Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Original Articles

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
2023 Diabetic Kidney Disease Fact Sheet in Korea: Nam Hoon Kim, Mi-Hae Seo, Jin Hyung Jung, Kyung Do Han, Mi Kyung Kim, Nan Hee Kim, on Behalf of Diabetic Kidney Disease Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(3):463-472. Published online March 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0310

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Background
To investigate the prevalence, incidence, comorbidities, and management status of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetes-related end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in South Korea.
Methods
We used the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2019 to 2021, n=2,665) for the evaluation of prevalence, comorbidities, control rate of glycemia and comorbidities in DKD, and the Korean Health Insurance Service-customized database (2008 to 2019, n=3,950,857) for the evaluation of trends in the incidence and prevalence rate of diabetes-related ESKD, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors use for DKD, and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and mortality according to DKD stages. DKD was defined as albuminuria or low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m² in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Results
The prevalence of DKD was 25.4% (albuminuria, 22.0%; low eGFR, 6.73%) in patients with diabetes mellitus aged ≥30 years. Patients with DKD had a higher rate of comorbidities, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, and central obesity; however, their control rates were lower than those without DKD. Prescription rate of SGLT2 inhibitors with reduced eGFR increased steadily, reaching 5.94% in 2019. Approximately 70% of DKD patients were treated with RAS blockers. The prevalence rate of diabetesrelated ESKD has been steadily increasing, with a higher rate in older adults. ASCVD and mortality were significantly associated with an in increase in DKD stage.
Conclusion
DKD is prevalent among Korean patients with diabetes and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, which requiring intensive management of diabetes and comorbidities. The prevalence of diabetes-related ESKD has been increasing, especially in the older adults, during past decade.

Citations

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Endothelial NOX5 Obliterates the Reno-Protective Effect of Nox4 Deletion by Promoting Renal Fibrosis via Activation of EMT and ROS-Sensitive Pathways in Diabetes
Karin A. M. Jandeleit-Dahm, Haritha R. Kankanamalage, Aozhi Dai, Jaroslawna Meister, Sara Lopez-Trevino, Mark E. Cooper, Rhian M. Touyz, Christopher R. J. Kennedy, Jay C. Jha
Antioxidants.2024; 13(4): 396. CrossRef

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Healthy Lifestyle and the Risk of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: A Large Prospective Cohort Study: Qing Chang, Yixiao Zhang, Tingjing Zhang, Zuyun Liu, Limin Cao, Qing Zhang, Li Liu, Shaomei Sun, Xing Wang, Ming Zhou, Qiyu Jia, Kun Song, Yang Ding, Yuhong Zhao, Kaijun Niu, Yang Xia; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(5):971-982. Published online March 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0133

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Background
The incidence density of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and the effect of a healthy lifestyle on the risk of MAFLD remain unknown. We evaluated the prevalence and incidence density of MAFLD and investigated the association between healthy lifestyle and the risk of MAFLD.
Methods
A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 37,422 participants to explore the prevalence of MAFLD. A cohort analysis of 18,964 individuals was conducted to identify the incidence of MAFLD, as well as the association between healthy lifestyle and MAFLD. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) with adjustments for confounding factors.
Results
The prevalence of MAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and their comorbidities were 30.38%, 28.09%, and 26.13%, respectively. After approximately 70 thousand person-years of follow-up, the incidence densities of the three conditions were 61.03, 55.49, and 51.64 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. Adherence to an overall healthy lifestyle was associated with a 19% decreased risk of MAFLD (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.92), and the effects were modified by baseline age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Subgroup analyses revealed that younger participants, men, and those with a lower BMI experienced more significant beneficial effects from healthy lifestyle.
Conclusion
Our results highlight the beneficial effect of adherence to a healthy lifestyle on the prevention of MAFLD. Health management for improving dietary intake, physical activity, and smoking and drinking habits are critical to improving MAFLD.

