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Consequences of Obesity on the Sense of Taste: Taste Buds as Treatment Targets?
Kerstin Rohde, Imke Schamarek, Matthias Blüher
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(4):509-528.   Published online May 11, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0058
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  • 41 Web of Science
  • 40 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Premature obesity-related mortality is caused by cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, physical disabilities, osteoarthritis, and certain types of cancer. Obesity is caused by a positive energy balance due to hyper-caloric nutrition, low physical activity, and energy expenditure. Overeating is partially driven by impaired homeostatic feedback of the peripheral energy status in obesity. However, food with its different qualities is a key driver for the reward driven hedonic feeding with tremendous consequences on calorie consumption. In addition to visual and olfactory cues, taste buds of the oral cavity process the earliest signals which affect the regulation of food intake, appetite and satiety. Therefore, taste buds may play a crucial role how food related signals are transmitted to the brain, particularly in priming the body for digestion during the cephalic phase. Indeed, obesity development is associated with a significant reduction in taste buds. Impaired taste bud sensitivity may play a causal role in the pathophysiology of obesity in children and adolescents. In addition, genetic variation in taste receptors has been linked to body weight regulation. This review discusses the importance of taste buds as contributing factors in the development of obesity and how obesity may affect the sense of taste, alterations in food preferences and eating behavior.

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The Role of the Sweet Taste Receptor in Enteroendocrine Cells and Pancreatic β-Cells
Itaru Kojima, Yuko Nakagawa
Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(5):451-457.   Published online October 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.5.451
  • 5,699 View
  • 108 Download
  • 47 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

The sweet taste receptor is expressed in taste cells located in taste buds of the tongue. This receptor senses sweet substances in the oral cavity, activates taste cells, and transmits the taste signals to adjacent neurons. The sweet taste receptor is a heterodimer of two G protein-coupled receptors, T1R2 and T1R3. Recent studies have shown that this receptor is also expressed in the extragustatory system, including the gastrointestinal tract, pancreatic β-cells, and glucose-responsive neurons in the brain. In the intestine, the sweet taste receptor regulates secretion of incretin hormones and glucose uptake from the lumen. In β-cells, activation of the sweet taste receptor leads to stimulation of insulin secretion. Collectively, the sweet taste receptor plays an important role in recognition and metabolism of energy sources in the body.

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Stimulation of Glucagon Like Peptide-1 Secretion in Enteroendocrine L cells.
Byung Joon Kim
Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(6):458-463.   Published online December 1, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.6.458
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AbstractAbstract PDF
GLP-1 (glucagon like peptide-1) is new anti-diabetic drug with a number of beneficial effects. It stimulates glucose dependant insulin secretion and restoration of beta cell mass through enhancement of islet mass. However, it is easily inactivated after being secreted from enteroendocrine L cells. Recent trial to increased GLP-1 is to directly stimulate L cells through its receptor located in the surface of L cell. Taste receptor in the apical surface of L cell is activated by various tastants contained in the food. Tongue perceives taste sense through the heterotrimeric G-protein (alpha-gustducin) and its downstream signaling cascades. Same taste receptors are also expressed in enteroendocrine cells. In duodenal L cell, alpha-gustducin was detected by immunofluorescence stainig at the luminal projections of enteroendocrine cells. And several other taste signaling elements were also found in L cells. Ingestion of sweet or bitter compounds revealed stimulation of GLP-1 secretion and the regulation of plasma insulin and glucose. In this review, I will briefly introduce the possibilities to stimulate GLP-1 secretion though the membrane receptor in enteroendocrine cell. And it will be the good candidate to develop the treatment modality for obesity, diabetes and abnormal gut motility.

Citations

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