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Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
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Maternal Galectins and Glucose Regulation in Pregnancy: Chronic vs. Acute Metabolic Adaptations
Mariana G. Garcia, Ebba Hamann, Evelyn A. Huhn, Karen Forbes, Pia Roser, Marie-Therese Weiser-Fuchs, Anna M. Dieberger, Bence Csapo, Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch, Mireille N.M. van Poppel, Herbert Fluhr, Evelyn Jantscher-Krenn, Sandra M. Blois
Diabetes Metab J. 2026;50(2):343-356.   Published online December 29, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0401
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Background
Galectins (gal) are glycan-binding proteins that regulate maternal adaptations during pregnancy, but their role in pregnancy-associated metabolic homeostasis is unclear. This study characterizes the maternal galectin profile in response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in pregnant women with varying body weight.
Methods
In a two-center prospective study, pregnant women were recruited into two cohorts: low-risk (LR) with normal weight and high-risk (HR) with overweight or obesity. Circulating levels of gal-1, -3, -7, and -9 were measured at fasting, 1 hour, and 2 hours during the OGTT between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. Correlations with clinical and metabolic parameters were assessed (HMO study: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT05496712; FitFor2 trial: trial registration number NTR1139).
Results
Fasting gal-3 and gal-9 were elevated in the HR cohort compared to the LR cohort. Body mass index was positively associated with gal-3 and gal-9, while gal-3 was also linked to insulin sensitivity. After glucose challenge, gal-1, -3, -7, and -9 decreased in the LR cohort; in the HR cohort, only gal-1 and gal-7 decreased after 2 hours, while gal-3 and gal-9 remained unchanged. Gal-1 correlated positively with homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and inversely with insulin sensitivity across the OGTT in the LR cohort, but some of these correlations were not observed in the HR cohort.
Conclusion
Galectins exhibited distinct patterns of association with glucose homeostasis during the second trimester of pregnancy. Gal-3 and gal-9 are associated with chronic conditions such as pre-pregnancy obesity and insulin resistance, whereas gal-1 appears to be particularly sensitive to the acute glucose challenge.
Genetics
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Evaluation of Sex-Stratified Polygenic Risk Scores for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Glycemic Traits in the Framingham Heart Study
Ningyuan Wang, Yixin Zhang, Philip Schroeder, Alicia Huerta-Chagoya, Ravi Mandla, James B. Meigs, Alisa K. Manning, Ching-Ti Liu, Josée Dupuis, Josep M. Mercader
Received June 25, 2025  Accepted October 14, 2025  Published online December 9, 2025  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0557    [Epub ahead of print]
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Diabetes is a multifactorial disease with significant genetic predisposition. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) have been developed to estimate an individual’s genetic risk of a disease. Traditionally, PRS utilize sex-combined genome-wide association studies (GWAS) due to the limited availability of sex-stratified summary statistics. This study explores sex-dimorphic genetic effects and evaluates the potential benefits of incorporating sex-stratified effects in PRS for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and glycemic traits by comparing PRS performance derived from sex-combined versus sex-stratified GWAS.
Methods
We performed a sex-heterogeneity test across sex-specific GWAS and identified nine signals with sex-dimorphic effects for T2DM. PRS[sex-combined] and PRS[sex-stratified] were developed using sex-combined and sex-stratified GWAS results for T2DM (41,444 cases and 354,539 controls), fasting glucose (n=120,595) and fasting insulin (n=98,210). We evaluated these PRS models in 8,379 participants (1,303 cases and 7,076 controls) from the Framingham Heart Study not included in the PRS derivation.
Results
Our findings suggest that sex-combined PRS currently offer better predictive performance for T2DM and glycemic traits.
Conclusion
These results highlight the need for larger sex-stratified studies and the optimization of sex-stratified risk models for clinical practice.
Reviews
Guideline/Statement/Fact Sheet
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Defining Severe Diabetes Mellitus: A Consensus Framework for Grading and Staging Diabetes Based on Pathophysiology and Complications
Jae Hyun Bae, Hun Jee Choe, Ye Seul Yang, Mi Hae Seo, Jong Han Choi, Gyuri Kim, Young Sang Lyu, Jeung Hun Han, Shinae Kang, Won Jun Kim, Kyung-Soo Kim, Young Min Cho, Bong Soo Cha, for the Severe Diabetes Mellitus Task Force of the Korean Diabetes Association
Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(6):1141-1154.   Published online October 28, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0739
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Diabetes mellitus comprises a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders differing in etiology, clinical course, and outcomes. Traditional classifications, such as type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, fail to capture the full heterogeneity, including variation in insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, and complication burden. To address these limitations, we propose the Diabetes Grade–Stage Classification, an integrated system that combines pathophysiology-based grading with complication-based staging. Grading quantifies metabolic dysfunction through the assessment of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance. In parallel, staging assesses the extent of target organ damage, particularly in the cardiovascular, renal, ocular, and nervous systems. Together, this framework enables a comprehensive assessment of disease status, identification of vulnerable or high-risk phenotypes, and implementation of risk-adapted management strategies. Clinically, it facilitates personalized care, promotes collaborative coordination, and strengthens physician–patient communication. Furthermore, this framework provides a scalable structure for integrating disease severity into both individual- and population-level interventions. Although the current criteria for grading and staging are based on expert consensus and selected clinical indicators, such as low C-peptide levels and advanced complications, further validation and refinement are needed. In conclusion, the grading and staging system provides an operational tool for classifying the severity of diabetes mellitus and has the potential to extend life expectancy and improve quality of life for people living with diabetes mellitus.

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  • Bridging Evidence and Practice: A Consensus Statement from the Korean Diabetes Association on Diabetes Screening, Pharmacological Treatment and Severe Diabetes
    Jong Han Choi, Shinae Kang, Soo-Kyung Kim, Won Jun Kim, Ji Min Kim, Jaehyun Bae, Jae-Seung Yun, Eonju Jeon, Young-Eun Kim, Jae Hyun Bae, Hun Jee Choe, Young Min Cho, Seung-Hyun Ko, Sang Yong Kim, Hae Jin Kim, You-Cheol Hwang, Min Kyong Moon, Suk Chon, Seo
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(6): 1155.     CrossRef
Pathophysiology
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Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Steatosis in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: New Insights into Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
Xuan Trong Truong, Dae Ho Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(5):964-986.   Published online September 1, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0644
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  • 10 Web of Science
  • 13 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) represents a progressive spectrum ranging from simple hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Although insulin resistance (IR) plays a central role in metabolic diseases, in the liver, insulin- or substrate-driven de novo lipogenesis (DNL) promotes triglyceride accumulation through multiple complex regulatory mechanisms, including specific transcription factors, regardless of whether IR is primary or not. Elevated free fatty acids, resulting from increased adipose lipolysis, further augment hepatic lipid storage and contribute to IR and the progression of MASLD through lipotoxic intermediates such as diacylglycerols and ceramides, as well as other pathways. Numerous studies have identified DNL as a major, yet modifiable, contributor to MASLD. In addition, zonal differences in hepatic insulin signaling, non-classical insulin signaling pathways, and activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 and protein kinase C pathways appear to be involved in the development of selective hepatic IR. Recently, new pharmacologic agents, including resmetirom, have shown promise in improving steatohepatitis and fibrosis in MASLD. Nevertheless, sustained weight loss through lifestyle modification remains the cornerstone of MASLD prevention and therapy. Further mechanistic understanding of how IR and substrate overload promote DNL and hepatic fat accumulation is critical for developing effective treatments for MASLD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Chitosan and chito-oligosaccharides as multifunctional therapeutics for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)
    Gaoli Zhou, Ronge Xing, Zongji Wang, Rongfeng Li, Song Liu, Hang Li, Guantian Li
    Carbohydrate Polymers.2026; 375: 124737.     CrossRef
  • Immune Determinants of MASLD Progression: From Immunometabolic Reprogramming to Fibrotic Transformation
    Senping Xu, Zhaoshan Zhang, Zhongquan Zhou, Jiawei Guo
    Biology.2026; 15(2): 148.     CrossRef
  • Lactobacillus Plantarum Q180 Attenuates Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and Regulates Energy Metabolism in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice
    Minseo Cho, Hyunchae Joung, Hyunsoo Jang, Yeon-Woo Kim, Jaeryang Chu, Yoo Jin Kwon, Chang Hun Shin, Jung-Heun Ha, Jisu Lee
    Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Markers Of Insulin Resistance and Their Clinical Implications In Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
    Oana Albai, Adina Braha, Romulus Timar, Sandra Lazar, Simona Popescu, Bogdan Timar
    Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity.2026; Volume 19: 1.     CrossRef
  • Personalized Nutrition Through the Gut Microbiome in Metabolic Syndrome and Related Comorbidities
    Julio Plaza-Diaz, Lourdes Herrera-Quintana, Jorge Olivares-Arancibia, Héctor Vázquez-Lorente
    Nutrients.2026; 18(2): 290.     CrossRef
  • Plasma GLP-1 (Glucagon-like Peptide-1) Depletion Is Correlated with Dysregulation of Adipocytokine in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With or Without Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): A Cross-Sectional Study Related to Gender-Sex Disparities
    Zoubiri Houda, Saiah Wassila, Otmane Amel, Saidi Hamza, Makrelouf Mohamed, Aitabderrhmane Samir, Haddam Ali El Mahdi, Koceir Elhadj-Ahmed
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2026; 27(3): 1218.     CrossRef
  • Phloroglucinaldehyde Alleviates High-Fat-Diet-Induced MAFLD via Its Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties
    Jijun Tan, Jianhua He, Hongfu Zhang, Shusong Wu
    Foods.2026; 15(3): 437.     CrossRef
  • Synergistic Effects of Obesity and Hyperglycemia on Hippocampal Neurodegenerative Decline Disrupt the Neural Circuitry Regulating Motivation in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats
    Martha Patricia Islas-Islas, Aleida Monserrat Coss-Orozco, Diana Moroni-González, Erick Flores-Cholula, José Everardo Avelino-Cruz, Julio Cesar Morales-Medina, Alfonso Diaz, Fabián Galindo-Ramírez, Samuel Treviño, Rubén Antonio Vázquez-Roque
    Metabolites.2026; 16(2): 107.     CrossRef
  • A predictive study of glycaemic reversal in Chinese individuals with prediabetes based on machine learning: a 5-year cohort study
    Changshun Yan, Su Hu, Hangyu Cao, Rui Xu, Guiqiu Cao, Genshan Ma
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15) as a modulator of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis: insights from a 6-year retrospective cohort study
    Nicole Anna Dietzel, Maria Schmidt, Johannes Wiegand, Thomas Berg, Ronald Biemann, Ronny Baber, Michael Kluge, Kerstin Wirkner, Dirk Alexander Wittekind
    Frontiers in Medicine.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association between Fatty Liver Index and Incident Diabetes according to Alcohol Consumption Status in Young Adults
    Joonyub Lee, Kyungdo Han
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(6): 1342.     CrossRef
  • Non-linear association of the alanine aminotransferase to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a secondary analysis of a Chinese cohort
    Xiaoqing Lin, Yaoxuan Peng, Junjie Huang, Ziyang Huang
    Frontiers in Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Distinct Circulating Biomarker Profiles Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in a Regional Cohort—A Cross-Sectional Study
    Abdullah Alsrhani, Muhammad Atif, Aisha Farhana
    Metabolites.2025; 15(12): 776.     CrossRef
Original Articles
Basic and Translational Research
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Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitor Improves Insulin Sensitivity by Regulating Adipose Tissue Macrophage Polarization in Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Dan-Gyeong Song, Seongwon Pak, Dae-Chul Shin, Shindy Soedono, Kae Won Cho, Yejin Park, Subin Moon, Sooyeon Jang, Saeha Kim, Sang-Won Han, Keunwook Lee, Jong-Hee Sohn, Chan Hee Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2026;50(2):291-306.   Published online May 22, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0308
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Obesity is a rapidly increasing global health issue, which is associated with glucose and insulin resistance. Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors (PDE5i) are known for their ability to enhance blood flow and vascular stability and are widely used to treat conditions such as erectile dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, and cancer. However, studies investigating the role of PDE5i in alleviating obesity and metabolic diseases remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of PDE5i on obesity and metabolic disorders in diet-induced obese mice and its underlying mechanisms.
Methods
PDE5i was administered to high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice for 6 to 7 weeks. Body weight and food intake were measured weekly, and baseline metabolic rates, physical activity, and glucose and insulin tolerance tests were assessed during PDE5i administration. Macrophages and T-cells in the gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Vascular stability and blood flow in gWAT were analyzed via immunostaining and in vivo live imaging. RAW264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages were used to determine immunoregulatory effects of PDE5i.
Results
In HFD-fed mice, PDE5i administration significantly enhanced systemic insulin sensitivity and AKT phosphorylation in gWAT. PDE5i reduced the M1/M2 ratio of gWAT macrophages of obese mice. These phenomena were associated with enhanced blood flow to the gWAT. In vitro experiments revealed that PDE5i suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory cytokine production and increased the mRNA expression of genes associated with M2 polarization.
Conclusion
PDE5i plays a role in regulating adipose tissue inflammation and thus holds promise as a therapeutic agent for metabolic enhancement.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Beyond Cyclic Nucleotides: Emerging Roles of Phosphodiesterases in Metabolic Disorders
    Nicole Bertani, Maria Rita Assenza, Francesca Sciarra, Giorgia D’Addato, Francesca Gioia Klinger, Mary Anna Venneri, Andrea M. Isidori, Federica Campolo
    Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
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Beta-Cell Function, Insulin Sensitivity, and Metabolic Characteristics in Young-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Findings from Anam Diabetes Observational Study
Ji Yoon Kim, Jiyoon Lee, Sin Gon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(6):1287-1297.   Published online May 21, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0601
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
In this study, we aimed to determine the metabolic characteristics and changes in the early stages of young-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (YOD) in Koreans.
Methods
From the Anam Diabetes Observational Study cohort (2017–2023), the characteristics of newly diagnosed YOD (<40 years of age, n=39) and later-onset (≥40 years of age) type 2 diabetes mellitus (LOD, n=178) were compared at diagnosis and 1 year later. All participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test at diagnosis and annually thereafter. β-Cell function was determined using the disposition index (DI), calculated as the insulinogenic index×Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (ISI). Insulin sensitivity was determined using ISI and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR).
Results
Mean (±standard deviation) age of individuals with YOD was 29.8±6.4 years, and 76.9% were male. YOD patients had higher body mass index (29.8 kg/m2 vs. 27.2 kg/m2, P=0.020), fat mass (30.5 kg vs. 24.1 kg, P=0.011), fatty liver index (65.4 vs. 49.2, P=0.005), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level at diagnosis (9.3% vs. 7.7%, P<0.001) compared with LOD patients. YOD patients exhibited lower insulin sensitivity (ISI: 2.79 vs. 3.26, P=0.008; HOMA2-IR: 2.72 vs. 1.83, P<0.001) and β-cell function (DI) at diagnosis (0.41 vs. 0.72, P=0.003) than LOD patients. Following 1 year of treatment, DI improved by 94% in YOD along with improvement in HbA1c; however, it was still significantly lower than that of LOD (0.64 vs. 0.90, P=0.017).
Conclusion
Individuals with YOD have unfavorable metabolic characteristics, substantially reduced insulin sensitivity, and decompensated β-cell function at disease onset, which persist even after treatment.
Review
Basic and Translational Research
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Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Network in the Pathogenesis of Obesity, Diabetes, Steatotic Liver Disease, and Cardiovascular Disease
Joonyub Lee, Won Gun Choi, Marie Rhee, Seung-Hwan Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(3):348-367.   Published online May 1, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0184
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  • 6 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed particles carrying bioactive cargo, including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, facilitating intercellular and interorgan communication. In addition to traditional mediators such as hormones, metabolites, and cytokines, increasing evidence suggests that EVs are key modulators in various physiological and pathological processes, particularly influencing metabolic homeostasis and contributing to the progression of cardiometabolic diseases. This review provides an overview of the most recent insights into EV-mediated mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, steatotic liver disease, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. EVs play a critical role in modulating insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, systemic inflammation, and vascular health by transferring functional molecules to target cells. Understanding the EV-mediated network offers potential for identifying novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets, providing opportunities for EV-based interventions in cardiometabolic disease management. Although many challenges remain, this evolving field highlights the need for further research into EV biology and its translational applications in cardiovascular and metabolic health.

