Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Original Articles

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Associations of Cardiocerebrovascular Risks and Exercise according to Menopausal Status in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Cohort Study: Ji-Hee Ko, Sun Joon Moon, Kyung-Do Han, Hye-Mi Kwon, Se-Eun Park, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2026;50(1):101-114. Published online August 13, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0487

3,678 View
111 Download

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Menopausal status can increase the risk of cardiocerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs) in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Regular exercise is well-known to reduce this risk. This study explored the impact of exercise on CCVD and mortality in women with T2DM according to their menopausal status.
Methods
A total of 32,477 premenopausal and 53,690 postmenopausal Korean women with T2DM aged 40 to 60 years from a national health examination cohort (2009 to 2018) were included. We evaluated risks for stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and mortality based on exercise intensity. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were performed to obtain the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and 95% confidence interval.
Results
Exercise reduced stroke, MI, and mortality risks in women with T2DM, regardless of menopausal status. The highest effects of aHR compared to the sedentary group were 0.68 for stroke, 0.66 for MI, and 0.81 for mortality. Postmenopausal women experienced significant MI risk reductions at most exercise intensities, with the greatest reduction in the ≥1,500 metabolic equivalent of task score group unlike premenopausal women. However, stroke and mortality risk reductions in postmenopausal women were less pronounced compared to premenopausal women.
Conclusion
Exercise reduces CCVD risk in women with T2DM across menopausal status. Postmenopausal women with T2DM had more benefits from exercise on MI but fewer benefits on stroke and mortality than premenopausal women. In premenopausal women with T2DM, exercise was not associated with a lower MI risk.

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Reproductive Life Span and Severe Hypoglycemia Risk in Postmenopausal Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Soyeon Kang, Yong-Moon Park, Dong Jin Kwon, Youn-Jee Chung, Jeong Namkung, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hyun Ko; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(4):578-591. Published online January 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0135

13,852 View
272 Download
9 Web of Science
10 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Estrogen promotes glucose homeostasis, enhances insulin sensitivity, and maintains counterregulatory responses in recurrent hypoglycemia in women of reproductive age. Postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) might be more vulnerable to severe hypoglycemia (SH) events. However, the relationship between reproductive factors and SH occurrence in T2DM remains unelucidated.
Methods
This study included data on 181,263 women with postmenopausal T2DM who participated in a national health screening program from January 1 to December 31, 2009, obtained using the Korean National Health Insurance System database. Outcome data were obtained until December 31, 2018. Associations between reproductive factors and SH incidence were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models.
Results
During the mean follow-up of 7.9 years, 11,279 (6.22%) postmenopausal women with T2DM experienced SH episodes. A longer reproductive life span (RLS) (≥40 years) was associated with a lower SH risk compared to a shorter RLS (<30 years) (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69 to 0.80; P for trend <0.001) after multivariable adjustment. SH risk decreased with every 5-year increment of RLS (with <30 years as a reference [adjusted HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86 to 0.95; P=0.0001 for 30−34 years], [adjusted HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.84; P<0.001 for 35−39 years], [adjusted HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.81; P<0.001 for ≥40 years]). The use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was associated with a lower SH risk than HRT nonuse.
Conclusion
Extended exposure to endogenous ovarian hormone during lifetime may decrease the number of SH events in women with T2DM after menopause.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Hypertension Management Beyond Blood Pressure Control in India: An Expert Consensus on Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker and Calcium Channel Blocker Combination Therapy With Reference to Telmisartan and Cilnidipine
Jagdish Hiremath, Ashok Kirpalani, Deodatta Chafekar, P. B Jayagopal, Saumitra Ray, V. K Chopra, Sameer Dani, Kamlakar Tripathi, J. P. S Sawhney, Abraham Oomman, Sunil Sathe, Jabir Abdullakutty, Vijay Kher, Deepak Dewan, Kamal Sharma, Mukesh Shete, P. S V
Cureus.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Reproductive history, hormonal exposure, and risk of heart failure in postmenopausal women: a Korean nationwide study
Log Young Kim, Jin-Sung Yuk, Byung Gyu Kim
European Heart Journal.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Gender differences in hypoglycaemia in type 1 and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: the Hypo-METRICS study
Aisling McCarthy, Gráinne Kent, Jonah Thomas, Gilberte Martine-Edith, Natalie Zaremba, Eduardo Avila, Stephanie A. Amiel, François Pouwer, Julia K. Mader, Patrick Divilly, Pratik Choudhary, M. L. Evans, D. Chapman, J. Kennet, B. E. de Galan, S. Heller, S.
Diabetologia.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Parkinson's disease across female reproductive stages: Clinical implications from menstruation to menopause
Dayany Leonel Boone, Vanderci Borges, Henrique Ballalai Ferraz
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2026; : 108420. CrossRef
Defining Continuous Glucose Monitor Time in Range in a Large, Community-Based Cohort Without Diabetes
Nicole L Spartano, Naznin Sultana, Honghuang Lin, Huimin Cheng, Sophia Lu, David Fei, Joanne M Murabito, Maura E Walker, Howard A Wolpert, Devin W Steenkamp
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025; 110(4): 1128. CrossRef
Associations of acrylamide biomarkers with reproductive lifespan: A cross-sectional study in U.S. women
Junying Li, Chen Chen, Xing Dong, Yushan Cao, Zhuo Bao, Yixuan Liu, Jinxiang Yan, Pei Zhang, Yongzhen Guo, Xianxu Zeng
Food and Chemical Toxicology.2025; 202: 115500. CrossRef
Supporting women with diabetes experiencing menopause: A workshop to co‐design research recommendations for improving the understanding of and support for women with diabetes experiencing menopause
Steven Parks, Nia Otake John, Anna Morris, Kamini Shah, Elizabeth Eves, Dawn Adams, Eleanor Barry, Vicki Causer, Rachel Churm, Sahir Ahmed‐Evans, Alex Vienne Haggett, Reena Patel, Rita Forde, Rebecca Reynolds
Diabetic Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between serum copper level and reproductive health of Women in the United States: a cross-sectional study
Yi Yuan, Tong-Yu Peng, Guang-Yuan Yu, Zhao Zou, Meng-Ze Wu, Ruofei Zhu, Shuang Wu, Zi Lv, Su-Xin Luo
International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2024; 34(6): 2441. CrossRef
Reproductive Lifespan and Motor Progression of Parkinson’s Disease
Ruwei Ou, Qianqian Wei, Yanbing Hou, Lingyu Zhang, Kuncheng Liu, Junyu Lin, Tianmi Yang, Jing Yang, Zheng Jiang, Wei Song, Bei Cao, Huifang Shang
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(20): 6163. CrossRef
Menopause and development of Alzheimer’s disease: Roles of neural glucose metabolism and Wnt signaling
Paulina Villaseca, Pedro Cisternas, Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Relationship between Menopausal Status and Metabolic Syndrome Components in Korean Women.: Jang Hyun Koh, Mi Young Lee, Soo Min Nam, Joong Kyung Sung, Pil Moon Jung, Jin Kyu Noh, Jang Yel Shin, Young Goo Shin, Choon Hee Chung; Korean Diabetes J. 2008;32(3):243-251. Published online June 1, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.3.243

