1Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
2Health Services Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
3Department of Lifestyle-related Medicine and Endocrinology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
4Postgraduate Medical Education Center, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
Copyright © 2024 Korean Diabetes Association
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Characteristic | Total (n=331) | HbA1c (group) |
P value |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤5.4% (n=42) (group A) | 5.5%–6.4% (n=149) (group B) | 6.5%–7.4% (n=61) (group C) | ≥7.5% (n=79) (group D) | A vs. B | A vs. C | A vs. D | B vs. C | B vs. D | C vs. D | ||
Age, yr | 59 (46–67) | 40 (30.8–56.5) | 60 (46–68) | 63 (53–68.5) | 58 (49–65) | <0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.92 | 0.12 |
Male sex, % | 42.3 | 59.5 | 40.3 | 39.3 | 39.2 | 0.12 |
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BMI, kg/m2 | 27.1 (24.0–30.2) | 24.3 (22.1–27.0) | 26.8 (23.7–29.7) | 27.1 (25.1–31.6) | 29.0 (25.9–31.1) | <0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.53 | < 0.01 | 0.52 |
Hemoglobin, g/L | 144 (133–152) | 147 (131–155) | 143 (134–152) | 143 (134–152) | 141 (131–155) | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
ALT, IU/L | 61 (37–102) | 57 (31–72.8) | 70 (37.5–115) | 52 (41–96.5) | 61 (34–102) | 0.19 | 0.92 | 0.80 | 0.67 | 0.53 | 1.00 |
UA, µmol/L | 351 (292–405) | 363 (320–418) | 357 (303–416) | 345 (309–402) | 315 (268–387) | 0.98 | 0.79 | 0.12 | 0.90 | 0.02 | 0.22 |
Creatinine, µmol/L | 60.1 (51.3–70.7) | 62.3 (51.9–73.2) | 60.1 (53.0–74.7) | 57.5 (51.7–68.5) | 57.5 (48.6–69.0) | 0.99 | 0.58 | 0.37 | 0.59 | 0.28 | 0.93 |
TC, mmol/L | 5.02 (4.37–5.69) | 4.94 (4.27–5.65) | 5.09 (4.54–5.79) | 4.91 (4.22–5.60) | 4.86 (4.40–5.66) | 0.97 |
0.97 |
0.98 |
0.69 |
0.73 |
1.00 |
TG, mmol/L | 1.43 (1.06–1.95) | 1.35 (0.80–1.94) | 1.38 (1.02–1.84) | 1.51 (1.09–1.99) | 1.47 (1.11–2.17) | 0.83 | 0.35 | 0.13 | 0.57 | 0.15 | 0.96 |
DM, % | 52.3 | 7.1 | 20.1 | 100 | 100 | <0.01 |
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Duration of diabetes, yr |
4 (1–10) | 3 (0–9) | 3.5 (0.9–9.3) | 3 (1–6) | 7 (2–15) | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.73 | 0.99 | 0.17 | <0.01 |
Fibrosis stage (3–4), % | 40.5 | 19.1 | 37.6 | 57.4 | 44.3 | <0.01 |
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NAS (5–8), % | 52.9 | 23.8 | 56.4 | 57.4 | 58.2 | <0.01 |
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Anti-diabetes agents | |||||||||||
Biguanide, % | 17.8 | 2.4 | 5.4 | 29.5 | 40.5 | <0.01 |
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DPP4i, % | 11.5 | 2.4 | 3.4 | 21.3 | 24.1 | <0.01 |
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Sulfonylurea, % | 10.3 | 0 | 0.7 | 8.2 | 35.4 | <0.01 |
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AGI, % | 3.9 | 0 | 0.7 | 4.9 | 11.4 | <0.01 |
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Pioglitazone, % | 3.3 | 0 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 10.1 | 0.14 |
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Glinide, % | 1.5 | 0 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 0.03 |
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GLP-1RA, % | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 0.98 |
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SGLT2i, % | 2.4 | 0 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 3.8 | 0.60 |
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Insulin, % | 7.3 | 0 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 25.3 | <0.01 |
Variable | HbA1c |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
≤5.4% | 5.5%–6.4% | 6.5%–7.4% | ≥7.5% | |
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 2.56 (1.15–6.30) P=0.02 | 5.72 (2.36–15.18) P<0.01 | 3.38 (1.44–8.69) P=0.03 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ||||
Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.49 (0.59–3.77) P=0.40 | 2.87 (1.05–7.86) P=0.04 | 2.11 (0.80–5.52) P=0.13 |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 2.63 (1.08–6.37) P=0.03 | 5.33 (2.00–14.19) P<0.01 | 2.65 (1.01–7.00) P=0.049 |
Variable | HbA1c |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
≤5.4% | 5.5%–6.4% | 6.5%–7.4% | ≥7.5% | |
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 4.14 (1.95–9.43) P<0.01 | 4.31 (1.85–10.70) P<0.01 | 4.46 (1.98–10.74) P<0.01 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ||||
Model 1 | 1.00 | 3.00 (1.11–8.17) P=0.03 | 3.81 (1.26–11.51) P=0.02 | 4.50 (1.57–12.87) P<0.01 |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 3.80 (1.68–8.60) P<0.01 | 3.61 (1.43–9.06) P<0.01 | 3.60 (1.44–9.01) P<0.01 |
Variable | Fibrosis stage 0–2 (n=174) | Fibrosis stage 3–4 (n=106) | P value | NAS 1–4 (n=127) | NAS 5–8 (n=153) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insulin, μU/mL | 11.7 (7.2–16.3) | 17.1 (12.6–26.4) | <0.01 | 11.0 (6.9–16) | 15.4 (11.6–23.9) | <0.01 |
HOMA-IR | 2.96 (1.88–4.76) | 5.30 (3.46–7.64) | <0.01 | 2.83 (1.68–4.51) | 4.71 (2.94–7.07) | <0.01 |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or percentage. To evaluate between-group differences, the Steel-Dwass test or Tukey’s test was used for continuous variables, Chi-square test was used for categorical variables. Duration of diabetes in patients with DM. HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; BMI, body mass index; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; UA, uric acid; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; DM, diabetes mellitus; NAS, activity score; DPP4i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; AGI, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; SGLT2i, sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitor.
Differences were considered statistically significant at HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Differences were considered statistically significant at HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; NAS, NAFLD activity score; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Values are presented as median (interquartile range). To evaluate between-group differences, the Mann-Whitney HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; NAS, NAFLD activity score.