1Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
2Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
5Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2021 Korean Diabetes Association
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Characteristic | Total | <20 years of age | 20–29 years of age | 30–40 years of age | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 255 | 87 | 85 | 83 | |
Age of onset, yr | 25 (18–32) | 16 (13–18) | 26 (23–27) | 33 (32–37) | <0.001 |
Age of registration, yr | 36 (31–44) | 31 (26–36) | 37 (31–42) | 45 (38–52) | <0.001 |
Disease duration, yr | 14 (8–20) | 16 (11–22) | 13 (7–19) | 11 (5–19) | 0.001 |
Male sex | 126 (49.4) | 37 (42.5) | 45 (52.9) | 44 (53.0) | 0.286 |
FHx. of diabetes | 63 (24.7) | 27 (31.0) | 18 (21.2) | 18 (21.7) | 0.418 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 22.3 (20.5–24.5) | 21.4 (19.4–23.8) | 22.9 (20.7–24.6) | 22.5 (20.9–24.6) | 0.022 |
SBP, mm Hg | 118 (110–128) | 115 (107–125) | 118 (111–127) | 121 (110–135) | 0.019 |
DBP, mm Hg | 70 (64–79) | 70 (63–78) | 71 (64–78) | 70 (65–80) | 0.609 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 167 (148–190) | 164 (149–193) | 168 (148–186) | 168 (147–195) | 0.897 |
TG, mg/dL | 76 (55–105) | 73 (53–107) | 76 (57–100) | 79 (56–111) | 0.833 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 61 (50–75) | 60 (49–74) | 63 (50–76) | 59 (50–73) | 0.639 |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 91 (76–109) | 93 (77–108) | 90 (73–109) | 90 (75–109) | 0.781 |
BUN, mg/dL | 14.8 (12.0–19.5) | 15.0 (11.2–20.1) | 16.1 (12.5–21.1) | 14.0 (12.0–16.9) | 0.172 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.858 |
uACR, mg/g | 9.7 (4.7–47.0) | 20.7 (4.9–59.4) | 7.3 (3.7–14.7) | 9.2 (4.8–20.7) | 0.002 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m² | 91.8 (80.1–110.7) | 90.1 (75.5–114.2) | 95.0 (80.0–115.7) | 90.3 (82.0–102.4) | 0.524 |
FPG, mg/dL | 150 (102–186) | 132 (102–190) | 131 (100–175) | 140 (97–195) | 0.704 |
HbA1c, % | 7.9 (7.0–9.0) | 7.6 (7.0–8.9) | 7.8 (7.0–8.8) | 8.2 (7.0–9.1) | 0.419 |
Fasting C-peptide, ng/mL | 0.07 (0.02–0.43) | 0.02 (0.01–0.16) | 0.08 (0.02–0.43) | 0.19 (0.02–0.48) | 0.094 |
Stimulated C-peptide, ng/mL | 0.10 (0.02–0.60) | 0.02 (0.01–0.38) | 0.19 (0.02–0.63) | 0.27 (0.02–0.68) | 0.047 |
Presence of autoantibody |
87 (51.8) | 27 (52.9) | 37 (59.7) | 23 (41.8) | 0.152 |
Anti-GAD Ab | 82 (94.3) | 24 (88.9) | 36 (97.3) | 22 (95.7) | |
Other autoantibodies | 5 (5.7) | 3 (11.1) | 1 (2.7) | 1 (4.3) | |
Intensive insulin treatment | 170 (66.7) | 71 (81.6) | 51 (60.0) | 48 (57.8) | 0.001 |
Total daily insulin dose, IU/kg | 0.64 (0.52–0.79) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 0.001 |
Medication use | |||||
Oral glucose lowering drugs | 60 (23.5) | 14 (16.1) | 20 (23.5) | 26 (31.3) | 0.065 |
Antihypertensive drugs | 67 (26.3) | 28 (32.2) | 19 (22.4) | 20 (24.1) | 0.294 |
Statins | 66 (25.9) | 24 (27.6) | 19 (22.4) | 23 (27.7) | 0.661 |
Smoking | 0.008 | ||||
Current smoker | 31 (12.2) | 6 (7.4) | 7 (9.6) | 18 (24.0) | |
Ex-smoker | 39 (15.3) | 10 (12.3) | 16 (21.9) | 13 (17.3) | |
Non-smoker | 159 (62.4) | 65 (80.2) | 50 (68.5) | 44 (58.7) | |
Diabetic retinopathy | 109 (42.7) | 52 (61.9) | 24 (28.9) | 33 (40.2) | <0.001 |
Diabetic nephropathy | 43 (16.9) | 22 (25.3) | 13 (15.3) | 8 (9.6) | 0.022 |
Variable | Diabetic nephropathy |
Diabetic retinopathy |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
Male sex | 0.94 (0.47–1.88) | 0.936 | 0.53 (0.32–0.86) | 0.011 |
Disease duration, yr | 1.08 (1.03–1.12) | <0.001 | 1.11 (1.08–1.14) | <0.001 |
HbA1c, % | 1.36 (1.13–1.64) | 0.001 | 1.28 (1.12–1.47) | <0.001 |
SBP, mm Hg | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | 0.160 | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 0.022 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 0.95 (0.86–1.05) | 0.319 | 0.99 (0.91–1.06) | 0.708 |
Intensive insulin treatment | 0.96 (0.46–2.01) | 0.917 | 0.85 (0.50–1.44) | 0.537 |
Age at diagnosis groups, yr | 0.020 | 0.916 | ||
<20 | 3.47 (1.45–8.33) | 0.005 | 1.12 (0.63–1.99) | 0.701 |
20–29 | 1.80 (0.77–4.24) | 0.177 | 1.01 (0.57–1.78) | 0.975 |
30–40 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Variable | Macroalbuminuria |
Chronic kidney disease |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
Male sex | 0.62 (0.27–1.43) | 0.264 | 1.21 (0.53–2.78) | 0.651 |
Disease duration, yr | 1.09 (1.04–1.14) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.04–1.14) | <0.001 |
HbA1c, % | 1.46 (1.18–1.79) | <0.001 | 1.25 (1.01–1.55) | 0.036 |
SBP, mm Hg | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 0.652 | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | 0.195 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 0.95 (0.85–1.07) | 0.408 | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) | 0.730 |
Intensive insulin treatment | 0.47 (0.20–1.12) | 0.090 | 0.29 (0.09–0.92) | 0.036 |
Age at diagnosis groups, yr | ||||
<20 | 6.43 (2.30–17.99) | <0.001 | 2.32 (0.78–6.94) | 0.131 |
20–29 | 1.47 (0.48–4.51) | 0.502 | 2.85 (0.97–8.32) | 0.056 |
30–40 | 1 (reference) | - | 1 (reference) | - |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%). Intensive insulin treatment, multiple daily injection or continuous subcutaneous insulin injection; Diabetic retinopathy, the presence of mild non-proliferative retinopathy or more; Diabetic nephropathy, uACR ≥300 mg/g or eGFR ≤60 mL/min/1.73 m2. FHx, family history; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; uACR, urine albumin-creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration ratio; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; anti-GAD Ab, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody.
Intensive insulin treatment, multiple daily injection or continuous subcutaneous insulin injection. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; SBP, systolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index.
Intensive insulin treatment, multiple daily injection or continuous subcutaneous insulin injection. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; SBP, systolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index.