Citations

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Diagnostic indicators and lifestyle interventions of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease
Tianzhu Chen, Xiang Qin, Jianping Jiang, Beihui He
Frontiers in Nutrition.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Sex differences in pathogenesis and treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and steatotic liver disease
Tatjana Ábel, Béla Benczúr, Éva Csajbókné Csobod
Frontiers in Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Associations of traditional healthy lifestyle and sleep quality with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: two population-based studies
Jialu Yang, Qi Zhang, Wanying Zhao, Bingqi Ye, Siqi Li, Zhuoyu Zhang, Jingmeng Ju, Jialin He, Min Xia, Tiantian Xiong, Yan Liu
Nutrition & Diabetes.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Complications
The Risk of Shoulder Adhesive Capsulitis in Individuals with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Longitudinal Nationwide Population-Based Study: Jong-Ho Kim, Bong-Seoung Kim, Kyung-do Han, Hyuk-Sang Kwon; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(6):869-878. Published online August 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0275

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Background
This study aimed to investigate the association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and shoulder adhesive capsulitis (AC) using a large-scale, nationwide, population-based cohort in the Republic of Korea.
Methods
A total of 3,471,745 subjects aged over 20 years who underwent a National Health Insurance Service medical checkup between 2009 and 2010 were included in this study, and followed from the date of their medical checkup to the end of 2018. Subjects were classified into the following four groups based on the presence of dysglycemia and history of diabetes medication: normal, prediabetes, newly diagnosed T2DM (new-T2DM), and T2DM (claim history for antidiabetic medication). The endpoint was new-onset AC during follow-up. The incidence rates (IRs) in 1,000 person-years and hazard ratios (HRs) of AC for each group were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard regression models.
Results
The IRs of AC were 9.453 (normal), 11.912 (prediabetes), 14.933 (new-T2DM), and 24.3761 (T2DM). The adjusted HRs of AC in the prediabetes, new-T2DM, and T2DM groups were 1.084 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.075 to 1.094), 1.312 (95% CI, 1.287 to 1.337), and 1.473 (95% CI, 1.452 to 1.494) compared to the normal group, respectively. This secular trend of the HRs of AC according to T2DM status was statistically significant (P<0.0001).
Conclusion
This large-scale, longitudinal, nationwide, population-based cohort study of 3,471,745 subjects confirmed that the risk of AC increases in prediabetic subjects and is associated with T2DM status.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Impacts of preoperative anxiety and depression on pain and range of motion after arthroscopic frozen shoulder release: a cohort study
Yahia Haroun, Ahmed Saeed Younis, Wessam Fakhery Ebied, Mohamed Amr Hemida, Ahmed H. Khater
International Orthopaedics.2024; 48(8): 2113. CrossRef
Subdiaphragmatic phrenic nerve supply: A systematic review
María Pérez-Montalbán, Encarna García-Domínguez, Ángel Oliva-Pascual-Vaca
Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger.2024; 254: 152269. CrossRef
Higher body mass index increases the risk of shoulder adhesive capsulitis in young adults: a nationwide cohort study
Jong-Ho Kim, Jae-Yoon Baek, Kyung-Do Han, Bong-Seoung Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon
Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of moderate physical activity on diabetic adhesive capsulitis: a randomized clinical trial
Raheela Kanwal Sheikh, Amna Toseef, Aadil Omer, Anam Aftab, Muhammad Manan Haider Khan, Saeed Bin Ayaz, Omar Althomli, Aisha Razzaq, Samra Khokhar, Nazia Jabbar, Waqar Ahmed Awan
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A Narrative Review of Adhesive Capsulitis with Diabetes
Mu-Her Chen, Wen-Shiang Chen
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(19): 5696. CrossRef
Sub‐Acromioclavicular Decompression Increases the Risk of Postoperative Shoulder Stiffness after Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair
Cheng Li, Zhiling Wang, Maslah Idiris Ali, Yi Long, Ymuhanmode Alike, Min Zhou, Dedong Cui, Zhenze Zheng, Ke Meng, Jingyi Hou, Rui Yang
Orthopaedic Surgery.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A comprehensive scoring system for the diagnosis and staging of adhesive capsulitis: development, application, and implications
Fabio Vita, Danilo Donati, Roberto Tedeschi, Marco Miceli, Paolo Spinnato, Flavio Origlio, Enrico Guerra, Marco Cavallo, Salvatore Massimo Stella, Luigi Tarallo, Giuseppe Porcellini, Stefano Galletti, Cesare Faldini
European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology.2024; 34(8): 4113. CrossRef

