Fig. 1The diagram of participants in this study.
Fig. 2The changes of renal function in type 2 diabetic nephropathy patients with or without anemia. X-axis: follow-up intervals (yr), Y-axis: Cr during each follow-up.
Table 1Baseline characteristics of type 2 diabetes patients with nephropathy
Characteristic |
Patients with type 2 diabetes with nephropathy (n=130) |
Gender (male/female) |
70/60 |
Age, yr |
62.7±11.9 |
Duration of diabetes, yr |
11.2±9.1 |
Smoker/ex-smoker/non-smoker/not available |
19/7/85/19 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
22.7±3.1 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
149.5±17.1 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
82.3±10.9 |
Baseline hemoglobin, mg/dL |
11.4±2.2 |
Baseline HbA1c, % |
7.8±1.5 |
Baseline creatinine, mg/dL |
1.4±0.7 |
Baseline GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2
|
53.9±22.7 |
CKD grade, % |
|
1: GFR ≥90 |
8 (6.2) |
2: GFR 60-89 |
49 (37.7) |
3a: GFR 45-59 |
28 (21.5) |
3b: GFR 30-44 |
25 (19.2) |
4: GFR 15-29 |
20 (15.4) |
Baseline ACR, mg/g |
350.2 (30.5-1,700.0) |
Microalbuminuria range, % |
45 (34.6) |
Baseline LDL, mg/dL |
110.2±12.8 |
The use of ACEi or ARB, % |
111 (85.4) |
The use of insulin, % |
45 (34.6) |
The use of ferrous sulfate, % |
50 (38.5) |
The use of erythropoietin, % |
37 (28.5) |
The use of antiplatelet agents, % |
76 (58.5) |
Table 2Clinical characteristics of patients with anemia or without anemia
Characteristic |
Patients with anemia (n=74) |
Patients without anemia (n=56) |
P value |
Gender (male/female) |
37/37 |
33/23 |
0.16 |
Age, yr |
63.7±12.3 |
60.6±11.1 |
0.25 |
Duration of diabetes, yr |
11.4±10.2 |
10.9±7.1 |
0.07 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
148.2±19.2 |
150.1±16.1 |
0.32 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
81.8±11.1 |
82.9±9.9 |
0.33 |
Baseline hemoglobin, mg/dL |
10.5±1.5 |
14.3±1.4 |
<0.05 |
Baseline HbA1c, % |
7.8±1.5 |
7.9±1.3 |
0.66 |
Baseline creatinine, mg/dL |
1.5±0.8 |
1.4±0.5 |
0.66 |
Baseline GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2
|
53.4±23.6 |
55.7±19.6 |
0.66 |
CKD grade |
|
|
|
1: GFR ≥90 |
5 (6.7) |
3 (5.4) |
0.75 |
2: GFR 60-89 |
28 (37.8) |
21 (37.5) |
0.81 |
3a: GFR 45-59 |
14 (18.9) |
14 (25.0) |
0.06 |
3b: GFR 30-44 |
14 (18.9) |
11 (19.6) |
0.59 |
4: GFR 15-29 |
11 (14.9) |
9 (16.1) |
0.67 |
Baseline ACR, mg/g |
348.9 (33.7-1,700.0) |
354.1 (30.5-1,650.3) |
0.94 |
Baseline LDL, mg/dL |
113.1±14.2 |
106.4±10.9 |
0.32 |
Microalbuminuria range, % |
27 (36.5) |
18 (32.1) |
0.06 |
The use of ACEi or ARB, % |
63 (85.1) |
48 (85.7) |
0.28 |
The use of insulin, % |
32 (43.2) |
13 (23.2) |
0.06 |
The use of antiplatelet agents, % |
48 (64.9) |
28 (50.0) |
0.09 |
Annual mean value of systolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
150.1±21.2 |
149.1±18.9 |
0.41 |
Annual mean value of diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
83.2±13.0 |
81.9±12.8 |
0.37 |
Annual mean value of LDL, mg/dL |
101.1±21.0 |
107.8±19.7 |
0.12 |
Annual mean value of HbA1c, % |
7.7±1.4 |
7.8±1.8 |
0.66 |
Creatinine after 10-year follow-up, mg/dL |
4.8±1.1 |
1.2±0.1 |
<0.05 |
Person who initiate dialysis, % |
40 (54.1) |
3 (5.4) |
<0.05 |
The average time to initiate dialysis, mo |
45.1 (8.0-115.8) |
68.3 (23.3-108.8) |
<0.01 |
Table 3The correlation of variables to the initiation of dialysis in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy
Variable |
Correlation coefficient |
P value |
Hemoglobin |
-0.47 |
<0.05 |
Glycosylated hemoglobin |
0.11 |
0.23 |
Creatinine |
0.57 |
<0.05 |
Glomerular filtration rate |
-0.50 |
0.55 |
Albumin to creatinine ratio |
0.45 |
0.11 |
Low density lipoprotein |
0.12 |
0.23 |
Table 4The risk of anemia to the initiation of dialysis in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy
|
The risk of anemia to the dialysis initiation |
95% Confidence interval |
P value |
Hazard ratio |
7.5 |
2.3-24.3 |
<0.05 |
Hazard ratioa
|
8.1 |
2.4-27.0 |
<0.05 |