progressors and nonprogressors of diabetic nephropathy

dmj-39-230-i002.jpg
Characteristic Nonprogressors (n=594) Progressors (n=49) P value Overall
Baseline data
 Age, yr 56.8±10.2 59.1±10.7 0.131 57.0±10.25
 BMI, kg/m2 25.2±2.9 25.1±3.0 0.842 25.2±2.9
 Duration of diabetes, yr 8.0 (3-12) 10.0 (6.0-16.5) 0.018 8.0 (4.0-13.0)
 SBP, mm Hg 127.6±14.6 131.4±20.2 0.206 127.9±15.1
 DBP, mm Hg 77.2±9.6 78.1±10.3 0.533 77.3±9.6
 Current smoker, % 23.9 28.6 0.464 24.3
 Past history of CVD, % 11.4 4.1 0.112 10.9
 Antidiabetic medication, % 0.001
  None 8.1 0 7.5
  OHA 82.4 75.5 81.9
  Insulin 1.7 8.2 2.2
  OHA+insulin 7.8 16.3 8.4
 ACEi or ARB use, % 35.5 65.3 <0.001 37.8
 Other HTN medication use, % 29.6 42.9 0.054 30.6
 Statin use, % 36.0 42.9 0.340 36.5
 Retinopathy, % 24.6 34.7 0.118 25.3
 FPG, mmol/L 7.33 (6.38-8.60) 7.33 (6.19-9.32) 0.680 7.33 (6.38-8.60)
 HbA1c, % 7.2 (6.5-8.1) 7.2 (6.5-8.6) 0.587 7.2 (6.5-8.1)
 HbA1c, mmol/L 55 (48-65) 55 (47-70) 0.587 55 (48-65)
 Total cholesterol, mmol/L 4.51±0.94 4.87±1.27 0.058 4.53±0.97
 Triglyceride, mmol/L 1.42 (1.01-2.05) 1.72 (1.20-2.42) 0.056 1.46 (1.02-2.08)
 LDL-C, mmol/L 2.64±0.77 2.74±0.80 0.392 2.65±0.77
 HDL-C, mmol/L 1.24±0.31 1.28±0.36 0.441 1.24±0.32
 Uric acid, µmol/L 324.3±78.2 378.1±95.4 <0.001 328.4±80.8
 hsCRP, mg/L 0.6 (0.4-1.4) 1.1 (0.6-3.0) 0.004 0.7 (0.4-1.5)
 Ceruloplasmin, mg/L 233.3±37.8 262.6±40.9 <0.001 235.6±38.8
 UACR, mg/g 7.8 (3.7-25.4) 27 (14.3-265.2) <0.001 8.5 (3.8-30.8)
 Baseline creatinine, mg/dL 0.9 (0.9-1.1) 1.1 (0.9-1.4) <0.001 0.9 (0.9-1.1)
 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 88.5±19.1 72.4±23.5 <0.001 87.3±19.9
Follow-up data
 Follow-up mean HbA1c, % 7.1 (6.5-7.8) 7.4 (6.8-8.7) 0.014 7.1 (6.5-7.8)
 Follow-up mean HbA1c, mmol/L 54.1 (47.5-61.8) 57.4 (50.8-71.0) 0.014 54.1 (47.5-62.0)
 Follow-up mean SBP, mm Hg 127.0±20.1 130.0±24.2 0.330 127.2±20.5
 Follow-up mean DBP, mm Hg 71.2±11.7 71.7±13.1 0.805 71.3±11.8
 Last UACR, mg/ga 8.0 (3.9-21.1) 279.6 (51.5-667.1) <0.001 9.0 (4.1-30.5)
 Last creatinine, mg/dL 0.9 (0.8-1.0) 1.1 (0.9-2.1) <0.001 0.9 (0.8-1.1)
 Last eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 91.0±21.8 71.0±41.1 0.001 89.5±24.3

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, median (range) unless otherwise indicated.

BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; HTN, hypertension; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.

aLast UACR represent UACR in spot urine sample at last follow-up or at the time of event occurrence.