4,444 View
46 Download
7 Crossref

Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Postmenopausal status is associated with a 60% increased risk for metabolic syndrome. It is thought to be associated with decreased estrogens and increased abdominal obesity in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between metabolic syndrome components and menopausal status. METHODS: A total of 1,926 women were studied and divided into three groups according to their menstrual stage (premenopausal, perimenopausal or postmenopausal). The presence of metabolic syndrome was assessed using the National Cholesterol Education Program's (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 7.1% in premenopause, 9.8% in perimenopause, and 24.2% in postmenopause. The strong correlation was noted between the metabolic syndrome score and waist circumference in postmenopause (r = 0.56, P < 0.01) and perimenopause (r = 0.60, P < 0.01). Along the menopausal transition, the risk of metabolic syndrome increased with high triglyceride after the age-adjusted (odds ratio (OR) 1.517 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.014~2.269] in perimenopausal women and OR 1.573 [95% CI 1.025~2.414] in postmenopausal women). In addition, the prevalence of metabolic syndromeincreased in accordance with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels. CONCLUSION: Triglyceride and waist circumference were important metabolic syndrome components, though ALT and GGT may also be related for predicting metabolic syndrome during the transition to menopause.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Interaction between major dietary patterns and cardiorespiratory fitness on metabolic syndrome in Iranian adults: a cross-sectional study
Hossein Shahinfar, Mahtab Ghanbari, Yahya Jalilpiran, Nastaran Payande, Mahshid Shahavandi, Nadia Babaei, Kurosh Djafarian, Cain C. C. Clark, Sakineh Shab-Bidar
Nutrition Journal.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
The Effects of Wild Ginseng Complex Pharmacopuncture Combined with Hyperthermia on Abdominal Obesity in Post-Menopause Women: Case Report
Jeong-Eun Yoo
Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research.2016; 16(2): 133. CrossRef
Factors associated with metabolic syndrome in climacteric women of southern Brazil
A. D. Rodrigues, H. Theodoro, K. G. Mendes, V. M. Paniz, D. de Lorenzi, M. T. Anselmo Olinto
Climacteric.2012; 16(1): 96. CrossRef
Effects of Web-based Health Education on Blood Glucose and Blood Pressure Improvement in Postmenopausal Women with Impaired Fasting Blood Glucose
Jeong-Ah Oh, Hee-Seung Kim, Min-Jeong Park, Hye-Sun Shim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2011; 41(5): 724. CrossRef
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Related Risk Factors of Elderly Residents in Andong Rural Area 2. Based on the Biochemical Measurements and Nutrient Intakes
Hye-Sang Lee, Chong-Suk Kwon
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2010; 39(10): 1459. CrossRef
The Association between Serum GGT Concentration and Diabetic Peripheral Polyneuropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Ho Chan Cho
Korean Diabetes Journal.2010; 34(2): 111. CrossRef
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Related Risk Factors of Elderly Residents in Andong Rural Area 1. Based on the Anthropometric Measurements and Health Behaviors
Hye-Sang Lee, Chong-Suk Kwon
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2010; 39(4): 511. CrossRef

First
Prev
Page of 1
Next
Last

Search