1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
2Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
4Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
5Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
6Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
7Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
Copyright © 2023 Korean Diabetes Association
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Characteristic | Total |
Diabetes |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Men | Women | P value | Total | Men | Women | P value | ||
Number | 3,068 | 1,327 | 1,741 | 914 | 406 | 508 | |||
Age, yr | 73.0±0.1 | 72.5±0.2 | 73.4±0.2 | <0.001 | 73.4±0.2 | 72.2±0.3 | 74.3±0.3 | <0.001 | |
Male sex | 43.3 (0.9) | - | 43.9 (1.8) | - | |||||
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.1±0.1 | 23.9±0.1 | 24.2±0.1 | 0.060 | 24.8±0.1 | 24.6±0.2 | 25.0±0.2 | 0.184 | |
Waist circumference, cm | 87.4±0.2 | 89.3±0.3 | 85.9±0.3 | <0.001 | 90.2±0.3 | 91.8±0.5 | 89.0±0.5 | <0.001 | |
Obesity, % | 36.4 (1.0) | 35.0 (1.6) | 37.4 (1.3) | 0.245 | 44.1 (1.8) | 42.1 (2.8) | 45.6 (2.5) | 0.367 | |
Abdominal obesity, % | 52.3 (1.0) | 48.2 (1.6) | 55.4 (1.4) | 0.001 | 63.9 (1.8) | 57.3 (2.7) | 69.1 (2.4) | 0.001 | |
Current smoker, % | 9.5 (0.7) | 18.5 (1.4) | 2.7 (0.5) | <0.001 | 11.0 (1.3) | 20.6 (2.5) | 3.3 (0.8) | <0.001 | |
High-risk alcohol consumption, % | 11.3 (1.0) | 17.7 (1.5) | 2.0 (0.7) | <0.001 | 12.4 (1.9) | 18.6 (2.8) | 1.2 (0.8) | <0.001 | |
Regular walking, % | 41.3 (1.2) | 44.7 (1.5) | 38.6 (1.7) | 0.003 | 40.1 (2.0) | 49.7 (2.9) | 31.8 (2.8) | <0.001 | |
Hypertension, % | 62.7 (1.1) | 58.6 (1.6) | 65.8 (1.3) | 0.001 | 71.7 (1.7) | 67.5 (2.5) | 75.0 (2.2) | 0.023 | |
Hypercholesterolemia, % | 76.5 (0.9) | 71.2 (1.4) | 80.6 (1.1) | <0.001 | 70.1 (1.9) | 64.1 (2.7) | 74.7 (2.4) | 0.002 | |
Stroke, % | 6.5 (0.6) | 7.3 (0.9) | 5.9 (0.7) | 0.194 | 8.0 (1.3) | 7.7 (1.5) | 8.3 (1.6) | 0.768 | |
Myocardial infarction, % | 3.2 (0.4) | 4.7 (0.7) | 2.1 (0.4) | 0.009 | 5.0 (0.9) | 8.6 (1.6) | 2.0 (0.6) | <0.001 | |
Angina, % | 6.4 (0.5) | 7.2 (0.8) | 5.8 (0.7) | 0.197 | 8.9 (1.1) | 11.3 (1.9) | 6.8 (1.4) | 0.059 | |
Cancer, % | 7.3 (0.6) | 6.8 (0.9) | 7.7 (0.8) | 0.452 | 7.9 (1.1) | 7.3 (1.6) | 8.4 (1.6) | 0.675 | |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 129.6±0.4 | 127.0±0.6 | 131.7±0.5 | <0.001 | 130.0±0.7 | 127.1±1.0 | 132.3±1.0 | 0.001 | |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 73.0±0.2 | 72.8±0.3 | 73.2±0.3 | 0.337 | 71.2±0.4 | 71.4±0.6 | 71.0±0.5 | 0.554 | |
Laboratory test | |||||||||
Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 107.1±0.5 | 108.7±0.7 | 105.8 ±1.2 | 0.001 | 128.4±1.2 | 130.4±1.7 | 126.8±1.6 | 0.109 | |
A1C, % | 6.12±0.02 | 6.10±0.03 | 6.14±0.02 | 0.312 | 7.03±0.04 | 6.99±0.1 | 7.05±0.1 | 0.449 | |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 181.4±0.9 | 176.4±1.3 | 185.3±1.2 | <0.001 | 168.3±1.6 | 165.6±2.4 | 170.4±2.0 | 0.117 | |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 49.3±0.3 | 47.0±0.4 | 51.1±0.4 | <0.001 | 46.6±0.4 | 44.7±0.6 | 48.1±0.6 | <0.001 | |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 106.7±0.8 | 103.1±1.2 | 109.4±1.1 | <0.001 | 93.9±1.3 | 91.3±2.1 | 95.9±1.7 | 0.071 | |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 113.0 (110.4–115.6) | 115.3 (111.3–119.5) | 111.2 (108.2–114.3) | 0.088 | 121.9 (117.1–126.8) | 127.1 (119.4–135.4) | 117.9 (112.6–123.4) | 0.044 |
Variable | Total (n=3,068) | Men (n=1,327) | Women (n=1,741) | P value |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diabetes | |||||||
Prevalence, % | |||||||
FPG criteria | 26.0 | 27.5 | 24.9 | 0.145 | |||
65–74 yr | 25.1 | 28.5 | 22.0 | 0.005 | |||
≥75 yr | 27.4 | 25.8 | 28.4 | 0.354 | |||
FPG, A1C criteria | 29.6 | 30.0 | 29.3 | 0.712 | |||
65–74 yr | 28.1 | 30.6 | 26.0 | 0.061 | |||
≥75 yr | 31.5 | 28.9 | 33.2 | 0.140 | |||
Estimated number | |||||||
Total | 2,122,166 | 930,681 | 1,191,485 | ||||
65–74 yr | 1,169,538 | 597,344 | 572,194 | ||||
≥75 yr | 952,628 | 333,337 | 619,291 | ||||
Prediabetes | |||||||
Prevalence, % | |||||||