Complications
Association of Body Mass Index and Fracture Risk Varied by Affected Bones in Patients with Diabetes: A Nationwide Cohort Study: Se-Won Lee, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk-Sang Kwon; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(2):242-254. Published online January 19, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0001

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Background
Body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for the type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and T2DM accompanies various complications, such as fractures. We investigated the effects of BMI and T2DM on fracture risk and analyzed whether the association varied with fracture locations.
Methods
This study is a nationwide population-based cohort study that included all people with T2DM (n=2,746,078) who received the National Screening Program during 2009–2012. According to the anatomical location of the fracture, the incidence rate and hazard ratio (HR) were analyzed by dividing it into four categories: vertebra, hip, limbs, and total fracture.
Results
The total fracture had higher HR in the underweight group (HR, 1.268; 95% CI, 1.228 to 1.309) and lower HR in the obese group (HR, 0.891; 95% CI, 0.882 to 0.901) and the morbidly obese group (HR, 0.873; 95% CI, 0.857 to 0.89), compared to reference (normal BMI group). Similar trends were observed for HR of vertebra fracture. The risk of hip fracture was most prominent, the risk of hip fracture increased in the underweight group (HR, 1.896; 95% CI, 1.178 to 2.021) and decreased in the obesity (HR, 0.643; 95% CI, 0.624 to 0.663) and morbidly obesity group (HR, 0.627; 95% CI, 0.591 to 0.665). Lastly, fracture risk was least affected by BMI for limbs.
Conclusion
In T2DM patients, underweight tends to increase fracture risk, and overweight tends to lower fracture risk, but association between BMI and fracture risk varied depending on the affected bone lesions.

Citations

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Dysuricemia—A New Concept Encompassing Hyperuricemia and Hypouricemia
Naoyuki Otani, Motoshi Ouchi, Einosuke Mizuta, Asuka Morita, Tomoe Fujita, Naohiko Anzai, Ichiro Hisatome
Biomedicines.2023; 11(5): 1255. CrossRef
Association of Body Mass Index and Fracture Risk Varied by Affected Bones in Patients with Diabetes: A Nationwide Cohort Study (Diabetes Metab J 2023;47:242-54)
Se-Won Lee, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk-Sang Kwon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(3): 439. CrossRef
Association of Body Mass Index and Fracture Risk Varied by Affected Bones in Patients with Diabetes: A Nationwide Cohort Study (Diabetes Metab J 2023;47:242-54)
So Young Park
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(3): 437. CrossRef
Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on fractures, BMD, and bone metabolism markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Xin Wang, Fengyi Zhang, Yufeng Zhang, Jiayi Zhang, Yingli Sheng, Wenbo Wang, Yujie Li
Osteoporosis International.2023; 34(12): 2013. CrossRef

Review

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnostic Approaches and Maternal-Offspring Complications: Joon Ho Moon, Hak Chul Jang; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(1):3-14. Published online January 27, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0335

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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common complication during pregnancy and is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. GDM is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and long-term offspring and maternal complications. For GDM screening and diagnosis, a two-step approach (1-hour 50 g glucose challenge test followed by 3-hour 100 g oral glucose tolerance test) has been widely used. After the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome study implemented a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test in all pregnant women, a one-step approach was recommended as an option for the diagnosis of GDM after 2010. The one-step approach has more than doubled the incidence of GDM, but its clinical benefit in reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes remains controversial. Long-term complications of mothers with GDM include type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, and complications of their offspring include childhood obesity and glucose intolerance. The diagnostic criteria of GDM should properly classify women at risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes and long-term complications. The present review summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of the one-step and two-step approaches for the diagnosis of GDM based on recent randomized controlled trials and observational studies. We also describe the long-term maternal and offspring complications of GDM.

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Brief Report

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Rising Incidence of Diabetes in Young Adults in South Korea: A National Cohort Study: Hyun Ho Choi, Giwoong Choi, Hojun Yoon, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(5):803-807. Published online January 11, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0236

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

We investigated the incidence of diagnosed diabetes in South Korean adults (aged ≥20 years) by analyzing data for the National Health Insurance Service–National Sample Cohort. From 2006 to 2015, the overall incidence rate of diagnosed diabetes decreased by approximately 0.1% per year until 2015. Although, this trend was observed in individuals aged 40 years or over, the rate increased slightly in the 20–29 and 30–39 years age groups, from 0.5 to 0.7 and 2.0 to 2.6 per 1,000 individuals, respectively. The proportion of obese young adults with diabetes increased remarkably, from 51.4% in 2006 to 72.4% in 2015. Thus, young adults need early identification and weight-control strategies to prevent diabetes.

