Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.
Copyright © 2015 Korean Diabetes Association
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CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range).
HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ACR, albumin to creatinine ratio; LDL, low density lipoprotein; ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range).
HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ACR, albumin to creatinine ratio; LDL, low density lipoprotein; ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.
Characteristic | Patients with type 2 diabetes with nephropathy (n=130) |
---|---|
Gender (male/female) | 70/60 |
Age, yr | 62.7±11.9 |
Duration of diabetes, yr | 11.2±9.1 |
Smoker/ex-smoker/non-smoker/not available | 19/7/85/19 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.7±3.1 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 149.5±17.1 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 82.3±10.9 |
Baseline hemoglobin, mg/dL | 11.4±2.2 |
Baseline HbA1c, % | 7.8±1.5 |
Baseline creatinine, mg/dL | 1.4±0.7 |
Baseline GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 53.9±22.7 |
CKD grade, % | |
1: GFR ≥90 | 8 (6.2) |
2: GFR 60-89 | 49 (37.7) |
3a: GFR 45-59 | 28 (21.5) |
3b: GFR 30-44 | 25 (19.2) |
4: GFR 15-29 | 20 (15.4) |
Baseline ACR, mg/g | 350.2 (30.5-1,700.0) |
Microalbuminuria range, % | 45 (34.6) |
Baseline LDL, mg/dL | 110.2±12.8 |
The use of ACEi or ARB, % | 111 (85.4) |
The use of insulin, % | 45 (34.6) |
The use of ferrous sulfate, % | 50 (38.5) |
The use of erythropoietin, % | 37 (28.5) |
The use of antiplatelet agents, % | 76 (58.5) |
Characteristic | Patients with anemia (n=74) | Patients without anemia (n=56) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Gender (male/female) | 37/37 | 33/23 | 0.16 |
Age, yr | 63.7±12.3 | 60.6±11.1 | 0.25 |
Duration of diabetes, yr | 11.4±10.2 | 10.9±7.1 | 0.07 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 148.2±19.2 | 150.1±16.1 | 0.32 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 81.8±11.1 | 82.9±9.9 | 0.33 |
Baseline hemoglobin, mg/dL | 10.5±1.5 | 14.3±1.4 | <0.05 |
Baseline HbA1c, % | 7.8±1.5 | 7.9±1.3 | 0.66 |
Baseline creatinine, mg/dL | 1.5±0.8 | 1.4±0.5 | 0.66 |
Baseline GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 53.4±23.6 | 55.7±19.6 | 0.66 |
CKD grade | |||
1: GFR ≥90 | 5 (6.7) | 3 (5.4) | 0.75 |
2: GFR 60-89 | 28 (37.8) | 21 (37.5) | 0.81 |
3a: GFR 45-59 | 14 (18.9) | 14 (25.0) | 0.06 |
3b: GFR 30-44 | 14 (18.9) | 11 (19.6) | 0.59 |
4: GFR 15-29 | 11 (14.9) | 9 (16.1) | 0.67 |
Baseline ACR, mg/g | 348.9 (33.7-1,700.0) | 354.1 (30.5-1,650.3) | 0.94 |
Baseline LDL, mg/dL | 113.1±14.2 | 106.4±10.9 | 0.32 |
Microalbuminuria range, % | 27 (36.5) | 18 (32.1) | 0.06 |
The use of ACEi or ARB, % | 63 (85.1) | 48 (85.7) | 0.28 |
The use of insulin, % | 32 (43.2) | 13 (23.2) | 0.06 |
The use of antiplatelet agents, % | 48 (64.9) | 28 (50.0) | 0.09 |
Annual mean value of systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 150.1±21.2 | 149.1±18.9 | 0.41 |
Annual mean value of diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 83.2±13.0 | 81.9±12.8 | 0.37 |
Annual mean value of LDL, mg/dL | 101.1±21.0 | 107.8±19.7 | 0.12 |
Annual mean value of HbA1c, % | 7.7±1.4 | 7.8±1.8 | 0.66 |
Creatinine after 10-year follow-up, mg/dL | 4.8±1.1 | 1.2±0.1 | <0.05 |
Person who initiate dialysis, % | 40 (54.1) | 3 (5.4) | <0.05 |
The average time to initiate dialysis, mo | 45.1 (8.0-115.8) | 68.3 (23.3-108.8) | <0.01 |
Variable | Correlation coefficient | P value |
---|---|---|
Hemoglobin | -0.47 | <0.05 |
Glycosylated hemoglobin | 0.11 | 0.23 |
Creatinine | 0.57 | <0.05 |
Glomerular filtration rate | -0.50 | 0.55 |
Albumin to creatinine ratio | 0.45 | 0.11 |
Low density lipoprotein | 0.12 | 0.23 |
The risk of anemia to the dialysis initiation | 95% Confidence interval | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Hazard ratio | 7.5 | 2.3-24.3 | <0.05 |
Hazard ratioa | 8.1 | 2.4-27.0 | <0.05 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range). HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ACR, albumin to creatinine ratio; LDL, low density lipoprotein; ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range). HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ACR, albumin to creatinine ratio; LDL, low density lipoprotein; ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.
Hazard ratio was studied by Cox regression analysis. aAdjusted by multiple variables (age, diabetes duration, glycosylated hemoglobin, blood pressure, creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, albumin to creatinine ratio).