Total | 50.5 | 51.1 | 49.9 | 0.588 | |||
65–74 yr | 51.1 | 50.4 | 51.6 | 0.645 | |||
≥75 yr | 49.6 | 52.3 | 47.9 | 0.166 | |||
Estimated number | |||||||
Total | 3,620,684 | 1,588,338 | 2,032,346 | ||||
65–74 yr | 2,122,391 | 984,820 | 1,137,570 | ||||
≥75 yr | 1,498,293 | 603,518 | 894,776 |
Variable | Total (n=914) | Men (n=406) | Women (n=508) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abdominal obesity, % | 63.9 (1.8) | 57.3 (2.7) | 69.0 (2.4) | 0.001 | |
Hypertension, % | |||||
Prevalence | 71.7 (1.7) | 67.5 (2.5) | 75.0 (2.2) | 0.023 | |
Control rate | 62.8 (2.3) | 67.5 (3.6) | 59.4 (3.1) | 0.092 | |
Hypercholesterolemia, % | |||||
Prevalence | 70.0 (1.9) | 64.1 (2.7) | 74.6 (2.4) | 0.002 | |
Control rate | 61.7 (1.9) | 63.1 (2.6) | 60.6 (2.4) | 0.268 | |
Triple comorbidities, % |
50.7 (1.9) | 44.2 (2.7) | 55.7 (2.7) | 0.002 | |
Integrated management (A1C <6.5% |
13.6 (1.4) | 18.1 (2.3) | 10.1 (1.5) | 0.003 | |
Integrated management (A1C <7.5% |
36.0 (1.9) | 40.1 (2.8) | 32.8 (2.4) | 0.038 | |
Current smoker, % | 11.0 (1.3) | 20.6 (2.5) | 3.3 (0.8) | <0.001 | |
High-risk alcohol consumption, % | 12.4 (1.9) | 18.6 (2.8) | 1.2 (0.8) | <0.001 | |
Regular walking, % | 40.1 (2.0) | 49.7 (2.9) | 31.8 (2.8) | <0.001 |
Variable | Prevalent DM (n=813) | Known DM (n=614) | Non-DM (n=1,846) | P value |
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total daily energy intake, kcal | ||||||
Total | 1,553.7±24.8 | 1,583.8±29.9 | 1,575.5±22.7 | 0.493 | ||
Men | 1,796.3±41.7 | 1,859.1±49.5 | 1,821.3±31.0 | 0.621 | ||
Women | 1,341.0±25.7 | 1,338.4±28.3 | 1,372.1±24.4 | 0.353 | ||
P value |
<0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Excess energy intake, % | ||||||
Total | 11.9 (1.4) | 12.2 (1.5) | 12.2 (1.0) | 0.887 | ||
Men | 13.4 (2.0) | 14.9 (2.4) | 14.6 (1.6) | 0.638 | ||
Women | 10.6 (1.8) | 10.0 (1.8) | 10.1 (1.1) | 0.830 | ||
P value |
0.300 | 0.113 | 0.006 | |||
Percentages of energy intake from macronutrients | ||||||
Carbohydrates, % | ||||||
Total | 70.5±0.5 | 70.1±0.5 | 69.4±0.4 | 0.044 | ||
Men | 68.6±0.5 | 67.8±0.7 | 68.7±0.6 | 0.980 | ||
Women | 72.1±0.6 | 72.1±0.7 | 69.9±0.4 | 0.002 | ||
P value |
<0.001 | <0.001 | 0.027 | |||
Protein, % | ||||||
Total | 13.9±0.1 | 14.0±0.2 | 14.1±0.1 | 0.190 | ||
Men | 14.6±0.2 | 14.9±0.3 | 14.6±0.2 | 0.863 | ||
Women | 13.2±0.2 | 13.2±0.2 | 13.8±0.1 | 0.025 | ||
P value |
<0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Fat, % | ||||||
Total | 15.6±0.4 | 15.9±0.4 | 16.5±0.3 | 0.048 | ||
Men | 16.7±0.5 | 17.3±0.5 | 16.7±0.4 | 0.962 | ||
Women | 14.6±0.5 | 14.7±0.6 | 16.3±0.3 | 0.003 | ||
P value |
<0.001 | <0.001 | 0.306 |
Values are presented as mean±standard error (SE), percentage (SE), or geometric mean (95% confidence interval). KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Prediabetes: FPG 100–125 mg/dL or A1C 5.7%–6.4% and no history of diagnosed diabetes. KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; FPG, fasting plasma glucose.
Values are presented as percentages (standard error). Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg or taking antihypertensive medications. Hypercholesterolemia was defined as low density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥100 mg/dL or taking lipid-lowering medications. Current smoking was defined as having smoked five packs (or 100 cigarettes) in his or her lifetime and currently smoking cigarettes. High-risk alcohol consumption was defined as more than seven drinks twice a week for men and more than five for women. Regular walking was defined as a minimum of 30 minutes a day of walking 5 or more days per week. KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Triple comorbidities were defined as the proportion of patients with hypertension, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia among the total diabetes mellitus (DM) population, Integrated management was defined as the proportion of patients with achieved target ranges (A1C <6.5%b or A1C <7.5%c) among the total DM population.
Values are presented as mean±standard error (SE) or percentage (SE). DM, diabetes mellitus.