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Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2024; 208: 111109. CrossRef
Young-Onset Diabetes in East Asians: From Epidemiology to Precision Medicine
Juliana C.N. Chan, Chun-Kwan O, Andrea O.Y. Luk
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Original Articles

Complications
High Incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease among Iranian Diabetic Adults: Using CKD-EPI and MDRD Equations for Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate: Seyyed Saeed Moazzeni, Reyhane Hizomi Arani, Mitra Hasheminia, Maryam Tohidi, Fereidoun Azizi, Farzad Hadaegh; Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(5):684-697. Published online March 16, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0109

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Background
To investigate the population based incidence rate of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its potential risk factors among Iranian diabetic adults during over 14 years of follow-up.
Methods
Two different equations (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration [CKD-EPI] and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease [MDRD]) were applied for the calculating the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Among a total of 1,374 diabetic Tehranian adults, 797 and 680 individuals were eligible for CKD-EPI and MDRD analyses, respectively. CKD was defined as eGFR lower than 60 mL/min/1.73 m². Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all potential risk factors.
Results
The incidence rates (95% CI) of CKD per 1,000 person-years were 43.84 (39.49 to 48.66) and 55.80 (50.29 to 61.91) based on CKD-EPI and MDRD equations, respectively. Being older, a history of cardiovascular disease, and having lower levels of eGFR were significant risk factors in both equations. Moreover, in CKD-EPI, using glucose-lowering medications and hypertension, and in MDRD, female sex and fasting plasma glucose ≥10 mmol/L were also independent risk factors. Regarding the discrimination index, CKD-EPI equation showed a higher range of C-index for the predicted probability of incident CKD in the full-adjusted model, compared to MDRD equation (0.75 [0.72 to 0.77] vs. 0.69 [0.66 to 0.72]).
Conclusion
We found an incidence rate of more than 4%/year for CKD development among our Iranian diabetic population. Compared to MDRD, it can be suggested that CKD-EPI equation can be a better choice to use for prediction models of incident CKD among the Iranian diabetic populations.

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COVID-19
Does Diabetes Increase the Risk of Contracting COVID-19? A Population-Based Study in Korea: Sung-Youn Chun, Dong Wook Kim, Sang Ah Lee, Su Jung Lee, Jung Hyun Chang, Yoon Jung Choi, Seong Woo Kim, Sun Ok Song; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):897-907. Published online December 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0199

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Background
This study aimed to determine the infection risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with diabetes (according to treatment method).
Methods
Claimed subjects to the Korean National Health Insurance claims database diagnosed with COVID-19 were included. Ten thousand sixty-nine patients with COVID-19 between January 28 and April 5, 2020, were included. Stratified random sampling of 1:5 was used to select the control group of COVID-19 patients. In total 50,587 subjects were selected as the control group. After deleting the missing values, 60,656 subjects were included.
Results
Adjusted odds ratio (OR) indicated that diabetic insulin users had a higher risk of COVID-19 than subjects without diabetes (OR, 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03 to 1.53; P=0.0278). In the subgroup analysis, infection risk was higher among diabetes male insulin users (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.89), those between 40 and 59 years (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.13 to 2.44). The infection risk was higher in diabetic insulin users with 2 to 4 years of morbidity (OR, 1.744; 95% CI, 1.003 to 3.044).
Conclusion
Some diabetic patients with certain conditions would be associated with a higher risk of acquiring COVID-19, highlighting their need for special attention. Efforts are warranted to ensure that diabetic patients have minimal exposure to the virus. It is important to establish proactive care and screening tests for diabetic patients suspected with COVID-19 for timely disease diagnosis and management.