Table 3

HRs and 95% CI for progression of diabetic nephropathy based on serum ceruloplasmin tertile categories

dmj-39-230-i003.jpg
HR (95% CI) P value
Q1 (≤219 mg/L)
(n=222)
Q2 (220-249 mg/L)
(n=210)
Q3 (≥250 mg/L)
(n=211)
Subjects, progressor/total, n (%) 6/222 (2.7) 12/210 (5.7) 31/211 (14.7)
HRs for progression of diabetic nephropathy
 Unadjusted 1 1.95 (0.73-5.19) 5.41 (2.30-12.96) <0.001
 Model 1 1 1.20 (0.42-3.45) 4.10 (1.64-10.24) <0.001
 Model 2 1 1.25 (0.44-3.52) 3.45 (1.37-8.71) 0.003
 Model 3 1 1.14 (0.38-3.40) 3.14 (1.21-8.10) 0.010

Model 1: adjusted for conventional diabetic nephropathy risk factors (age, body mass index, duration of diabetes, current smoker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) or angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) use, other hypertension medication, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, baseline urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), baseline creatinine, follow-up mean glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), follow-up mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), follow-up mean diastolic blood pressure). Model 2: adjusted for factors that showed a statistically significant (P<0.05, i.e., antidiabetic medication, ACEi or ARB use, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, uric acid, baseline UACR, baseline creatinine, follow-up mean HbA1c) or borderline significant (P<0.10, i.e., duration of diabetes, baseline SBP, past history of cardiovascular disease, retinopathy) association in the univariate analysis. Model 3: adjusted for all the variables in models 1 and 2.

HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Table 4

Other risk factors for progression of diabetic nephropathy demonstrated by multivariate Cox regression analysis

dmj-39-230-i004.jpg
Variable HR 95% CI P value
Age, yr 1.00 0.96-1.04 0.807
Baseline creatinine, mg/dL 2.72 1.28-5.76 0.009
Baseline UACR (per 100 mg/g) 1.04 1.00-1.07 0.031
Follow-up mean SBP, mm Hg 1.02 0.97-1.07 0.444
Follow-up mean DBP, mm Hg 0.95 0.87-1.04 0.288
ACEi or ARB use, % 2.17 0.97-1.07 0.059
Other HTN medication use, % 0.62 0.29-1.32 0.214
Follow-up mean HbA1c, % 1.42 1.06-1.91 0.018
Duration of diabetes, yr 1.00 0.95-1.04 0.912
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L 1.05 0.93-1.19 0.421
Body mass index, kg/m2 0.93 0.82-1.06 0.294
Triglyceride, mmol/L 1.12 0.88-1.42 0.353
LDL-C, mmol/L 1.17 0.78-1.75 0.451
HDL-C, mmol/L 0.75 0.60-0.96 0.360
Retinopathy, % 0.78 0.35-1.77 0.552
Current smoker, % 1.42 0.68-2.97 0.350
Uric acid, µmol/L 1.01 1.00-1.01 0.017
hsCRP, mg/L 0.98 0.90-1.06 0.590

HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; HTN, hypertension; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein.

