¹Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
²Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
³Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
⁴Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
⁵Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
⁶Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
⁷Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
⁸Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
⁹Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
¹⁰Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
¹¹Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Korea
¹²Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
¹³Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Sejong General Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
¹⁴Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
¹⁵Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
¹⁶Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
¹⁷Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
¹⁸Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
¹⁹Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
²⁰Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
²¹Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
²²Department of Ophthalmological, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
²³Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
²⁴Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
²⁵Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
²⁶Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
²⁷Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
²⁸Department of Food Service and Nutrition Care, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
²⁹Nutrition Team, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
³⁰Department of Nutrition, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
³¹Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
³²Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
³³Department of Pediatrics, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Korea
³⁴Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
³⁵Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author:  Byung-Wan Lee,
Email: bwanlee@yuhs.ac
*These authors contributed equally to this work.

Received: 28 May 2025   • Accepted: 25 June 2025