1Department of General Practice, Institute of Diabetes, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
2Research and Education Centre of General Practice, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
3Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Diabetes, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
4Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
5Department of Nursing Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
6Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Copyright © 2023 Korean Diabetes Association
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Variable | Weak grip strength at follow-up |
Slow walking speed at follow-up |
Poor standing balance at follow-up |
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With | Without | P value | With | Without | P value | With | Without | P value | ||
No. of participants |
151 | 1,076 | 209 | 197 | 274 | 687 | ||||
Male sex | 65 (43.0) | 420 (39.0) | 0.17 | 89 (42.6) | 86 (43.7) | 0.41 | 91 (33.2) | 313 (45.6) | <0.001 | |
Age, yr | 75.7±8.8 | 68.2±8.3 | <0.001 | 74.8±6.4 | 72.8±5.4 | <0.001 | 71.5±9.3 | 67.1±7.7 | <0.001 | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 30.2±5.2 | 30.8±6.1 | 0.14 | 29.5±5.4 | 29.3±5.2 | 0.34 | 30.5±6.1 | 30.1±5.6 | 0.19 | |
SBP, mm Hg | 132±19 | 130±18 | 0.08 | 132±18 | 132±19 | 0.42 | 131±19 | 129±19 | 0.09 | |
DBP, mm Hg | 77±12 | 79±11 | 0.009 | 77±10 | 79±11 | 0.08 | 78±10 | 79±10 | 0.09 | |
HbA1c, % | 5.9±0.5 | 5.9±0.6 | 0.42 | 5.9±0.6 | 5.8±0.5 | 0.16 | 5.9±0.5 | 5.9±0.6 | 0.24 | |
HbA1c, mmol/mol | 41±5.5 | 41±6.6 | 0.42 | 41±6.6 | 40±5.5 | 0.16 | 41±5.5 | 41±6.6 | 0.24 | |
TC/HDL-C | 3.7±0.8 | 3.9±1.2 | 0.03 | 3.8±0.9 | 3.8±1.0 | 0.42 | 3.8±1.0 | 3.9±1.2 | 0.28 | |
ln(CRP), mg/dL | 0.4±1.7 | 0.5±1.4 | 0.31 | 0.4±1.3 | 0.1±1.5 | 0.05 | 0.6±1.2 | 0.2±1.5 | 0.001 | |
Smoking |
9 (6.0) | 120 (11.2) | 0.03 | 10 (4.8) | 14 (7.1) | 0.16 | 27 (9.2) | 63 (9.9) | 0.37 | |
Drinkingb | 82 (54.3) | 603 (56.0) | 0.34 | 135 (64.6) | 130 (66.0) | 0.38 | 149 (54.4) | 401 (58.4) | 0.13 | |
Taking exercise | 53 (35.1) | 500 (46.5) | 0.004 | 97 (46.4) | 107 (54.3) | 0.06 | 109 (40.0) | 365 (53.1) | <0.001 | |
With history of | ||||||||||
CLD | 15 (9.9) | 94 (8.7) | 0.31 | 23 (11.0) | 11 (5.6) | 0.02 | 34 (12.4) | 40 (5.8) | <0.001 | |
Arthritis | 106 (70.2) | 632 (58.7) | 0.004 | 131 (62.7) | 129 (65.5) | 0.28 | 182 (66.4) | 379 (55.2) | <0.001 | |
AD | 1 (0.7) | 3 (0.3) | 0.22 | 2 (1.0) | 0 | 0.08 | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 0.06 |
Binary outcomes | No. of cases/participants | Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
Development of weak grip strength | |||||
Prediabetes maintenance | 67/565 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | |
Prediabetes progression | 38/251 | 1.33 (0.86–2.04) | 1.48 (0.94–2.33) | 1.89 (1.04–3.44) | |
Prediabetes regression | 46/411 | 0.94 (0.63–1.40) | 0.94 (0.62–1.43) | 0.73 (0.41–1.30) | |
Development of low walking speed | |||||
Prediabetes maintenance | 94/183 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | |
Prediabetes progression | 34/69 | 0.92 (0.53–1.60) | 0.93 (0.53–1.64) | 0.62 (0.30–1.27) | |
Prediabetes regression | 81/154 | 1.05 (0.68–1.61) | 1.01 (0.65–1.57) | 1.74 (0.95–3.20) | |
Development of poor standing balance | |||||
Prediabetes maintenance | 134/460 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | |
Prediabetes progression | 60/189 | 1.13 (0.78–1.63) | 1.14 (0.78–1.67) | 1.16 (0.74–1.81) | |
Prediabetes regression | 80/312 | 0.84 (0.61–1.16) | 0.83 (0.59–1.17) | 0.81 (0.53–1.23) |
Variable | No. of participants | Mean changes | Comparisons using regression analysis |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
Changes in grip strength, kg | ||||||
Prediabetes maintenance | 565 | –2.75±4.84 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
Prediabetes progression | 251 | –3.47±5.22 | –0.72 (–1.46 to 0.02) | –0.72 (–1.45 to 0.01) | –0.85 (–1.65 to –0.04) | |
Prediabetes regression | 411 | –2.54±5.01 | 0.21 (–0.42 to 0.84) | 0.09 (–0.53 to 0.71) | 0.15 (–0.55 to 0.86) | |
Changes in walking speed, m/sec | ||||||
Prediabetes maintenance | 183 | –0.18±0.23 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
Prediabetes progression | 69 | –0.18±0.20 | –0.01 (–0.07 to 0.05) | –0.01 (–0.07 to 0.05) | 0.03 (–0.03 to 0.09) | |
Prediabetes regression | 154 | –0.20±0.19 | –0.02 (–0.07 to 0.02) | –0.01 (–0.06 to 0.03) | –0.04 (–0.09 to 0.01) |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation. BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CRP, C-reactive protein; CLD, chronic lung disease; AD, Alzheimer's disease. Participants were with adequately functioning grip strength, walking speed, or standing balance, respectively, in the baseline dataset, They represented participants who were current smokers or had history of drinking.
Mode 1: without adjustment; Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index; Model 3: additionally adjusted for history of smoking and drinking (yes or no), taking physical exercise (yes or no), history of chronic lung disease (with or without), arthritis (with or without), and Alzheimer’s disease (with or without), diastolic blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and C-reactive protein, and corresponding physical function (except standing balance) at baseline. The classifications of prediabetes, diabetes, and normoglycemia were defined based on the 2021 American Diabetes Association criteria.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or change (95% confidence interval). Model 1: without adjustment; Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index; Model 3: additionally adjusted for history of smoking and drinking (yes or no), taking physical exercise (yes or no), history of chronic lung disease (with or without), arthritis (with or without), and Alzheimer’s disease (with or without), diastolic blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and C-reactive protein, and corresponding physical function at baseline. The classifications of prediabetes, diabetes, and normoglycemia were defined based on the 2021 American Diabetes Association criteria.