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  • Postbiotics in Functional Foods: Microbial Derivatives Shaping Health, Immunity and Next‐Generation Nutrition
    Alice Njolke Mafe, Javad Sharifi‐Rad, Daniela Calina, Ayobami Joshua Ogunyemi, Abiola O. Tubi
    Food Frontiers.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Decoding the Endocrine Code of Skeletal Muscle: Myokines, Exerkines, and Inter-Organ Crosstalk in Metabolic Health and Disease
    Young-Sool Hah, Jeongyun Hwang, Seung-Jun Lee, Seung-Jin Kwag
    Cells.2026; 15(4): 318.     CrossRef
  • Extracellular Vesicles: Biology, Intercellular Communication and Therapeutic Potential in Diabetes
    Swayam Prakash Srivastava, Lydia Herrmann, Eden Ozkan, Abhiram Kunamneni, Vinamra Swaroop, Geetika Nehra, Rohit Srivastava, Pratima Tripathi, Ken Inoki, Julie E. Goodwin
    Advanced Therapeutics.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association between dyslipidemia and elevated liver enzymes: A cross-sectional study from the PERSIAN Guilan cohort study
    Milad Shahdkar, Mahdi Orang Goorabzarmakhi, Mahdi Shafizadeh, Farahnaz Joukar, Saman Maroufizadeh, Niloofar Faraji, Tahereh Zeinali, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
    Endocrine and Metabolic Science.2025; 19: 100272.     CrossRef
  • Molecular Signatures of Obesity-Associated Infertility in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: The Emerging Role of Exosomal microRNAs and Non-Coding RNAs
    Charalampos Voros, Georgios Papadimas, Despoina Mavrogianni, Aristotelis-Marios Koulakmanidis, Diamantis Athanasiou, Kyriakos Bananis, Antonia Athanasiou, Aikaterini Athanasiou, Ioannis Papapanagiotou, Dimitrios Vaitsis, Charalampos Tsimpoukelis, Maria An
    Genes.2025; 16(9): 1101.     CrossRef
  • Molecular mechanisms linking adipose tissue-derived small extracellular vesicles/exosomes to the development or amelioration of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes-related complications
    Linfeng Chen, Fatemeh Amraee, Sahar Sadegh-Nejadi, Mostafa Saberian, Seyed Arsalan Ghahari, Xiaolei Miao, Giuseppe Lisco, Reza Afrisham
    European Journal of Medical Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(22): 11052.     CrossRef
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    BioFactors.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
Original Articles
Others
Article image
Contributions of Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Islet β-Cell Dysfunction to the Blood Glucose Spectrum in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Mengge Yang, Ying Wei, Jia Liu, Ying Wang, Guang Wang
Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(4):883-892.   Published online February 13, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0537
Correction in: Diabetes Metab J 2026;50(2):432
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  • 9 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Our previous studies have investigated the role of hepatic insulin resistance (hepatic IR) and islet β-cell function in the pathogenesis of diabetes. This study aimed to explore the contributions of hepatic IR and islet β-cell dysfunction to the blood glucose spectrum in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods
Hepatic IR was assessed by the hepatic insulin resistance index (HIRI). Islet β-cell function was assessed by insulin secretion- sensitivity index-2 (ISSI2). The associations between blood glucose spectrum and hepatic IR and ISSI2 were analyzed.
Results
A total of 707 patients with new-onset diabetes were included. The fasting blood glucose (FBG) and 30 minutes postload blood glucose elevated with rising HIRI (both P for trend <0.001). The FBG, 30 minutes, 2 hours, and 3 hours post-load blood glucose elevated with decreasing ISSI2 quartiles (all P for trend <0.001). There was a negative correlation between ISSI2 and HIRI after adjusting blood glucose levels (r=–0.199, P<0.001).
Conclusion
Hepatic IR mainly contributed to FBG and early-phase postprandial plasma glucose, whereas β-cell dysfunction contributed to fasting and postprandial plasma glucose at each phase.

