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Letter: The Risk of Bladder Cancer in Korean Diabetic Subjects Treated with Pioglitazone (Diabetes Metab J 2012;36:371-8)
Sang-Yong Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 2012;36(6):460-461.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.6.460
Published online: December 12, 2012
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Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea.

corresp_icon Corresponding author: Sang Yong Kim. Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, 365 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-717, Korea. diabetes@chosun.ac.kr

Copyright © 2012 Korean Diabetes Association

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance as well as progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a class of hypoglycemic medications that influence insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue [1]. Pioglitazone is a TZD, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ ligand used in the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients [2].
Many preclinical trials have demonstrated that PPAR-γ is a potential molecular target for the development of bladder cancer. Yoshimura et al. [3] found PPAR-γ mRNA in bladder cancer samples. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed that the protein expression of PPAR-γ was significantly higher with increasing grade and increasing stage of bladder cancer [3]. In male rats exposed to muraglitazar, a dual human PAPR-α/γ agonist, there was a dose-related increased incidence of transitional cell papilloma and carcinoma of the urinary bladder [4]. Lubet et al. [5] also reported that another PPAR-γ agonist, rosiglitazone, enhanced bladder tumors in rats pretreated with N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-N-(butyl)-nitrosamine (BBN), a known DNA-reactive bladder carcinogen in several species. However, the mechanisms underlying this pro-tumor potential of pioglitazone for bladder cancer are not fully understood.
In the large prospective pioglitazone clinical trial in macrovascular events (PROactive) study, 14 bladder cancers occurred in the pioglitazone arm (0.5%) versus 6 in the placebo arm (0.2%) [6], and in September 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced an ongoing investigation on the possible risk in humans [7]. In July 2011, the European Medicines Agency issued a warning about the potential for bladder cancer with pioglitazone [8]. Subsequent studies also suggested that pioglitazone treatment appears to be associated with a significantly increased risk of bladder cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes [9,10]. However, meta-analysis has demonstrated that this association was not significant [11,12].
Song et al. recently reported the risk of bladder cancer in Korean diabetic patients treated with pioglitazone. In this study, development of bladder cancer in Korean diabetic patients was more related to smoking and hemoglobin level rather than pioglitazone use. However, odds ratio of pioglitazone use was relatively high, although it was not significant (2.09, P=0.484). Many factors may be related to this difference between Caucasian and Korean patients. As noted by the authors, ethnic and dose differences may be important factors between Korean and Caucasian studies. In addition, concomitant drug use could be possible confounding factor in those studies. Because pioglitazone is a second-line drug after metformin in the Korean medication system, pioglitazone users usually administer metformin concomitantly. Although the mechanisms underlying the protective potential of metformin are not completely understood, many population studies have shown that metformin is associated with a significant reduction of cancer incidence in general [13]. Also, in contrast to the many Western diabetic patients who receive pioglitazone with insulin, only limited Korean patients use pioglitazone with insulin.
Although it is unable to clearly exclude the possibility of a relationship between pioglitazone and bladder cancer, this study provides the meaningful result that the risk of bladder cancer in Korean diabetic patients treated with pioglitazone might be different from that of Caucasians. Pioglitazone is effective in reducing blood glucose and is the only useful TZD that improves insulin sensitivity. However, all therapeutic choices need to be based on the balance of potential risks and benefits. Treatment decisions are not always easy and are best achieved when considering all available evidence. Because the authors are currently analyzing the data from 3,500 patients with bladder cancer across several university hospitals, this result will provide a more definitive conclusion about the relationship between pioglitazone and bladder cancer in Korean diabetic patients.

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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  • 7. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: ongoing safety review of actos (pioglitazone) and potential increased risk of bladder cancer after two years exposure updated 2010 Sep 17. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm226214.htm.
  • 8. European Medicines Agency. European Medicines Agency recommends new contraindications and warnings for pioglitazone to reduce small increased risk of bladder cancer updated 2011 Jul 21. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Press_release/2011/07/WC500109176.pdf.
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  • 13. Papanas N, Maltezos E, Mikhailidis DP. Metformin and cancer: licence to heal? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010;19:913-917.ArticlePubMed

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    • Thiazolidinedione drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: past, present and future
      Melissa A. Davidson, Donald R. Mattison, Laurent Azoulay, Daniel Krewski
      Critical Reviews in Toxicology.2018; 48(1): 52.     CrossRef

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      Letter: The Risk of Bladder Cancer in Korean Diabetic Subjects Treated with Pioglitazone (Diabetes Metab J 2012;36:371-8)
      Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(6):460-461.   Published online December 12, 2012
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    Letter: The Risk of Bladder Cancer in Korean Diabetic Subjects Treated with Pioglitazone (Diabetes Metab J 2012;36:371-8)
    Letter: The Risk of Bladder Cancer in Korean Diabetic Subjects Treated with Pioglitazone (Diabetes Metab J 2012;36:371-8)
    Kim SY. Letter: The Risk of Bladder Cancer in Korean Diabetic Subjects Treated with Pioglitazone (Diabetes Metab J 2012;36:371-8). Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(6):460-461.
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.6.460.

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