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Brief Report

Complications
Trends in the Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality of End-Stage Kidney Disease in South Korea: Min-Jeong Lee, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim, Inwhee Park; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):933-937. Published online December 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0156

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Knowledge of the epidemiologic characteristics of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients is essential. The trends in the prevalence, incidence, and mortality rates of ESKD were analyzed retrospectively using the Korean National Health Insurance ServiceNational Sample Cohort database between 2006 and 2015. From 2006 to 2015, the incidence of ESKD decreased from 28.6 to 24.0 per 100,000 people and showed a decreasing pattern with or without diabetes mellitus. However, the incidence of those aged ≥75 years increased, as did the mean age at the onset of ESKD. From 2007 to 2015, the prevalence of ESKD increased in all age groups, but particularly in those aged ≥75 years. The prevalence of ESKD differed by sex and diabetes mellitus status and this gap widened over time. Mortality rates in ESKD patients remained relatively constant throughout the study period. However, mortality rates in ESKD without diabetes decreased over the same period.

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Original Articles

Type 1 Diabetes
Incidence and Prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus among Korean Children and Adolescents between 2007 and 2017: An Epidemiologic Study Based on a National Database: Hyun Wook Chae, Gi Hyeon Seo, Kyungchul Song, Han Saem Choi, Junghwan Suh, Ahreum Kwon, Sangmi Ha, Ho-Seong Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(6):866-874. Published online November 4, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0212

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Background
The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) among children is high in Europe and the USA and relatively low in Asia, including Korea. The present study aimed to investigate the incidence and prevalence of childhood-onset T1DM in Korea and examine trends in incidence.
Methods
This study was conducted using the national registry data provided by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in Korea from 2007 to 2017. We included children aged 0 to 14 years who were newly registered with a T1DM diagnosis each year (code E10).
Results
A total of 29,013 children were registered. The overall incidence of T1DM was 4.45 per 100,000 persons (girls, 4.93; boys, 4.01). The overall incidence of childhood-onset T1DM in Korea increased from 3.70 in 2008 to 4.77 in 2016 (P=0.002). The incidence of T1DM increased from 3.07 in 2008 to 4.89 in 2016 (P<0.001) among boys. Although the incidence of the disease increased significantly among boys aged 5–9 and 10–14 years, it remained constant among girls (4.39 in 2008, 4.64 in 2016). The overall prevalence of childhood-onset T1DM in Korea increased from 32.85 in 2007 to 41.03 per 100,000 persons in 2017 (girls, 35.54 to 43.88; boys, 32.85 to 41.03).
Conclusion
We calculated relatively accurate incidence and prevalence of childhood-onset T1DM from a nation-based registry. The incidence increased by 3% to 4% every year from 2007 to 2017. The increasing trend is noteworthy compared with previous reports.

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Epidemiology
High Proportion of Adult Cases and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Population in Korea: A Nationwide Study: You-Bin Lee, Kyungdo Han, Bongsung Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Seung-Eun Lee, Ji Eun Jun, Jiyeon Ahn, Gyuri Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(1):76-89. Published online August 22, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0048

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Background

The prevalence and incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in all age groups and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with T1DM in Korea were estimated.

Methods

The incidence and prevalence of T1DM between 2007 and 2013 were calculated using the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) datasets of claims. Clinical characteristics and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in individuals with T1DM between 2009 and 2013 were determined using the database of NHIS preventive health checkups.

Results

The prevalence of T1DM in Korea between 2007 and 2013 was 0.041% to 0.047%. The annual incidence rate of T1DM in Korea in 2007 to 2013 was 2.73 to 5.02/100,000 people. Although the incidence rate of typical T1DM was highest in teenagers, it remained steady in adults over 30 years of age. In contrast, the incidence rate of atypical T1DM in 2013 was higher in people aged 40 years or older than in younger age groups. Age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with T1DM was 51.65% to 55.06% between 2009 and 2013.

Conclusion

T1DM may be more common in Korean adults than previously believed. Metabolic syndrome may be a frequent finding in individuals with T1DM in Korea.

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Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Korea through an Investigation of the National Registration Project of Type 1 Diabetes for the Reimbursement of Glucometer Strips with Additional Analyses Using Claims Data: Sun Ok Song, Young Duk Song, Joo Young Nam, Kyeong Hye Park, Ji-Hae Yoon, Kyung-Mi Son, Young Ko, Dong-Ha Lim; Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(1):35-45. Published online December 1, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.1.35

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Background

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in Korea. In addition, we planned to do a performance analysis of the Registration Project of Type 1 diabetes for the reimbursement of consumable materials.