Citations

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  • Interaction between insulin resistance and depression in predicting cardiovascular risk: Evidence from a longitudinal study
    Siyu Chen, Lijing Yang, Yu Zhou, Hao Yu
    Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Swaminadhan Dandapani, Yongsung Hwang
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    Ying Wei, Yong Tian, Ruixiang Cui, Ying Wang, Jia Liu, Guang Wang
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    Ianina Pokholenko, Marguerite Meeremans, Sandra Van Vlierberghe, Nele Pien, Catharina De Schauwer
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    Yangyang Shang, Xinyi Gan, Yue Dang, Jie Liu, Peijun Liu
    Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Asmahan Taher Alahdal, Laila Naif Al-Harbi, Ghedeir M. Alshammari, Ali Saleh, Mohammed Abdo Yahya
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(16): 7940.     CrossRef
  • Sodium Butyrate Ameliorated Bile Acid Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus by PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway via the Gut–Liver Axis
    Tingting Zhao, Xi Zhang, Qian Xiang, Yadi Liu, Xuling Li, Junling Gu, Wenqian Zhang, Zhe Wang, Yiran Li, Xiaoshan Lai, Yonghua Zhao, Youhua Xu
    Current Issues in Molecular Biology.2025; 47(9): 732.     CrossRef
  • Chronic Intermittent Low-Pressure Hypoxia Suppresses Inflammation and Regulates Glycolipids by Modulating Mitochondrial Respiration in db/db Mice
    Xin Jiang, Keqing Yuan, Xiaofeng Ge, Lili Yu, Yufei Cui, Lianhai Jin, Ying Chang
    Metabolites.2025; 15(11): 707.     CrossRef
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    Arya Afrooghe, Pedram Pirmoradian, Moein Ghasemi, Benyamin Mohammadi, Mahya Soleymani Mehranjani, Elham Ahmadi, Seyed Amir Miratashi Yazdi
    Journal of Robotic Surgery.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Elevated PEDF promotes the occurrence of diabetes mellitus via suppressing GSIS by downregulating the SNARE complex
    Zhen Zhao, Yandan Tan, Jie Fang, Gan Xia, Junchen Li, Qilong Tang, Wanting Xie, Tianxiao Gao, Zhenzhen Fang, Ti Zhou, Xia Yang, Guoquan Gao, Weiwei Qi
    Communications Biology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Distinct Circulating Biomarker Profiles Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in a Regional Cohort—A Cross-Sectional Study
    Abdullah Alsrhani, Muhammad Atif, Aisha Farhana
    Metabolites.2025; 15(12): 776.     CrossRef
  • Application and Predictive Potential of Novel Insulin Resistance Assessment Indices in Metabolic Diseases
    莹莹 郑
    Advances in Clinical Medicine.2025; 15(12): 2174.     CrossRef
Lifestyle and Behavioral Interventions
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Impact of Meal Frequency on Insulin Resistance in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study
Ha-Eun Ryu, Jong Hee Lee, Byoungjin Park, Seok-Jae Heo, Yu-Jin Kwon
Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(2):311-320.   Published online November 13, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0407
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Insulin resistance (IR) is central to metabolic disorders and significantly influenced by diet. Studies on meal frequency (MF) and metabolic indicators have shown mixed results. This study explores the link between MF and IR in middle-aged and older adults.
Methods
This prospective cohort study included 4,570 adults aged 40 to 69 years from the Korean Genome and Epidemiologic Study. MF were divided into two groups based on whether they consumed three or more, or fewer than three, meals daily. IR was evaluated using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR); participants were classified as IR if their HOMA-IR value was ≥2.5. Multiple Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between MF and the incidence of IR.
Results
After adjusting for all variables, individuals in the MF ≥3 group showed a reduced incidence of IR compared to those in the MF <3 group (hazard ratio, 0.880; 95% confidence interval, 0.782 to 0.990). Additionally, subgroup analyses by sex, diabetes mellitus (DM), and body mass index (BMI) showed that this association persisted only in men, individuals without DM, and those with a BMI <25.
Conclusion
Our findings indicate that a higher MF among middle-aged and older adults is associated with a reduced incidence of IR. However, this association was maintained only in men, individuals without DM, and those without obesity.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Associations between Meal Frequency and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors (Diabetes Metab J 2025;49:311-20)
    Ja Young Jeon
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(4): 908.     CrossRef
  • Impact of Meal Frequency on Insulin Resistance in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study (Diabetes Metab J 2025;49:311-20)
    Ha-Eun Ryu, Jong Hee Lee, Byoungjin Park, Seok-Jae Heo, Yu-Jin Kwon
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(4): 912.     CrossRef
Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Article image
Comparison of SPISE and METS-IR and Other Markers to Predict Insulin Resistance and Elevated Liver Transaminases in Children and Adolescents
Kyungchul Song, Eunju Lee, Hye Sun Lee, Hana Lee, Ji-Won Lee, Hyun Wook Chae, Yu-Jin Kwon
Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(2):264-274.   Published online October 29, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0302
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Studies on predictive markers of insulin resistance (IR) and elevated liver transaminases in children and adolescents are limited. We evaluated the predictive capabilities of the single-point insulin sensitivity estimator (SPISE) index, metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), the triglyceride (TG)/ high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, and the triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) for IR and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation in this population.
Methods
Data from 1,593 participants aged 10 to 18 years were analyzed using a nationwide survey. Logistic regression analysis was performed with IR and ALT elevation as dependent variables. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to assess predictive capability. Proportions of IR and ALT elevation were compared after dividing participants based on parameter cutoff points.
Results
All parameters were significantly associated with IR and ALT elevation, even after adjusting for age and sex, and predicted IR and ALT elevation in ROC curves (all P<0.001). The areas under the ROC curve of SPISE and METS-IR were higher than those of TyG and TG/HDL-C for predicting IR and were higher than those of HOMA-IR, TyG, and TG/HDL-C for predicting ALT elevation. The proportions of individuals with IR and ALT elevation were higher among those with METS-IR, TyG, and TG/ HDL-C values higher than the cutoff points, whereas they were lower among those with SPISE higher than the cutoff point.
Conclusion
SPISE and METS-IR are superior to TG/HDL-C and TyG in predicting IR and ALT elevation. Thus, this study identified valuable predictive markers for young individuals.

Citations

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Review
Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Article image
Artificial Light at Night and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Jong-Ha Baek, Yong Zhu, Chandra L. Jackson, Yong-Moon Mark Park
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(5):847-863.   Published online September 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0237
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
The widespread and pervasive use of artificial light at night (ALAN) in our modern 24-hour society has emerged as a substantial disruptor of natural circadian rhythms, potentially leading to a rise in unhealthy lifestyle-related behaviors (e.g., poor sleep; shift work). This phenomenon has been associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is a pressing global public health concern. However, to date, reviews summarizing associations between ALAN and T2DM have primarily focused on the limited characteristics of exposure (e.g., intensity) to ALAN. This literature review extends beyond prior reviews by consolidating recent studies from 2000 to 2024 regarding associations between both indoor and outdoor ALAN exposure and the incidence or prevalence of T2DM. We also described potential biological mechanisms through which ALAN modulates glucose metabolism. Furthermore, we outlined knowledge gaps and investigated how various ALAN characteristics beyond only light intensity (including light type, timing, duration, wavelength, and individual sensitivity) influence T2DM risk. Recognizing the detrimental impact of ALAN on sleep health and the behavioral correlates of physical activity and dietary patterns, we additionally summarized studies investigating the potential mediating role of each component in the relationship between ALAN and glucose metabolism. Lastly, we proposed implications of chronotherapies and chrononutrition for diabetes management in the context of ALAN exposure.

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Original Article
Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Article image
A Prospective 1-Year Follow-up of Glycemic Status and C-Peptide Levels of COVID-19 Survivors with Dysglycemia in Acute COVID-19 Infection
David Tak Wai Lui, Chi Ho Lee, Ying Wong, Carol Ho Yi Fong, Kimberly Hang Tsoi, Yu Cho Woo, Kathryn Choon Beng Tan
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(4):763-770.   Published online March 11, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0175
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
We evaluated changes in glycemic status, over 1 year, of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors with dysglycemia in acute COVID-19.
Methods
COVID-19 survivors who had dysglycemia (defined by glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] 5.7% to 6.4% or random glucose ≥10.0 mmol/L) in acute COVID-19 were recruited from a major COVID-19 treatment center from September to October 2020. Matched non-COVID controls were recruited from community. The 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were performed at baseline (6 weeks after acute COVID-19) and 1 year after acute COVID-19, with HbA1c, insulin and C-peptide measurements. Progression in glycemic status was defined by progression from normoglycemia to prediabetes/diabetes, or prediabetes to diabetes.
Results
Fifty-two COVID-19 survivors were recruited. Compared with non-COVID controls, they had higher C-peptide (P< 0.001) and trend towards higher homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (P=0.065). Forty-three COVID-19 survivors attended 1-year reassessment. HbA1c increased from 5.5%±0.3% to 5.7%±0.2% (P<0.001), with increases in glucose on OGTT at fasting (P=0.089), 30-minute (P=0.126), 1-hour (P=0.014), and 2-hour (P=0.165). At baseline, 19 subjects had normoglycemia, 23 had prediabetes, and one had diabetes. Over 1 year, 10 subjects (23.8%; of 42 non-diabetes subjects at baseline) had progression in glycemic status. C-peptide levels remained unchanged (P=0.835). Matsuda index decreased (P=0.007) and there was a trend of body mass index increase from 24.4±2.7 kg/m2 to 25.6±5.2 (P=0.083). Subjects with progression in glycemic status had more severe COVID-19 illness than non-progressors (P=0.030). Reassessment was not performed in the control group.
Conclusion
Subjects who had dysglycemia in acute COVID-19 were characterized by insulin resistance. Over 1 year, a quarter had progression in glycemic status, especially those with more severe COVID-19. Importantly, there was no significant deterioration in insulin secretory capacity.

Citations

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  • Reduced IFN-γ-expressing SARS-CoV-2 specific CD4+ T cells and transient CD8 + T cell activation associate with higher HOMA-IR 1-year post COVID-19 in obese individuals
    Rona Kartika, Dicky Levenus Tahapary, Farid Kurniawan, Syahidatul Wafa, Tika Pradnjaparamita, Simon P. Jochems, Heri Wibowo, Imam Subekti
    Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
Sulwon Lecture 2023
Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Article image
Insulin Resistance, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Clinical and Experimental Perspective
Inha Jung, Dae-Jeong Koo, Won-Young Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(3):327-339.   Published online February 2, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0350
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
It has been generally accepted that insulin resistance (IR) and reduced insulin secretory capacity are the basic pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition to genetic factors, the persistence of systemic inflammation caused by obesity and the associated threat of lipotoxicity increase the risk of T2DM. In particular, the main cause of IR is obesity and subjects with T2DM have a higher body mass index (BMI) than normal subjects according to recent studies. The prevalence of T2DM with IR has increased with increasing BMI during the past three decades. According to recent studies, homeostatic model assessment of IR was increased compared to that of the 1990s. Rising prevalence of obesity in Korea have contributed to the development of IR, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and T2DM and cutting this vicious cycle is important. My colleagues and I have investigated this pathogenic mechanism on this theme through clinical and experimental studies over 20 years and herein, I would like to summarize some of our studies with deep gratitude for receiving the prestigious 2023 Sulwon Award.

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Original Articles
Drug/Regimen
Article image
Pioglitazone as Add-on Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled with Dapagliflozin and Metformin: Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Ji Hye Heo, Kyung Ah Han, Jun Hwa Hong, Hyun-Ae Seo, Eun-Gyoung Hong, Jae Myung Yu, Hye Seung Jung, Bong-Soo Cha
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(5):937-948.   Published online February 2, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0314
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
This study assessed the efficacy and safety of triple therapy with pioglitazone 15 mg add-on versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled with metformin and dapagliflozin.
Methods
In this multicenter, double-blind, randomized, phase 3 study, patients with T2DM with an inadequate response to treatment with metformin (≥1,000 mg/day) plus dapagliflozin (10 mg/day) were randomized to receive additional pioglitazone 15 mg/day (n=125) or placebo (n=125) for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels from baseline to week 24 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05101135).
Results
At week 24, the adjusted mean change from baseline in HbA1c level compared with placebo was significantly greater with pioglitazone treatment (–0.47%; 95% confidence interval, –0.61 to –0.33; P<0.0001). A greater proportion of patients achieved HbA1c <7% or <6.5% at week 24 with pioglitazone compared to placebo as add-on to 10 mg dapagliflozin and metformin (56.8% vs. 28% for HbA1c <7%, and 23.2% vs. 9.6% for HbA1c <6.5%; P<0.0001 for all). The addition of pioglitazone also significantly improved triglyceride, highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance levels, while placebo did not. The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar between the groups, and the incidence of fluid retention-related side effects by pioglitazone was low (1.5%).
Conclusion
Triple therapy with the addition of 15 mg/day of pioglitazone to dapagliflozin plus metformin was well tolerated and produced significant improvements in HbA1c in patients with T2DM inadequately controlled with dapagliflozin plus metformin.

