Diabetes Metab J > Volume 46(2); 2022 > Article |
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AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conception or design: I.A.W., N.R.P., N.F.S., E.S.A., T.K., M.A.W., M.R.W., L.D., H.N.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: I.A.W., N.R.P., N.F.S., E.S.A., T.K., M.A.W., M.R.W.
Drafting the work or revising: I.A.W., N.R.P., N.F.S., E.S.A., T.K., M.A.W., M.R.W.
Final approval of the manuscript: I.A.W., N.R.P., N.F.S., E.S.A., T.K., M.A.W., M.R.W., L.D., H.N.
Study | Study design | Sample size | Study period | Diabetes type | Age, yr | Quality assessment | Measurement method | Outcomes | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al Agha et al. (2021) Saudi Arabia [21] |
CS | 150 | Apr-Jun 2020 | T1DM | 12.45±4.62 | Strong | SMBG | RBG, HbA1c | Worsen due to decreased physical activity, increased carbohydrates and fast food consumption, and worsening mood. |
Alaqeel et al. (2021) Saudi Arabia [12] |
RC | 154, 106 | 1 Mar-30 Jun 2020 | T1DM | 9.8±0.2 | Strong | SMBG | HbA1c | Worsen with increased frequency of DKA. |
Aragona et al. (2020) Italy [13] |
RC | 63 | 21 Feb-25 Apr 2020 | T1DM | 44.0±12.0 | Strong | FGM, CGM | RBG, eA1c, TIR, TAR, TBR | Improved due to increased daily routine activities and decreased work-related stress. |
Barchetta et al. (2020) Italy [23] |
RC | 50 | 20 Jan-11 Apr 2020 | T1DM | 40.7±13.5 | Moderate | FGM, CGM | RBG, eA1c, TIR, TAR, TBR | Worsen due to work instability. |
Biancalana et al. (2021) Italy [14] |
PC | 114 | 9 Mar-4 May 2020 | T2DM | 69.4±10.3 | Strong | SMBG | HbA1c, FBG, TC, LDL-C, TG | Worsen. Pre-lockdown TG is the sole predictor of lockdown glycemic control. |
Bonora et al. (2020) Italy [24] |
RC | 20 | Feb-June 2020 | T1DM | 36.9±13.4 | Moderate | FGM | RBG, TIR, TAR, TBR | Improved due to slow down in daily routine activities, particularly in stay-at-home patients. |
Brener et al. (2020) Israel [25] |
RC | 102 | 23 Feb-7 Apr 2020 | T1DM | 10.9 ± 3.9 | Strong | CGM | RBG, TIR, TAR, TBR | Unchanged. |
Christoforidis et al. (2020) Greece [26] |
CC | 34 | 18 Feb-1 Apr 2020 | T1DM | 11.37±4.45 | Moderate | HCL system | RBG, TIR, TAR, TBR | Unchanged due to insulin pumps and glucose monitoring sensors usage. |
Cotovad-Bellas et al. (2020) Spain [17] |
CC | 44 | 1 Mar-19 Apr 2020 | T1DM | 37.0±18.0 | Moderate | FGM, CGM | RBG, eA1c, TIR, TAR, TBR | Unchanged due to increased time for exercise and home-made cooking. |
Di Dalmazi et al. (2020) Italy [38] |
PC | 130 | 20 Feb-30 Mar 2020 | T1DM |
8.8 (7.7-10.6) 15.6 (14.2-16.8) 45 (29-58.1) |
Moderate | CGM | RBG, eA1c, TIR, TAR, TBR | Unchanged due to the use of CGM, physical activity, and stress reduction. |
Dover et al. (2021) United Kingdom [33] |
PC | 572 | 11-21 May 2020 | T1DM | 39 (31-50) | Weak | FGM | RBG, eA1c, TIR, TAR, TBR | Unchanged. Socioeconomic status served as risk factors. |
Karatas et al. (2021) Turkey [18] |
CC | 85 | Mar 2019-Oct 2020 | T2DM | 54.81±10.53 | Strong | SMBG | HbA1c, FBG, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG | Worsen. No association with weight gain. |
Khare et al. (2020) India [28] |
PC | 143 | The first 3 weeks of lockdown | T2DM | 54.68±9.22 | Strong | SMBG | FBG, PPBG | Worsen due to lifestyle changes, psychological stress, and difficulties in access to treatments and health care facilities. |
Longo et al. (2020) Italy [35] |
RC | 30 | 23 Feb-3 May 2020 | T1DM | 31.5 (25-42) | Moderate | HCL system | RBG, eA1c, TIR, TAR, TBR | Improved due to HCL usage. |
Study | Study design | Sample size | Study period | Diabetes type | Age, yr | Quality assessment | Measurement method | Outcomes | Findings |
Mesa et al. (2020) Spain [19] |
CC | 92 | 23 Feb-14 Apr 2020 | T1DM | 42.8±13.9 | Strong | CGM | RBG, eA1c, TIR, TAR, TBR | Improved due to strict daily routines at home. |
Parise et al. (2021) Italy [15] |
PC | 166 | 10 Mar-3 June 2020 | T1DM | 40.0±14.0 | Strong | CGM | RBG, eA1c, TIR, TAR, TBR | Improved due to structured virtual visits (tele-assistance). |
Potier et al. (2021) France [27] |
CS | 1,378 | 23-28 Apr 2020 | T1DM | 45.6±13.6 | Strong | FGM | RBG | Improved due to improved diet, increased physical activity, and increased FGM scans. |
Ruissen et al. (2021) Netherlands [16] |
PC | 435 | 24 Feb-7 May 2020 |
T1DM T2DM |
50.1±14.9 62.5±11.6 |
Strong | FGM, CGM | HbA1c, TIR, TAR, TBR | Improved due to good control. |
Tornese et al. (2020) France [39] |
RC | 13 | 10 Feb-22 Mar 2020 | T1DM | 14.2 (11.4-15.5) | Moderate | HCL system | RBG, eA1c, TIR, TAR, TBR | Improved due to physical activity. |
Verma et al. (2020) India [22] |
CS | 52 | 25 Mar-31 May 2020 | T1DM | 11.9 | Moderate | SMBG | RBG, HbA1c | Worsen due to the unavailability of insulin/glucostrips. |
Vinals et al. (2021) Spain [20] |
CC | 59 | 23 Feb-14 Apr 2021 | T1DM | 46.18±13.02 | Strong | HCL system | RBG, eA1c, TIR, TAR, TBR | Unchanged due to strict daily routines at home. |
CS, cross-sectional; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; SMBG, self-monitoring blood glucose; RBG, random blood glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; RC, retrospective cohort; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; FGM, flash glucose monitoring; CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; eA1c, estimated A1c; TIR, time-in-range; TAR, time-above-range; TBR, time-below-range; PC, prospective cohort; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; CC, case-control; HCL, hybrid closed loop; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PPBG, postprandial blood glucose.
Ifan Ali Wafa
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5237-9900
Nando Reza Pratama
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5627-7525
Nurizzah Farahiyah Sofia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9508-7254
Hermina Novida
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5899-1589