Fig. 1Selection of the participants.
Fig. 2Comparison of the proportion of subjects with coronary artery calcium score (CACS) progression in groups divided according to quartile groups of baseline waist-to-height ratio. ANOVA, analysis of variance.
Table 1Baseline characteristics of the participants (n=1,048)
Variable |
Value |
Age, yr |
40.9±5.8 |
Height, cm |
173.0±5.7 |
Body weight, kg |
75.1±10.3 |
Waist circumference, cm |
86.5±7.5 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
25.1±3.0 |
Waist-to-height ratio |
0.50±0.04 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
119.1±11.6 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
77.3±8.7 |
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL |
94.0±10.5 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
210.4±36.4 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL |
149.1±95.9 |
High density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL |
50.4±11.4 |
Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL |
133.7±32.7 |
Glycosylated hemoglobin, % |
5.68±0.3 |
Fasting insulin, IU/L |
6.3±3.8 |
Current smoking |
284 (27.1) |
Proportion of subjects with CACS >0 in 2010 |
215 (20.5) |
Proportion of subjects with CAC progression in 2014 |
278 (26.5) |
Table 2Comparison of the baseline parameters between the groups with and without coronary artery calcification progression after 4 years (n=1,048)
Variable |
No progression (n=770) |
Progression (n=278) |
P value |
Age, yr |
40.0±5.7 |
43.6±5.2 |
<0.01 |
Height, cm |
173.3±5.7 |
172.1±5.7 |
<0.01 |
Body weight, kg |
74.6±10.0 |
76.7±10.9 |
<0.01 |
Waist circumference, cm |
85.9±7.3 |
88.0±7.7 |
<0.01 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
24.8±2.9 |
25.9±3.2 |
<0.01 |
Waist-to-height ratio |
0.50±0.04 |
0.51±0.04 |
<0.01 |
SBP, mm Hg |
118.6±11.4 |
120.5±12.1 |
<0.01 |
DBP, mm Hg |
76.8±8.4 |
78.7±9.2 |
<0.01 |
FBG, mg/dL |
93.2±9.1 |
96.2±13.3 |
<0.01 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
207.6±36.3 |
218.4±35.6 |
<0.01 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL |
144.2±97.1 |
162.7±91.4 |
<0.01 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
51.1±11.7 |
48.7±10.6 |
<0.01 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
129.8±32.2 |
140.6±32.7 |
<0.01 |
HbA1c, % |
5.64±0.3 |
5.77±0.4 |
<0.01 |
Fasting insulin, IU/L |
6.0±3.5 |
6.9±4.5 |
<0.01 |
Current smoker |
202 (26.2) |
82 (29.5) |
0.225 |
Table 3Odds ratio for progression of coronary artery calcification according to quartiles of baseline waist-height ratio in 4 years of follow-up
|
Model 1a
|
Model 2b
|
Model 3c
|
Quartile 1d
|
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
Quartile 2e
|
1.024 (0.666-1.576) |
0.925 (0.593-1.442) |
0.881 (0.562-1.380) |
Quartile 3f
|
1.819 (1.215-2.722) |
1.503 (0.988-2.288) |
1.313 (0.855-2.016) |
Quartile 4g
|
2.354 (1.584-3.498) |
2.097 (1.392-3.159) |
1.602 (1.040-2.466) |