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Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Article image
Harnessing Metabolic Indices as a Predictive Tool for Cardiovascular Disease in a Korean Population without Known Major Cardiovascular Event
Hyun-Jin Kim, Byung Sik Kim, Yonggu Lee, Sang Bong Ahn, Dong Wook Kim, Jeong-Hun Shin
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(3):449-462.   Published online February 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0197
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
This study evaluated the usefulness of indices for metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and insulin resistance (IR), as predictive tools for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged Korean adults.
Methods
The prospective data obtained from the Ansan-Ansung cohort database, excluding patients with major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). The primary outcome was the incidence of MACCE during the follow-up period.
Results
A total of 9,337 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 1,130 (12.1%) experienced MACCE during a median follow-up period of 15.5 years. The metabolic syndrome severity Z-score, metabolic syndrome severity score, hepatic steatosis index, and NAFLD liver fat score were found to significantly predict MACCE at values above the cut-off point and in the second and third tertiles. Among these indices, the hazard ratios of the metabolic syndrome severity score and metabolic syndrome severity Z-score were the highest after adjusting for confounding factors. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of the 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) score for predicting MACCE was 0.716, and the metabolic syndrome severity Z-score had an AUC of 0.619.
Conclusion
The metabolic syndrome severity score is a highly reliable indicator and was closely associated with the 10-year ASCVD risk score in predicting MACCE in the general population. Given the specific characteristics and limitations of metabolic syndrome severity scores as well as the indices of NAFLD and IR, a more practical scoring system that considers these factors is essential to achieve greater accuracy in forecasting cardiovascular outcomes.

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Pathophysiology
Article image
Deficiency of ASGR1 Alleviates Diet-Induced Systemic Insulin Resistance via Improved Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity
Xiaorui Yu, Jiawang Tao, Yuhang Wu, Yan Chen, Penghui Li, Fan Yang, Miaoxiu Tang, Abdul Sammad, Yu Tao, Yingying Xu, Yin-Xiong Li
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(4):802-815.   Published online February 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0124
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Insulin resistance (IR) is the key pathological basis of many metabolic disorders. Lack of asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGR1) decreased the serum lipid levels and reduced the risk of coronary artery disease. However, whether ASGR1 also participates in the regulatory network of insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism remains unknown.
Methods
The constructed ASGR1 knockout mice and ASGR1-/- HepG2 cell lines were used to establish the animal model of metabolic syndrome and the IR cell model by high-fat diet (HFD) or drug induction, respectively. Then we evaluated the glucose metabolism and insulin signaling in vivo and in vitro.
Results
ASGR1 deficiency ameliorated systemic IR in mice fed with HFD, evidenced by improved insulin intolerance, serum insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of IR index, mainly contributed from increased insulin signaling in the liver, but not in muscle or adipose tissues. Meanwhile, the insulin signal transduction was significantly enhanced in ASGR1-/- HepG2 cells. By transcriptome analyses and comparison, those differentially expressed genes between ASGR1 null and wild type were enriched in the insulin signal pathway, particularly in phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT signaling. Notably, ASGR1 deficiency significantly reduced hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.
Conclusion
The ASGR1 deficiency was consequentially linked with improved hepatic insulin sensitivity under metabolic stress, hepatic IR was the core factor of systemic IR, and overcoming hepatic IR significantly relieved the systemic IR. It suggests that ASGR1 is a potential intervention target for improving systemic IR in metabolic disorders.

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Review
Pathophysiology
Article image
Primordial Drivers of Diabetes Heart Disease: Comprehensive Insights into Insulin Resistance
Yajie Fan, Zhipeng Yan, Tingting Li, Aolin Li, Xinbiao Fan, Zhongwen Qi, Junping Zhang
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(1):19-36.   Published online January 3, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0110
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Insulin resistance has been regarded as a hallmark of diabetes heart disease (DHD). Numerous studies have shown that insulin resistance can affect blood circulation and myocardium, which indirectly cause cardiac hypertrophy and ventricular remodeling, participating in the pathogenesis of DHD. Meanwhile, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia associated with insulin resistance can directly impair the metabolism and function of the heart. Targeting insulin resistance is a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention of DHD. Currently, the role of insulin resistance in the pathogenic development of DHD is still under active research, as the pathological roles involved are complex and not yet fully understood, and the related therapeutic approaches are not well developed. In this review, we describe insulin resistance and add recent advances in the major pathological and physiological changes and underlying mechanisms by which insulin resistance leads to myocardial remodeling and dysfunction in the diabetic heart, including exosomal dysfunction, ferroptosis, and epigenetic factors. In addition, we discuss potential therapeutic approaches to improve insulin resistance and accelerate the development of cardiovascular protection drugs.

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Original Articles
Drug/Regimen
Article image
Comparative Efficacy of Rosuvastatin Monotherapy and Rosuvastatin/Ezetimibe Combination Therapy on Insulin Sensitivity and Vascular Inflammatory Response in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Ji Hye Han, Kyong Hye Joung, Jun Choul Lee, Ok Soon Kim, Sorim Choung, Ji Min Kim, Yea Eun Kang, Hyon-Seung Yi, Ju Hee Lee, Bon Jeong Ku, Hyun Jin Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(1):112-121.   Published online January 3, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0402
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) induces endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, which are the main factors for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. The present study aimed to compare the effects of rosuvastatin monotherapy and rosuvastatin/ezetimibe combination therapy on lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, and vascular inflammatory response in patients with T2DM.
Methods
A total of 101 patients with T2DM and dyslipidemia were randomized to either rosuvastatin monotherapy (5 mg/day, n=47) or rosuvastatin/ezetimibe combination therapy (5 mg/10 mg/day, n=45) and treated for 12 weeks. Serum lipids, glucose, insulin, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and peroxiredoxin 4 (PRDX4) levels were determined before and after 12 weeks of treatment.
Results
The reduction in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by more than 50% from baseline after treatment was more in the combination therapy group. The serum sICAM-1 levels increased significantly in both groups, but there was no difference between the two groups. The significant changes in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and PRDX4 were confirmed only in the subgroup in which LDL-C was reduced by 50% or more in the combination therapy group. However, after adjusting for diabetes mellitus duration and hypertension, the changes in HOMA-IR and PRDX4 were not significant between the two groups.
Conclusion
Although rosuvastatin/ezetimibe combination therapy had a greater LDL-C reduction effect than rosuvastatin monotherapy, it had no additional effects on insulin sensitivity and vascular inflammatory response. Further studies are needed on the effect of long-term treatment with ezetimibe on insulin sensitivity and vascular inflammatory response.

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    Zhi-Fan Li, Zheng Yin, Xi Li, Meng-Ying Lu, Wen-Jia Zhang, Fang Luo, Yan-Lu Xu, Jian-Jun Li, Ke-Fei Dou, Xiao Wang, Hong Qiu, Na-Qiong Wu
    Cardiovascular Diabetology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Angiopoietins: A potential therapeutic target in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy
    Komal Thapa, Neha Kanojia, Heena Khan, Amarjot Kaur, Thakur Gurjeet Singh
    Obesity Medicine.2025; 58: 100659.     CrossRef
  • Pharmacokinetics of a single-pill combination of rosuvastatin and ezetimibe (2.5 mg/10 mg) in healthy Chinese subjects: an open-label, two-period, phase I study
    Ying Wang, Jiaxiang Ding, Dongmei Cheng, Yuzhou Ding, Tonghao Zhang, Wang Hu, Xiaoni Wang, Xu Zhu, Yunqiu Xie, Huan Zhou
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Combining Ezetimibe and Rosuvastatin: Impacts on Insulin Sensitivity and Vascular Inflammation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Eun Roh
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(1): 55.     CrossRef
  • Does Rosuvastatin/Ezetimibe Combination Therapy Offer Potential Benefits for Glucose Metabolism beyond Lipid-Lowering Efficacy in T2DM?
    Il Rae Park, Jun Sung Moon
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  • The Pleiotropic Effects of Lipid-Modifying Interventions: Exploring Traditional and Emerging Hypolipidemic Therapies
    Dimitris Kounatidis, Nikolaos Tentolouris, Natalia G. Vallianou, Iordanis Mourouzis, Irene Karampela, Theodora Stratigou, Eleni Rebelos, Marina Kouveletsou, Vasileios Stamatopoulos, Eleni Tsaroucha, Maria Dalamaga
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Basic Research
Article image
A New Concept in Antidiabetic Therapeutics: A Concerted Removal of Labile Iron and Intracellular Deposition of Zinc
Vladimir Vinokur, Eduard Berenshtein, Mordechai Chevion, Dror Chevion
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(1):59-71.   Published online January 3, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0292
Retraction in: Diabetes Metab J 2024;48(2):325
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Basic Research
Article image
Long Non-Coding RNA TUG1 Attenuates Insulin Resistance in Mice with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus via Regulation of the MicroRNA-328-3p/SREBP-2/ERK Axis
Xuwen Tang, Qingxin Qin, Wenjing Xu, Xuezhen Zhang
Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(2):267-286.   Published online January 19, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0216
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been illustrated to contribute to the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). In the present study, we aimed to elucidate how lncRNA taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) influences insulin resistance (IR) in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced mouse model of GDM.
Methods
We initially developed a mouse model of HFD-induced GDM, from which islet tissues were collected for RNA and protein extraction. Interactions among lncRNA TUG1/microRNA (miR)-328-3p/sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP-2) were assessed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), HOMA pancreatic β-cell function (HOMA-β), insulin sensitivity index for oral glucose tolerance tests (ISOGTT) and insulinogenic index (IGI) levels in mouse serum were measured through conducting gain- and loss-of-function experiments.
Results
Abundant expression of miR-328 and deficient expression of lncRNA TUG1 and SREBP-2 were characterized in the islet tissues of mice with HFD-induced GDM. LncRNA TUG1 competitively bound to miR-328-3p, which specifically targeted SREBP-2. Either depletion of miR-328-3p or restoration of lncRNA TUG1 and SREBP-2 reduced the FBG, FINS, HOMA-β, and HOMA-IR levels while increasing ISOGTT and IGI levels, promoting the expression of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway-related genes, and inhibiting apoptosis of islet cells in GDM mice. Upregulation miR-328-3p reversed the alleviative effects of SREBP-2 and lncRNA TUG1 on IR.
Conclusion
Our study provides evidence that the lncRNA TUG1 may prevent IR following GDM through competitively binding to miR-328-3p and promoting the SREBP-2-mediated ERK signaling pathway inactivation.

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    Zi-Jun Lin, Lian-Ping He, Cui-Ping Li
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    Mohammed Ageeli Hakami
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    Xuan Zhou, Yi Jiang, Zizhuo Wang, Lijie Wei, Huiting Zhang, Chenyun Fang, Shenglan Zhu, Yuanyuan Du, Rui Su, Weikun Li, Zhenzhen He, Liangnan Zhang, Weidong Tan, Mengzhou He, Jun Yu, Shaoshuai Wang, Wencheng Ding, Ling Feng
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    Ritu Rani, Avinash Kumar Sharma, Havagiray R Chitme
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    Dong Gao, Liping Ren, Yu-Duo Hao, Nalini Schaduangrat, Xiao-Wei Liu, Shi-Shi Yuan, Yu-He Yang, Yan Wang, Watshara Shoombuatong, Hui Ding
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Short Communication
Others
Article image
Comparison of Insulin-Treated Patients with Ambiguous Diabetes Type with Definite Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Subjects: A Clinical Perspective
Insa Laspe, Juris J. Meier, Michael A. Nauck
Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(1):140-146.   Published online March 22, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0322
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
In clinical practice, the distinction between type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can be challenging, leaving patients with “ambiguous” diabetes type. Insulin-treated patients (n=115) previously diagnosed with T2DM had to be re-classified based on clinical phenotype and laboratory results, and were operationally defined as having an ambiguous diabetes type. They were compared against patients with definite T1DM and T2DM regarding 12 clinical and laboratory features typically different between diabetes types. Characteristics of patients with ambiguous diabetes type, representing approximately 6% of all patients with T1DM or T2DM seen at our specialized clinic, fell in between those of patients with definite T1DM and T2DM, both regarding individual features and with respect to a novel classification based on multi-variable regression analysis (P<0.0001). In conclusion, a substantial proportion of diabetes patients in a tertiary care centre presented with an “ambiguous” diabetes type. Their clinical characteristics fall in between those of definite T1DM or T2DM patients.