Figure & Data

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      Serum Ceruloplasmin Level as a Predictor for the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy in Korean Men with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
      Diabetes Metab J. 2015;39(3):230-239.   Published online April 22, 2015
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    Serum Ceruloplasmin Level as a Predictor for the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy in Korean Men with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Image
    Fig. 1 Kaplan-Meier curves for progression of diabetic nephropathy according to serum ceruloplasmin tertile categories.
    Serum Ceruloplasmin Level as a Predictor for the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy in Korean Men with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    CharacteristicCeruloplasmin tertile categoriesP value
    Q1 (≤219 mg/L)
    (n=222)
    Q2 (220-249 mg/L)
    (n=210)
    Q3 (≥250 mg/L)
    (n=211)
    Baseline data
     Age, yr56.7±9.957.4±9.556.9±11.40.807
     BMI, kg/m225.3±2.825.3±2.725.1±3.20.597
     Duration of diabetes, yr8.0 (4.0-12.0)8.0 (5.0-13.0)7.0 (3.0-13.0)0.209
     SBP, mm Hg126.5±14.1127.3±14.8130.1±16.30.035
     DBP, mm Hg77.0±9.076.8±9.678.1±10.20.326
     Current smoker, %18.528.626.10.038
     Past history of CVD, %12.611.09.00.484
     Antidiabetic medication, %<0.001
      None6.88.17.6
      OHA90.182.372.9
      Insulin0.506.2
      OHA+insulin2.79.613.3
     ACEi or ARB use, %33.341.039.30.225
     Other HTN medication use, %27.933.830.30.413
     Statin use, %36.535.737.40.934
     Retinopathy, %19.828.628.00.064
     FPG, mmol/L7.3 (6.48-8.23)7.33 (6.11-8.82)7.38 (6.44-8.99)0.443
     HbA1c, %7.0 (6.5-7.7)7.2 (6.4-8.2)7.5 (6.7-8.4)0.001
     HbA1c, mmol/L53 (48-61)55 (46-66)58 (50-68)0.001
     Total cholesterol, mmol/L4.42±0.934.48±0.904.71±1.060.005
     Triglyceride, mmol/L1.38 (0.98-1.98)1.51 (1.11-2.11)1.46 (1.01-2.16)0.513
     LDL-C, mmol/L2.54±0.742.62±0.762.79±0.810.004
     HDL-C, mmol/L1.27±0.341.23±0.301.21±0.290.114
     Uric acid, µmol/L321.4±74.1334.3±80.6329.9±87.30.243
     hsCRP, mg/L0.5 (0.3-0.8)0.6 (0.3-1.2)1.3 (0.7-2.8)<0.001
     Ceruloplasmin, mg/L197.3±17.3233.6±8.4277.8±29.6-
     UACR, mg/g5.9 (3.1-13.9)9.7 (4.2-39.9)11.9 (4.5-46.3)<0.001
     Creatinine, mg/dL1.0 (0.9-1.1)1.0 (0.9-1.1)0.9 (0.8-1.1)0.376
     eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m287.1±17.186.0±19.488.9±23.00.325
    Follow-up data
     Follow-up mean HbA1c, %7.1 (6.6-7.7)7.1 (6.5-8.0)7.2 (6.5-8.0)0.766
     Follow-up mean HbA1c, mmol/L54 (49-61)54 (48-63)55 (48-64)0.766
     Follow-up mean SBP, mm Hg126.0±23.0126.0±20.0129.7±17.90.123
     Follow-up mean DBP, mm Hg70.9±13.370.4±11.272.5±10.60.192
     Last UACR, mg/ga7.6 (3.7-17.5)9.1 (4.4-44.0)12.0 (5.0-71.8)<0.001
     Last creatinine, mg/dL0.9 (0.8-1.0)0.9 (0.8-1.1)0.9 (0.8-1.1)0.542
     Last eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m289.5±18.388.1±24.190.9±29.60.488
     Progression of diabetic nephropathy, n (%)6 (2.7)12 (5.7)31 (14.7)<0.001
    CharacteristicNonprogressors (n=594)Progressors (n=49)P valueOverall
    Baseline data
     Age, yr56.8±10.259.1±10.70.13157.0±10.25
     BMI, kg/m225.2±2.925.1±3.00.84225.2±2.9
     Duration of diabetes, yr8.0 (3-12)10.0 (6.0-16.5)0.0188.0 (4.0-13.0)
     SBP, mm Hg127.6±14.6131.4±20.20.206127.9±15.1
     DBP, mm Hg77.2±9.678.1±10.30.53377.3±9.6
     Current smoker, %23.928.60.46424.3
     Past history of CVD, %11.44.10.11210.9
     Antidiabetic medication, %0.001
      None8.107.5
      OHA82.475.581.9
      Insulin1.78.22.2
      OHA+insulin7.816.38.4
     ACEi or ARB use, %35.565.3<0.00137.8
     Other HTN medication use, %29.642.90.05430.6
     Statin use, %36.042.90.34036.5
     Retinopathy, %24.634.70.11825.3
     FPG, mmol/L7.33 (6.38-8.60)7.33 (6.19-9.32)0.6807.33 (6.38-8.60)
     HbA1c, %7.2 (6.5-8.1)7.2 (6.5-8.6)0.5877.2 (6.5-8.1)
     HbA1c, mmol/L55 (48-65)55 (47-70)0.58755 (48-65)
     Total cholesterol, mmol/L4.51±0.944.87±1.270.0584.53±0.97
     Triglyceride, mmol/L1.42 (1.01-2.05)1.72 (1.20-2.42)0.0561.46 (1.02-2.08)
     LDL-C, mmol/L2.64±0.772.74±0.800.3922.65±0.77
     HDL-C, mmol/L1.24±0.311.28±0.360.4411.24±0.32
     Uric acid, µmol/L324.3±78.2378.1±95.4<0.001328.4±80.8
     hsCRP, mg/L0.6 (0.4-1.4)1.1 (0.6-3.0)0.0040.7 (0.4-1.5)
     Ceruloplasmin, mg/L233.3±37.8262.6±40.9<0.001235.6±38.8
     UACR, mg/g7.8 (3.7-25.4)27 (14.3-265.2)<0.0018.5 (3.8-30.8)
     Baseline creatinine, mg/dL0.9 (0.9-1.1)1.1 (0.9-1.4)<0.0010.9 (0.9-1.1)
     eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m288.5±19.172.4±23.5<0.00187.3±19.9
    Follow-up data
     Follow-up mean HbA1c, %7.1 (6.5-7.8)7.4 (6.8-8.7)0.0147.1 (6.5-7.8)
     Follow-up mean HbA1c, mmol/L54.1 (47.5-61.8)57.4 (50.8-71.0)0.01454.1 (47.5-62.0)
     Follow-up mean SBP, mm Hg127.0±20.1130.0±24.20.330127.2±20.5
     Follow-up mean DBP, mm Hg71.2±11.771.7±13.10.80571.3±11.8
     Last UACR, mg/ga8.0 (3.9-21.1)279.6 (51.5-667.1)<0.0019.0 (4.1-30.5)
     Last creatinine, mg/dL0.9 (0.8-1.0)1.1 (0.9-2.1)<0.0010.9 (0.8-1.1)
     Last eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m291.0±21.871.0±41.10.00189.5±24.3
    HR (95% CI)P value
    Q1 (≤219 mg/L)
    (n=222)
    Q2 (220-249 mg/L)
    (n=210)
    Q3 (≥250 mg/L)
    (n=211)
    Subjects, progressor/total, n (%)6/222 (2.7)12/210 (5.7)31/211 (14.7)
    HRs for progression of diabetic nephropathy
     Unadjusted11.95 (0.73-5.19)5.41 (2.30-12.96)<0.001
     Model 111.20 (0.42-3.45)4.10 (1.64-10.24)<0.001
     Model 211.25 (0.44-3.52)3.45 (1.37-8.71)0.003
     Model 311.14 (0.38-3.40)3.14 (1.21-8.10)0.010
    VariableHR95% CIP value
    Age, yr1.000.96-1.040.807
    Baseline creatinine, mg/dL2.721.28-5.760.009
    Baseline UACR (per 100 mg/g)1.041.00-1.070.031
    Follow-up mean SBP, mm Hg1.020.97-1.070.444
    Follow-up mean DBP, mm Hg0.950.87-1.040.288
    ACEi or ARB use, %2.170.97-1.070.059
    Other HTN medication use, %0.620.29-1.320.214
    Follow-up mean HbA1c, %1.421.06-1.910.018
    Duration of diabetes, yr1.000.95-1.040.912
    Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L1.050.93-1.190.421
    Body mass index, kg/m20.930.82-1.060.294
    Triglyceride, mmol/L1.120.88-1.420.353
    LDL-C, mmol/L1.170.78-1.750.451
    HDL-C, mmol/L0.750.60-0.960.360
    Retinopathy, %0.780.35-1.770.552
    Current smoker, %1.420.68-2.970.350
    Uric acid, µmol/L1.011.00-1.010.017
    hsCRP, mg/L0.980.90-1.060.590
    Table 1 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study subjects according to serum ceruloplasmin tertile categories at baseline

    Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, median (range) unless otherwise indicated.

    BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; HTN, hypertension; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.

    aLast UACR represent UACR in spot urine sample at last follow-up or at the time of event occurrence.

    Table 2 Baseline and follow-up clinical and biochemical characteristics of progressors and nonprogressors of diabetic nephropathy

    Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, median (range) unless otherwise indicated.

    BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; HTN, hypertension; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.

    aLast UACR represent UACR in spot urine sample at last follow-up or at the time of event occurrence.

    Table 3 HRs and 95% CI for progression of diabetic nephropathy based on serum ceruloplasmin tertile categories

    Model 1: adjusted for conventional diabetic nephropathy risk factors (age, body mass index, duration of diabetes, current smoker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) or angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) use, other hypertension medication, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, baseline urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), baseline creatinine, follow-up mean glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), follow-up mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), follow-up mean diastolic blood pressure). Model 2: adjusted for factors that showed a statistically significant (P<0.05, i.e., antidiabetic medication, ACEi or ARB use, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, uric acid, baseline UACR, baseline creatinine, follow-up mean HbA1c) or borderline significant (P<0.10, i.e., duration of diabetes, baseline SBP, past history of cardiovascular disease, retinopathy) association in the univariate analysis. Model 3: adjusted for all the variables in models 1 and 2.

    HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

    Table 4 Other risk factors for progression of diabetic nephropathy demonstrated by multivariate Cox regression analysis

    HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; HTN, hypertension; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein.

    Lee MJ, Jung CH, Kang YM, Jang JE, Leem J, Park JY, Lee WJ. Serum Ceruloplasmin Level as a Predictor for the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy in Korean Men with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab J. 2015;39(3):230-239.
    Received: Jul 18, 2014; Accepted: Sep 12, 2014
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2015.39.3.230.

    Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal
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