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  • Technological functionality and system architecture of mobile health interventions for diabetes management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    Xinran Yu, Yifeng Wang, Zhengyang Liu, Euitay Jung
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    Xiaoshuang Wang, Xuanlin Wu, Qingwen Ouyang, Fusong Liu, Sha Liu, Jia Qiu, Delin Zhang, Wenping He, Qian Tian, Bingjing Li, Shuang Ren, Yanju Li, Ting Pan, Faming Wu
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Original Articles
Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Article image
Normalized Creatinine-to-Cystatin C Ratio and Risk of Diabetes in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study
Shanhu Qiu, Xue Cai, Bo Xie, Yang Yuan, Zilin Sun, Tongzhi Wu
Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(3):476-485.   Published online March 7, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0074
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  • 18 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Creatinine-to-cystatin C ratio is recently suggested to be a surrogate marker for sarcopenia. However, little is known about its association with diabetes. This study aimed to fill in this gap based on a large-scale prospective cohort.
Methods
A population-based representative sample of 5,055 participants aged ≥45 years from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study was enrolled between 2011 and 2012 and followed at least once during the subsequent surveys at 2013, 2015, or 2018. Creatinine-to-cystatin C ratio was calculated and normalized by body weight. Incident diabetes was ascertained by plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, self-reported history, or use of anti-diabetic drugs. Logistic regression analysis and mediation analysis were employed.
Results
During follow-up, 634 participants developed diabetes. The risk of diabetes was gradually and significantly decreased with increased normalized creatinine–cystatin C ratio. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio for diabetes was 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.83 to 0.99) per 1 standard deviation higher of normalized creatinine-to-cystatin C ratio, and this relationship remained significant after controlling for muscle strength. The risk reduction in diabetes was significantly larger in participants with normal-weight and high normalized creatinine-to-cystatin C ratio compared with those with overweight/obesity and high normalized creatinine-to-cystatin C ratio (Pinteraction=0.01). Insulin resistance and inflammation appeared to be key mediators accounting for the observed relationship between normalized creatinine-to-cystatin C ratio and risk of diabetes, with their mediating effect being 93.1% and 22.0%, respectively.
Conclusion
High normalized creatinine-to-cystatin C ratio is associated with reduced risk of diabetes in middle-aged and older adults.

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Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Iron Overload and the Risk of Diabetes in the General Population: Results of the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey Cohort Study
He Gao, Jinying Yang, Wenfei Pan, Min Yang
Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(2):307-318.   Published online March 7, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0287
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  • 27 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Recent studies have found that there are significant associations between body iron status and the development of diabetes. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the association among iron overload (IO), insulin resistance (IR), and diabetes in Chinese adults, and to explore the sex difference.
Methods
Men and women (age >19 years) who participated in the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey and did not have diabetes at baseline were followed between 2009 and 2015 (n=5,779). Over a mean of 6 years, 75 participants were diagnosed with incident diabetes. Logistic regression was used to assess the risk factors associated with IO. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate the risk of incident diabetes and to determine whether the risk differed among subgroups. Causal mediation analysis (CMA) was used to explore the mechanism linking IO and diabetes.
Results
According to sex-stratified multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression, IO increased the risk of incident diabetes. Women with IO had a higher risk of diabetes than men. Subgroup analysis with respect to age showed that the association between IO and diabetes was stronger in older women and younger men (P<0.001). CMA showed that liver injury (alanine transaminase) and lipid metabolism abnormalities (triglyceride, apolipoprotein B) contributed to the association between IO and diabetes.
Conclusion
IO is associated with diabetes and this association is sex-specific. IO may indirectly induce IR via liver injury and lipid metabolism abnormalities, resulting in diabetes.

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Reviews
Pathophysiology
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Insulin Resistance: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies
Shin-Hae Lee, Shi-Young Park, Cheol Soo Choi
Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(1):15-37.   Published online December 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0280
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Insulin resistance is the pivotal pathogenic component of many metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is defined as a state of reduced responsiveness of insulin-targeting tissues to physiological levels of insulin. Although the underlying mechanism of insulin resistance is not fully understood, several credible theories have been proposed. In this review, we summarize the functions of insulin in glucose metabolism in typical metabolic tissues and describe the mechanisms proposed to underlie insulin resistance, that is, ectopic lipid accumulation in liver and skeletal muscle, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation. In addition, we suggest potential therapeutic strategies for addressing insulin resistance.

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Metabolic risk/Epidemiology
Article image
Obesity, Diabetes, and Increased Cancer Progression
Dae-Seok Kim, Philipp E. Scherer
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(6):799-812.   Published online November 22, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0077
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Rates of obesity and diabetes have increased significantly over the past decades and the prevalence is expected to continue to rise further in the coming years. Many observations suggest that obesity and diabetes are associated with an increased risk of developing several types of cancers, including liver, pancreatic, endometrial, colorectal, and post-menopausal breast cancer. The path towards developing obesity and diabetes is affected by multiple factors, including adipokines, inflammatory cytokines, growth hormones, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. The metabolic abnormalities associated with changes in the levels of these factors in obesity and diabetes have the potential to significantly contribute to the development and progression of cancer through the regulation of distinct signaling pathways. Here, we highlight the cellular and molecular pathways that constitute the links between obesity, diabetes, cancer risk and mortality. This includes a description of the existing evidence supporting the obesity-driven morphological and functional alternations of cancer cells and adipocytes through complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment.

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Technology/Device
Article image
Assessment of Insulin Secretion and Insulin Resistance in Human
So Young Park, Jean-François Gautier, Suk Chon
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(5):641-654.   Published online September 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0220
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
The impaired insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance (or decreased insulin sensitivity) play a major role in the pathogenesis of all types of diabetes mellitus (DM). It is very important to assess the pancreatic β-cell function and insulin resistance/ sensitivity to determine the type of DM and to plan an optimal management and prevention strategy for DM. So far, various methods and indices have been developed to assess the β-cell function and insulin resistance/sensitivity based on static, dynamic test and calculation of their results. In fact, since the metabolism of glucose and insulin is made through a complex process related with various stimuli in several tissues, it is difficult to fully reflect the real physiology. In order to solve the theoretical and practical difficulties, research on new index is still in progress. Also, it is important to select the appropriate method and index for the purpose of use and clinical situation. This review summarized a variety of traditional methods and indices to evaluate pancreatic β-cell function and insulin resistance/sensitivity and introduced novel indices.

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Original Article
Basic Research
Article image
Carnitine Orotate Complex Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Steatosis Through Carnitine Acetyltransferase Pathway
Jung-Hee Hong, Moon-Kyu Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(6):933-947.   Published online August 19, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0223
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
Carnitine orotate complex (Godex) has been shown to decrease glycated hemoglobin levels and improve steatosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the mechanisms of Godex in glucose metabolism remain unclear.
Methods
Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups: normal-fat diet, high-fat diet, a high-fat diet supplemented with intraperitoneal injection of (500 mg or 2,000 mg/kg/day) Godex for 8 weeks. Computed tomography, indirect calorimetry, and histological analyses including electron microscopy of the liver were performed, and biochemical profiles and oral glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test were undertaken. Expressions of genes in the lipid and glucose metabolism, activities of oxidative phosphorylation enzymes, carnitine acetyltransferase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA)/CoA ratio were evaluated.
Results
Godex improved insulin sensitivity and significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, steatosis, and gluconeogenesis, with a marked increase in fatty acid oxidation as well as better use of glucose in high-fat diet-fed mice. It preserved mitochondrial function and ultrastructure, restored oxidative phosphorylation enzyme activities, decreased acetyl-CoA/CoA ratio, and increased carnitine acetyltransferase content and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. Carnitine acetyltransferase knockdown partially reversed the effects of Godex in liver and in vitro.
Conclusion
Godex improved insulin resistance and steatosis by regulating carnitine acetyltransferase in liver in high-fat diet-fed mice.

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Review
Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Article image
Computed Tomography-Derived Myosteatosis and Metabolic Disorders
Iva Miljkovic, Chantal A. Vella, Matthew Allison
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):482-491.   Published online July 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0277
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
The role of ectopic adipose tissue infiltration into skeletal muscle (i.e., myosteatosis) for metabolic disorders has received considerable and increasing attention in the last 10 years. The purpose of this review was to evaluate and summarize existing studies focusing on computed tomography (CT)-derived measures of myosteatosis and metabolic disorders. There is consistent evidence that CT-derived myosteatosis contributes to dysglycemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and inflammation, and, to some extent, dyslipidemia, independent of general obesity, visceral fat, and other relevant risk factors, suggesting that it may serve as a tool for metabolic risk prediction. Identification of which muscles should be examined, and the standardized CT protocols to be employed, are necessary to enhance the applicability of findings from epidemiologic studies of myosteatosis. Additional and longer longitudinal studies are necessary to confirm a role of myosteatosis in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and examine these associations in a variety of muscles across multiple race/ethnic populations. Given the emerging role of myosteatosis in metabolic health, well-designed intervention studies are needed to investigate relevant lifestyle and pharmaceutical approaches.

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Original Articles
Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Article image
Level of Organochlorine Pesticide in Prediabetic and Newly Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Varying Degree of Glucose Intolerance and Insulin Resistance among North Indian Population
Shipra Tyagi, Brijesh Kumar Mishra, Tusha Sharma, Neha Tawar, Abdul Jamil Urfi, Basu Dev Banerjee, Sri Venkata Madhu
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):558-568.   Published online January 15, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0093
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) exposure may induce an endocrine disruption which may lead to the risk of developing diabetes through alteration and disturbance of glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and destruction of β-cells. The present study determines the recent trend of OCPs residue in blood samples and their association with the known risk factors responsible for developing the risk of diabetes among the North Indian population.
Methods
Blood sample of 300 patients (100 each of normal glucose tolerance [NGT], prediabetes and newly detected diabetes mellitus [DM]) between the age group of 30 to 70 years were collected. OCPs residue in whole blood samples was analyzed by using gas chromatography equipped with a 63Ni selective electron capture detector.
Results
Significantly higher levels of β-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dieldrin, and p,p’-dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE) were found in the prediabetes and newly detected DM groups as compared to NGT group. Insulin resistance showed to be significantly positive correlation with β-HCH and dieldrin. Also, fasting and postprandial glucose levels were significantly positively correlated with levels of β-HCH, dieldrin, and p,p’-DDE. Further, when OCPs level was adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI), it was found that β-HCH, dieldrin, and p,p’-DDE levels in blood increases the risk of diabetes by 2.70, 2.83, and 2.55 times respectively. Moreover, when we adjust OCPs level based on BMI categories (BMI <23, ≥23, and ≤25, and >25 kg/m2); β-HCH and p,p’-DDE showed a significant risk of developing newly detected DM with BMI >25 and ≥23 and ≤25 kg/m2.
Conclusion
The OCPs level present in the environment may be responsible for biological, metabolic, and endocrine disruptions within the human body which may increase the risk of developing newly detected DM. Hence, OCPs exposure can play a crucial role in the etiology of diabetes.

Citations

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Basic Research
Article image
Umbilical Cord-Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium Improves Insulin Resistance in C2C12 Cell
Kyung-Soo Kim, Yeon Kyung Choi, Mi Jin Kim, Jung Wook Hwang, Kyunghoon Min, Sang Youn Jung, Soo-Kyung Kim, Yong-Soo Choi, Yong-Wook Cho
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(2):260-269.   Published online July 10, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0191
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

Umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium (UC-MSC-CM) has emerged as a promising cell-free therapy. The aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic effects of UC-MSC-CM on insulin resistance in C2C12 cell.

Methods

Insulin resistance was induced by palmitate. Effects of UC-MSC-CM on insulin resistance were evaluated using glucose uptake, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation, the insulin-signaling pathway, and mitochondrial contents and functions in C2C12 cell.

Results

Glucose uptake was improved by UC-MSC-CM. UC-MSC-CM treatment increased only in membranous GLUT4 expression, not in cytosolic GLUT4 expression. It restored the insulin-signaling pathway in insulin receptor substrate 1 and protein kinase B. Mitochondrial contents evaluated by mitochondrial transcription factor A, mitochondrial DNA copy number, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha were increased by UC-MSC-CM. In addition, UC-MSC-CM significantly decreased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and increased fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial membrane potential. There was no improvement in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contents, but ATP synthesis was improved by UC-MSC-CM. Cytokine and active factor analysis of UC-MSC-CM showed that it contained many regulators inhibiting insulin resistance.

Conclusion

UC-MSC-CM improves insulin resistance with multiple mechanisms in C2C12 cell.

Citations

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Basic Research
Article image
Vimentin Deficiency Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Mice
SeoYeon Kim, Inyeong Kim, Wonkyoung Cho, Goo Taeg Oh, Young Mi Park
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(1):97-108.   Published online June 15, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0198
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are world-wide health problems, and lack of understanding of their linking mechanism is one reason for limited treatment options. We determined if genetic deletion of vimentin, a type 3 intermediate filament, affects obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods

We fed vimentin-null (Vim−/−) mice and wild-type mice a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks and measured weight change, adiposity, blood lipids, and glucose. We performed intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests and measured CD36, a major fatty acid translocase, and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) in adipocytes from both groups of mice.

Results

Vim−/− mice fed an HFD showed less weight gain, less adiposity, improved glucose tolerance, and lower serum level of fasting glucose. However, serum triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid levels were higher in Vim−/− mice than in wild-type mice. Vimentin-null adipocytes showed 41.1% less CD36 on plasma membranes, 27% less uptake of fatty acids, and 50.3% less GLUT4, suggesting defects in intracellular trafficking of these molecules.

Conclusion

We concluded that vimentin deficiency prevents obesity and insulin resistance in mice fed an HFD and suggest vimentin as a central mediator linking obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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Association between the Thigh Muscle and Insulin Resistance According to Body Mass Index in Middle-Aged Korean Adults
Ji Eun Heo, Jee-Seon Shim, Hokyou Lee, Hyeon Chang Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(3):446-457.   Published online April 16, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0110
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

We examined the associations between thigh muscle area (TMA) and insulin resistance (IR) according to body mass index (BMI) in middle-aged Korean general population.

Methods

TMA was measured using quantitative computed tomography and corrected by body weight (TMA/Wt) in 1,263 men, 788 premenopausal women, and 1,476 postmenopausal women all aged 30 to 64 years. The tertiles of TMA/Wt were calculated separately for men and for premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was performed using fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, and increased IR was defined according to sex-specific, top quartiles of HOMA-IR. Associations between the TMA/Wt tertiles and increased IR according to the BMI categories (<25 and ≥25 kg/m2) were assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Results

In men with higher BMIs, but not in those with lower BMIs, the presence of an increased IR had significantly higher odds ratios in the lower TMA/Wt tertiles, even after adjustment for visceral fat area. However, in premenopausal and postmenopausal women, there was no significant inverse association between TMA/Wt tertiles and increased IR, regardless of BMI category.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the thigh muscle is inversely associated with IR in men, particularly in those with higher BMIs.

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Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Article image
Insulin Resistance Increases Serum Immunoglobulin E Sensitization in Premenopausal Women
Seung Eun Lee, Ji Yeon Baek, Kyungdo Han, Eun Hee Koh
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(2):175-182.   Published online April 14, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0150
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

Although studies have shown that obesity is associated with aeroallergen sensitization (atopy), controversy still exists. We aimed to investigate the association between metabolic status, obesity, and atopy stratified by sex and menopausal status.

Methods

A total of 1,700 adults from the 2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were classified into metabolically healthy nonobese (MHNO), metabolically unhealthy nonobese (MUNO), metabolically healthy obese (MHO), and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) by body mass index and insulin resistance. Atopy was defined as a positive response to at least one aeroallergen. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk of immunoglobulin E (IgE) elevation or atopy in relation to the degree of metabolic abnormality and obesity.

Results

In premenopausal women, total IgE was positively correlated with obesity and insulin resistance. MUNO participants had a higher risk of having elevated total IgE compared to MHNO participants (odds ratio [OR], 2.271; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.201 to 4.294), while MHO participants did not show a significant difference (OR, 1.435; 95% CI, 0.656 to 3.137) in premenopausal women. MUNO, but not MHO was also associated with atopy (OR, 2.157; 95% CI, 1.284 to 3.625). In men and postmenopausal women, there was no significant difference between metabolic status, obesity, and atopy among groups.

Conclusion

Increased insulin resistance is associated with total IgE and atopy in premenopausal women but not in postmenopausal women or men.

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Lifesytle
Combined Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training Reduces Circulating Apolipoprotein J Levels and Improves Insulin Resistance in Postmenopausal Diabetic Women
Yun Kyung Jeon, Sang Soo Kim, Jong Ho Kim, Hyun Jeong Kim, Hyun Jun Kim, Jang Jun Park, Yuen Suk Cho, So Hee Joung, Ji Ryang Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Sang Heon Song, In Joo Kim, Yong Ki Kim, Young-Bum Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(1):103-112.   Published online February 21, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0160
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

Circulating apolipoprotein J (ApoJ) is closely associated with insulin resistance; however, the effect of exercise on circulating ApoJ levels and the association of ApoJ with metabolic indices remain unknown. Here, we investigated whether a combined exercise can alter the circulating ApoJ level, and whether these changes are associated with metabolic indices in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods

Postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly assigned into either an exercise (EXE, n=30) or control (CON, n=15) group. Participants in the EXE group were enrolled in a 12-week program consisting of a combination of aerobic and resistance exercises. At baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, body composition and metabolic parameters including homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and serum ApoJ levels were assessed.

Results

In the EXE group, ApoJ levels decreased 26.3% and 19.4%, relative to baseline, at 8 and 12 weeks, respectively. Between-group differences were significant at 8 and 12 weeks (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively). In the EXE group, 12 weeks of exercise resulted in significant decreases in body weight, percent body fat, and HOMA-IR indices. Concurrently, weight-adjusted appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM/wt) was increased in the EXE group compared with the CON group. Importantly, changes in the ApoJ level were significantly correlated with changes in ASM/wt.

Conclusion

Exercise training resulted in a significant decrease in the circulating ApoJ level, with changes in ApoJ associated with an improvement in some insulin resistance indices. These data suggest that circulating ApoJ may be a useful metabolic marker for assessing the effects of exercise on insulin resistance.

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Basic Research
Combination of Probiotics and Salvia miltiorrhiza Polysaccharide Alleviates Hepatic Steatosis via Gut Microbiota Modulation and Insulin Resistance Improvement in High Fat-Induced NAFLD Mice
Wei Wang, Ai-Lei Xu, Zheng-Chao Li, Yi Li, Shun-Fu Xu, Hua-Chao Sang, Fachao Zhi
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(2):336-348.   Published online December 3, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0042
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, which is currently the leading cause of obesity-related cancer deaths in middle-aged men.

Methods

Probiotics with lipid-lowering function were screened from the fecal microbiota of healthy adults. Polysaccharide from different sources was screened for improving insulin resistance. The combination of probiotics and Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide (LBM) was investigated for alleviating hepatic steatosis.

Results

First, Bifidobacterium bifidum V (BbV) and Lactobacillus plantarum X (LpX) were obtained from the fecal microbiota of healthy adults. Second, to improve insulin resistance, a Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge polysaccharide showing good performance in reducing insulin resistance was obtained. The liver total cholesterol (TC) and total triglyceride (TG) levels and the serum levels of free fatty acid, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG, and TC can be significantly reduced through supplementation with LpX-BbV (LB) in NAFLD mice. Interestingly, the function of the probiotic LB can be enhanced by S. miltiorrhiza Bunge polysaccharide. Furthermore, the gut microbiota was modulated by LpX-BbV+S. miltiorrhiza Bunge polysaccharide (LBM). The lipopolysaccharide concentration of the LBM group was decreased by 73.6% compared to the NAFLD group. Ultimately, the mRNA concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β [IL-1β], and IL-6) decreased with LB and LBM treatment.

Conclusion

The results of this this study indicate that the LBM combination can be used as a therapeutic for ameliorating NAFLD via modulating the gut microbiota and improving insulin resistance.

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Basic Research
Higher Plasma Sclerostin and Lower Wnt Signaling Gene Expression in White Adipose Tissue of Prediabetic South Asian Men Compared with White Caucasian Men
Laura G.M. Janssen, Andrea D. van Dam, Mark J.W. Hanssen, Sander Kooijman, Kimberly J. Nahon, Hanneke Reinders, Ingrid M. Jazet, Wouter D. van Marken Lichtenbelt, Patrick C.N. Rensen, Natasha M. Appelman-Dijkstra, Mariëtte R. Boon
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(2):326-335.   Published online October 31, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0031
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

South Asians generally have an unfavourable metabolic phenotype compared with white Caucasians, including central obesity and insulin resistance. The Wnt protein family interacts with insulin signaling, and impaired Wnt signaling is associated with adiposity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We aimed to investigate Wnt signaling in relation to insulin signaling in South Asians compared with white Caucasians.

Methods

Ten Dutch South Asian men with prediabetes and overweight or obesity and 10 matched Dutch white Caucasians were included. Blood samples were assayed for the Wnt inhibitor sclerostin. Subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) and skeletal muscle biopsies were assayed for Wnt and insulin signaling gene expression with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02291458).

Results

Plasma sclerostin was markedly higher in South Asians compared with white Caucasians (+65%, P<0.01). Additionally, expression of multiple Wnt signaling genes and key insulin signaling genes were lower in WAT in South Asians compared with white Caucasians. Moreover, in WAT in both ethnicities, Wnt signaling gene expression strongly positively correlated with insulin signaling gene expression. In skeletal muscle, WNT10B expression in South Asians was lower, but expression of other Wnt signaling and insulin signaling genes was comparable between ethnicities. Wnt and insulin signaling gene expression also positively correlated in skeletal muscle, albeit less pronounced.

Conclusion

South Asian men with overweight or obesity and prediabetes have higher plasma sclerostin and lower Wnt signaling gene expression in WAT compared with white Caucasians. We interpret that reduced Wnt signaling could contribute to impaired insulin signaling in South Asians.

Citations

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Review
Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic Consequences of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Especially Pertaining to Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin Sensitivity
Sun Ok Song, Ken He, Radhika R. Narla, Hyun Goo Kang, Han Uk Ryu, Edward J. Boyko
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(2):144-155.   Published online April 15, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0256
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and diabetes has been known to be closely related to each other and both diseases impact highly on the public health. There are many evidence of reports that OSA is associated with diabetes with a bidirectional correlation. A possible causal mechanism of OSA to diabetes is intermittent hypoxemia and diabetes to OSA is microvascular complication. However, OSA and diabetes have a high prevalence rate in public and shares the common overlap characteristic and risk factors such as age, obesity, and metabolic syndrome that make it difficult to establish the exact pathophysiologic mechanism between them. In addition, studies demonstrating that treatment of OSA may help prevent diabetes or improve glycemic control have not shown convincing result but have become a great field of interest research. This review outlines the bidirectional correlation between OSA and diabetes and explore the pathophysiologic mechanisms by approaching their basic etiologies.

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Original Articles
Clinical Diabetes & Therapeutics
Early Assessment of the Risk for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Can Fasting Parameters of Glucose Metabolism Contribute to Risk Prediction?
Veronica Falcone, Grammata Kotzaeridi, Melanie Hanne Breil, Ingo Rosicky, Tina Stopp, Gülen Yerlikaya-Schatten, Michael Feichtinger, Wolfgang Eppel, Peter Husslein, Andrea Tura, Christian S. Göbl
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(6):785-793.   Published online March 12, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0218
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

An early identification of the risk groups might be beneficial in reducing morbidities in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Therefore, this study aimed to assess the biochemical predictors of glycemic conditions, in addition to fasting indices of glucose disposal, to predict the development of GDM in later stage and the need of glucose-lowering medication.

Methods

A total of 574 pregnant females (103 with GDM and 471 with normal glucose tolerance [NGT]) were included. A metabolic characterization was performed before 15+6 weeks of gestation by assessing fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FI), fasting C-peptide (FCP), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Thereafter, the patients were followed-up until the delivery.

Results

Females with NGT had lower levels of FPG, FI, FCP, or HbA1c at the early stage of pregnancy, and therefore, showed an improved insulin action as compared to that in females who developed GDM. Higher fasting levels of FPG and FCP were associated with a higher risk of developing GDM. Moreover, the predictive accuracy of this metabolic profiling was also good to distinguish the patients who required glucose-lowering medications. Indices of glucose disposal based on C-peptide improved the predictive accuracy compared to that based on insulin. A modified quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKIc) showed the best differentiation in terms of predicting GDM (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve [ROC-AUC], 72.1%) or need for pharmacotherapy (ROC-AUC, 83.7%).

Conclusion

Fasting measurements of glucose and C-peptide as well as the surrogate indices of glycemic condition could be used for stratifying pregnant females with higher risk of GDM at the beginning of pregnancy.

Citations

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Epidemiology
Lower Leg Fat Depots Are Associated with Albuminuria Independently of Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Metabolic Syndrome (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2008 to 2011)
Eugene Han, Nan Hee Cho, Mi Kyung Kim, Hye Soon Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(4):461-473.   Published online March 7, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0081
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

Although the involvement of obesity in metabolic disorders is well known, leg fat depot influences on albuminuria have not been determined.

Methods

This population-based, cross-sectional study used a nationally representative sample of 2,076 subjects aged ≥20 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys of 2008 to 2011. The ratio of leg fat to total fat (LF/TF ratio) was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry, and albuminuria was defined as more than one positive dipstick test or an albumin-to-creatinine ratio of ≥30 mg/g.

Results

Individuals whose LF/TF ratio was in the lowest tertile showed a higher proportion of albuminuria than those in the highest tertile (odds ratio [OR], 2.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.01 to 3.96; P<0.001). This association was observed in both sexes, all age groups, and all subgroups stratified by body mass index, waist circumference, homeostasis model assessments of insulin resistance, and the presence of metabolic syndrome (all, P<0.05). Multiple logistic regression analyses also demonstrated that the lowest LF/TF ratio was independently associated with albuminuria risk (OR, 1.55 to 2.16; all, P<0.05). In addition, the risk of albuminuria was higher in sarcopenic individuals with lower LF/TF ratios than in the highest LF/TF ratio subjects without sarcopenia (OR, 3.73; 95% CI, 2.26 to 6.13).

Conclusion

A lower LF/TF ratio was associated with an increased risk of albuminuria independent of obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome, and when combined with sarcopenia, the albuminuria risk synergistically increased. Hence, our findings may have implications to improve risk stratification and recommendations on body fat distribution in the general population.

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  • Efficacy and safety of evogliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: A multicentre, double‐blind, randomized, comparative trial
    Eugene Han, Ji Hye Huh, Eun Y. Lee, Ji C. Bae, Sung W. Chun, Sung H. Yu, Soo H. Kwak, Kyong S. Park, Byung‐Wan Lee
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    Eugene Han, Mi Kyung Kim, Hye Won Lee, Seungwan Ryu, Hye Soon Kim, Byoung Kuk Jang, Youngsung Suh
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    Eugene Han, Mi Kyung Kim, Byoung Kuk Jang, Hye Soon Kim
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Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Association between Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Hokyou Lee, Gyuri Kim, Young Ju Choi, Byung Wook Huh, Byung-Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong-Soo Cha, Eun Jig Lee, Yong-ho Lee, Kap Bum Huh
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(2):267-276.   Published online February 28, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0001
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

Impaired diastolic heart function has been observed in persons with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and/or with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, it is unclear whether NAFLD fibrotic progression, i.e., non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, poses an independent risk for diastolic dysfunction in T2DM. We investigated the association between liver fibrosis and left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction in T2DM.

Methods

We analyzed 606 patients with T2DM, aged ≥50 years, who had undergone liver ultrasonography and pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography. Insulin sensitivity was measured by short insulin tolerance test. Presence of NAFLD and/or advanced liver fibrosis was determined by abdominal ultrasonography and NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS). LV diastolic dysfunction was defined according to transmitral peak early to late ventricular filling (E/A) ratio and deceleration time, using echocardiography.

Results

LV diastolic dysfunction was significantly more prevalent in the NAFLD versus non-NAFLD group (59.7% vs. 49.0%, P=0.011). When NAFLD was stratified by NFS, subjects with advanced liver fibrosis exhibited a higher prevalence of diastolic dysfunction (49.0%, 50.7%, 61.8%; none, simple steatosis, advanced fibrosis, respectively; P for trend=0.003). In multivariable logistic regression, liver fibrosis was independently associated with diastolic dysfunction (odds ratio [OR], 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07 to 2.34; P=0.022) after adjusting for insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk factors. This association remained significant in patients without insulin resistance (OR, 4.32; 95% CI, 1.73 to 11.51; P=0.002).

Conclusions

Liver fibrosis was associated with LV diastolic dysfunction in patients with T2DM and may be an independent risk factor for diastolic dysfunction, especially in patients without systemic insulin resistance.

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Review
Clinical Diabetes & Therapeutics
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults: A Review on Clinical Implications and Management
Silvia Pieralice, Paolo Pozzilli
Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(6):451-464.   Published online December 17, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0190
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by a less intensive autoimmune process and a broad clinical phenotype compared to classical type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), sharing features with both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and T1DM. Since patients affected by LADA are initially insulin independent and recognizable only by testing for islet-cell autoantibodies, it could be difficult to identify LADA in clinical setting and a high misdiagnosis rate still remains among patients with T2DM. Ideally, islet-cell autoantibodies screening should be performed in subjects with newly diagnosed T2DM, ensuring a closer monitoring of those resulted positive and avoiding treatment of hyperglycaemia which might increase the rate of β-cells loss. Thus, since the autoimmune process in LADA seems to be slower than in classical T1DM, there is a wider window for new therapeutic interventions that may slow down β-cell failure. This review summarizes the current understanding of LADA, by evaluating data from most recent studies, the actual gaps in diagnosis and management. Finally, we critically highlight and discuss novel findings and future perspectives on the therapeutic approach in LADA.

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Original Articles
Others
Serum R-Spondin 1 Is a New Surrogate Marker for Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Yea Eun Kang, Ji Min Kim, Hyon-Seung Yi, Kyong Hye Joung, Ju Hee Lee, Hyun Jin Kim, Bon Jeong Ku
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(3):368-376.   Published online October 23, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0066
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

Recent in vivo studies indicated that R-spondin 1 (RSPO1) regulates food intake and increases insulin secretion, but its role in humans remains unknown. This study investigated the association between serum levels of RSPO1 and diverse metabolic parameters in humans.

Methods

The study population consisted of 43 subjects with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus, and 79 non-diabetic participants. Serum levels of RSPO1 were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The relationships between circulating RSPO1 and diverse metabolic parameters were analyzed.

Results

Circulating RSPO1 levels increased to a greater extent in the obese group than in the lean group. Moreover, serum levels of RSPO1 were higher in the insulin-resistant group than in the insulin-sensitive group. Serum levels of RSPO1 were significantly correlated with a range of metabolic parameters including body mass index, fasting C-peptide, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index, and lipid profile. Moreover, levels were significantly associated with insulin resistance and obesity in non-diabetic subjects.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated the association between serum levels of RSPO1 and a range of metabolic parameters in humans. Serum levels of RSPO1 are significantly related to obesity and insulin resistance, although the precise mechanisms remain unknown.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Proportion and Characteristics of the Subjects with Low Muscle Mass and Abdominal Obesity among the Newly Diagnosed and Drug-Naïve Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Jung A Kim, Soon Young Hwang, Hye Soo Chung, Nam Hoon Kim, Ji A Seo, Sin Gon Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Hye Jin Yoo
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(1):105-113.   Published online September 28, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0036
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a serious public health concern, few studies have examined the clinical implications of SO in newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. We evaluated the prevalence of the newly diagnosed, drug-naïve T2DM patients with low muscle mass with abdominal obesity and its association with insulin resistance and other diabetic complications.

Methods

We classified 233 drug-naïve T2DM subjects into four groups according to abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥90 cm in men and ≥85 cm in women) and low muscle mass status (appendicular skeletal muscle <7.0 kg/m2 for men and <5.4 kg/m2 for women).

Results

The proportion of the subjects with low muscle mass and abdominal obesity among the newly diagnosed, drug-naïve T2DM patients was 8.2%. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) increased linearly according to body composition group from normal to abdominal obesity to both low muscle mass and abdominal obesity. The multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that subjects with low muscle mass and abdominal obesity (odds ratio [OR], 9.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.41 to 36.56) showed a higher risk for insulin resistance, defined as HOMA-IR ≥3, than those with abdominal obesity (OR, 5.36; 95% CI, 2.46 to 11.69), even after adjusting for other covariates. However, there were no differences in lipid profiles, microalbuminuria, or various surrogate markers for atherosclerosis among the four groups.

Conclusion

Subjects with both low muscle mass and abdominal obesity had a higher risk of insulin resistance than those with low muscle mass or abdominal obesity only.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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Epidemiology
Association of Thigh Muscle Mass with Insulin Resistance and Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japanese Americans
Seung Jin Han, Edward J. Boyko, Soo-Kyung Kim, Wilfred Y. Fujimoto, Steven E. Kahn, Donna L. Leonetti
Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(6):488-495.   Published online September 5, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0022
  • 8,562 View
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  • 43 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

Skeletal muscle plays a major role in glucose metabolism. We investigated the association between thigh muscle mass, insulin resistance, and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk. In addition, we examined the role of body mass index (BMI) as a potential effect modifier in this association.

Methods

This prospective study included 399 Japanese Americans without diabetes (mean age 51.6 years) who at baseline had an estimation of thigh muscle mass by computed tomography and at baseline and after 10 years of follow-up a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test and determination of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). We fit regression models to examine the association between thigh muscle area and incidence of T2DM and change in HOMA-IR, both measured over 10 years.

Results

Thigh muscle area was inversely associated with future HOMA-IR after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, HOMA-IR, fasting plasma glucose, total abdominal fat area, and thigh subcutaneous fat area at baseline (P=0.033). The 10-year cumulative incidence of T2DM was 22.1%. A statistically significant interaction between thigh muscle area and BMI was observed, i.e., greater thigh muscle area was associated with lower risk of incident T2DM for subjects at lower levels of BMI, but this association diminished at higher BMI levels.

Conclusion

Thigh muscle mass area was inversely associated with future insulin resistance. Greater thigh muscle area predicts a lower risk of incident T2DM for leaner Japanese Americans.

Citations

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Epidemiology
Insulin Resistance and the Risk of Diabetes and Dysglycemia in Korean General Adult Population
Jong Ha Baek, Hosu Kim, Kyong Young Kim, Jaehoon Jung
Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(4):296-307.   Published online April 24, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.0106
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

Insulin resistance is a major pathogenic hallmark of impaired glucose metabolism. We assessed the accuracy of insulin resistance and cut-off values using homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) to classify type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and dysglycemia according to age and sex.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed 4,291 anti-diabetic drug-naïve adults (≥20 years) from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2015. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined by the modified National Cholesterol Education Program III guideline. Diagnosis of dysglycemia and T2DM were based on fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. The receiver operating characteristic curve and optimal cut-off values of HOMA-IR were assessed to identify T2DM/dysglycemia according to sex and were further analyzed by age.

Results

Sex differences were found in the association of MetS and the different MetS components with T2DM/dysglycemia. The overall optimal cut-off value of HOMA-IR for identifying dysglycemia was 1.6 in both sex. The cut-off values for T2DM were 2.87 in men and 2.36 in women. However, there are differences in diagnostic range of HOMA-IR to distinguish T2DM according to sex and age, and the accuracy of HOMA-IR in identifying T2DM gradually decreased with age especially in women.

Conclusion

Insulin resistance is closely associated with the risk for T2DM/dysglycemia. The accuracy of HOMA-IR levels is characterized by sex- and age-specific differences in identifying T2DM. In addition to insulin resistance index, insulin secretory function, and different MetS components should be considered in the detection of early T2DM, especially in elderly.

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Epidemiology
Clinical Characteristics of People with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes between 2015 and 2016: Difference by Age and Body Mass Index
Kyoung Hwa Ha, Cheol Young Park, In Kyung Jeong, Hyun Jin Kim, Sang-Yong Kim, Won Jun Kim, Ji Sung Yoon, In Joo Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Sungrae Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(2):137-146.   Published online February 14, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.42.2.137
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

We evaluated the clinical characteristics of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction in newly diagnosed, drug-naive people with type 2 diabetes by analyzing nationwide cross-sectional data.

Methods

We collected the clinical data of 912 participants with newly diagnosed diabetes from 83 primary care clinics and hospitals nationwide from 2015 to 2016. The presence of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction was defined as a homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value ≥2.5 and fasting C-peptide levels <1.70 ng/mL, respectively.

Results

A total of 75.1% and 22.6% of participants had insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction, respectively. The proportion of participants with insulin resistance but no β-cell dysfunction increased, and the proportion of participants with β-cell dysfunction but no insulin resistance decreased as body mass index (BMI) increased. People diagnosed with diabetes before 40 years of age had significantly higher HOMA-IR and BMI than those diagnosed over 65 years of age (HOMA-IR, 5.0 vs. 3.0; BMI, 28.7 kg/m2 vs. 25.1 kg/m2). However, the β-cell function indices were lower in people diagnosed before 40 years of age than in those diagnosed after 65 years of age (homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function, 39.3 vs. 64.9; insulinogenic index, 10.3 vs. 18.7; disposition index, 0.15 vs. 0.25).

Conclusion

We observed that the main pathogenic mechanism of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance in participants with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. In addition, young adults with diabetes are more likely to have higher insulin resistance with obesity and have higher insulin secretory defect with severe hyperglycemia in the early period of diabetes than older populations.

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Pathophysiology
The Phospholipid Linoleoylglycerophosphocholine as a Biomarker of Directly Measured Insulin Resistance
Maria Camila Pérez-Matos, Martha Catalina Morales-Álvarez, Freddy Jean Karlo Toloza, Maria Laura Ricardo-Silgado, Jose Oscar Mantilla-Rivas, Jairo Arturo Pinzón-Cortes, Maritza Perez-Mayorga, Elizabeth Jiménez, Edwin Guevara, Carlos O Mendivil
Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(6):466-473.   Published online November 27, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.6.466
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

Plasma concentrations of some lysophospholipids correlate with metabolic alterations in humans, but their potential as biomarkers of insulin resistance (IR) is insufficiently known. We aimed to explore the association between plasma linoleoylglycerophosphocholine (LGPC) and objective measures of IR in adults with different metabolic profiles.

Methods

We studied 62 men and women, ages 30 to 69 years, (29% normal weight, 59% overweight, 12% obese). Participants underwent a 5-point oral glucose tolerance test (5p-OGTT) from which we calculated multiple indices of IR and insulin secretion. Fifteen participants additionally underwent a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp for estimation of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. Plasma LGPC was determined using high performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Plasma LGPC was compared across quartiles defined by the IR indices.

Results

Mean LGPC was 15.4±7.6 ng/mL in women and 14.1±7.3 ng/mL in men. LGPC did not correlate with body mass in-dex, percent body fat, waist circumference, blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin, log-triglycerides, or high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Plasma LGPC concentrations was not systematically associated with any of the studied 5p-OGTT-derived IR indices. However, LGPC exhibited a significant negative correlation with glucose disposal in the clamp (Spearman r=−0.56, P=0.029). Despite not being diabetic, participants with higher plasma LGPC exhibited significantly higher post-challenge plasma glucose excursions in the 5p-OGTT (P trend=0.021 for the increase in glucose area under the curve across quartiles of plasma LGPC).

Conclusion

In our sample of Latino adults without known diabetes, LGPC showed potential as a biomarker of IR and impaired glucose metabolism.

Citations

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Review
Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Emerging Burden in Cardiometabolic and Renal Diseases
Eugene Han, Yong-ho Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(6):430-437.   Published online November 17, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.6.430
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

As the number of individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased, the influence of NAFLD on other metabolic diseases has been highlighted. Accumulating epidemiologic evidence indicates that NAFLD not only affects the liver but also increases the risk of extra-hepatic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases, and chronic kidney disease. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, an advanced type of NAFLD, can aggravate these inter-organ relationships and lead to poorer outcomes. NAFLD induces insulin resistance and exacerbates systemic chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, which leads to organ dysfunction in extra-hepatic tissues. Although more research is needed to identify the pathophysiological mechanisms and causal relationship between NAFLD and cardiometabolic and renal diseases, screening for heart, brain, and kidney diseases, risk assessment for diabetes, and a multidisciplinary approach for managing these patients should be highly encouraged.

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Original Article
Clinical Diabetes & Therapeutics
Adipokines and Insulin Resistance According to Characteristics of Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Eon Ju Jeon, Seong Yeon Hong, Ji Hyun Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(6):457-465.   Published online November 15, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.6.457
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate adipokines concentration and insulin resistance according to maternal age or obesity at pregnancy and weight change at diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in pregnant women with GDM.

Methods

This study included 57 pregnant women who were diagnosed with GDM at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation. The subjects were classified into two or three groups according to pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI, <25 kg/m2 vs. ≥25 kg/m2), maternal age at pregnancy (<35 years old vs. ≥35 years old), and weight change during pregnancy at screening for GDM (weight change below, within, and in excess of the recommended range). They were respectively compared in each group.

Results

Leptin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and HOMA2-%B were increased in the group with pre-pregnancy BMI ≥25 kg/m2. Leptin and HOMA-IR were positively correlated with BMI both before pregnancy and at screening for GDM. There were no significant correlations between HOMA-IR and adipokines. HOMA-IR showed positive correlation with HOMA2-%B and negative correlation with HOMA2-%S.

Conclusion

Leptin and HOMA-IR at diagnosed GDM were increased in the GDM patients with obesity before pregnancy. They were positively correlated with BMI both before pregnancy and at screening for GDM. The effect of maternal age at pregnancy and weight change during pregnancy at GDM screening on adipokines and insulin resistance might be less pronounced than the effect of maternal obesity.

Citations

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Review
Clinical Diabetes & Therapeutics
The Effectiveness of Green Tea or Green Tea Extract on Insulin Resistance and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis
Jinyue Yu, Peige Song, Rachel Perry, Chris Penfold, Ashley R. Cooper
Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(4):251-262.   Published online August 22, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.4.251
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Green tea or green tea extract (GT/GTE) has been demonstrated to reduce insulin resistance and improve glycemic control. However, evidence for this health beneficial effect is inconsistent. This systematic review evaluated the effect of GT/GTE on insulin resistance and glycemic control in people with pre-diabetes/type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched up to April 2017 for randomised controlled trials of participants with pre-diabetes or T2DM, where the intervention was GT/GTE. Meta-analysis was performed to assess the standardised mean difference (SMD) in biomarkers of insulin resistance and glycemic control between GT/GTE and placebo groups. Six studies (n=382) were pooled into random-effects meta-analysis. Overall, no differences were found between GT/GTE and the placebo for glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c: SMD, −0.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.86 to 0.23), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR: SMD, 0.10; 95% CI, −0.17 to 0.38), fasting insulin (SMD, −0.25; 95% CI, −0.64 to 0.15), and fasting glucose (SMD, −0.10; 95% CI, −0.50 to 0.30). No evidence support the consumption of GT/GTE could reduce the levels of HbA1c, HOMA-IR, fasting insulin, or fasting glucose in people with pre-diabetes/T2DM. However, the studies included were small and of varying quality.

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  • Green Tea Polyphenols Modify the Gut Microbiome in db/db Mice as Co‐Abundance Groups Correlating with the Blood Glucose Lowering Effect
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