Methods

To obtain nationwide data on the incidence and prevalence of T1DM, we extracted claims data from July 2011 to August 2013 from the Registration Project of Type 1 diabetes on the reimbursement of consumable materials in the National Health Insurance (NHI) Database. For a more detailed analysis of the T1DM population in Korea, stratification by gender, age, and area was performed, and prevalence and incidence were calculated.

Results

Of the 8,256 subjects enrolled over the 26 months, the male to female ratio was 1 to 1.12, the median age was 37.1 years, and an average of 136 new T1DM patients were registered to the T1DM registry each month, resulting in 1,632 newly diagnosed T1DM patients each year. We found that the incidence rate of new T1DM cases was 3.28 per 100,000 people. The average proportion of T1DM patients compared with each region's population was 0.0125%. The total number of insurance subscribers under the universal compulsory NHI in Korea was 49,662,097, and the total number of diabetes patients, excluding duplication, was 3,762,332.

Conclusion

The prevalence of T1DM over the course of the study was approximately 0.017% to 0.021% of the entire population of Korea, and the annual incidence of T1DM was 3.28:100,000 overall and 3.25:100,000 for Koreans under 20 years old.

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Reviews

The Epidemiology of Diabetes in Korea: Dae Jung Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(4):303-308. Published online August 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.4.303

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Diabetes is an increasing global health problem worldwide. Diabetes and its complications have become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Korea. The prevalence of diabetes in Korea has increased six- to seven-fold from 1.5% to 9.9% in the past 40 years. The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose also increased to about 20% in 2009. The International Diabetes Federation has estimated that the prevalence of diabetes will rise to 11.4% in 2030. Possible risk factors for diabetes in Korea are age, male gender, obesity, prediabetes, gestational diabetes, smoking, decreased physical activity, and short sleep duration. With increasing obesity, especially in childhood, and improved longevity, the prevalence of diabetes is expected to dramatically increase more than previously estimated. Therefore, public efforts to introduce healthy lifestyle changes and diabetic prevention programs are necessary to reduce the global epidemic of diabetes.

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Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders.2024; 23(1): 1223. CrossRef
Efficacy of Daily Walking as a Potential Predictor of Improved Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Korea
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Healthcare.2024; 12(16): 1644. CrossRef
Safety and Effectiveness of Empagliflozin in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Results from a Nationwide Post-Marketing Surveillance
Jun Sung Moon, Nam Hoon Kim, Jin Oh Na, Jae Hyoung Cho, In-Kyung Jeong, Soon Hee Lee, Ji-Oh Mok, Nan Hee Kim, Dong Jin Chung, Jinhong Cho, Dong Woo Lee, Sun Woo Lee, Kyu Chang Won
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Etiologic distribution of isolated abducens nerve palsy: Analysis of 807 patients and literature review
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European Journal of Neurology.2023; 30(8): 2471. CrossRef
Gene–diet interaction analysis using novel weighted food scores discovers the adipocytokine signaling pathway associated with the development of type 2 diabetes
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Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between Physical Exercise and Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in Korean Patients Diagnosed with Diabetes
Il Yun, Hye Jin Joo, Yu Shin Park, Eun-Cheol Park
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(6): 3280. CrossRef
Fasting Blood Glucose Variability and Unfavorable Trajectory Patterns Are Associated with the Risk of Colorectal Cancer
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Gut and Liver.2022; 16(3): 423. CrossRef
Association of antibiotics exposure within the first 2 years after birth with subsequent childhood type 1 diabetes
Dahye Lee, Seulggie Choi, Jooyoung Chang, Young Jun Park, Jae Hyun Kim, Sang Min Park
Endocrine.2022; 77(1): 21. CrossRef
Prediction Model for Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus Using Korean Public Health Examination Data (2002–2017)
Yong Whi Jeong, Yeojin Jung, Hoyeon Jeong, Ji Hye Huh, Ki-Chul Sung, Jeong-Hun Shin, Hyeon Chang Kim, Jang Young Kim, Dae Ryong Kang
Diagnostics.2022; 12(8): 1967. CrossRef
Etiologic distribution of isolated trochlear palsy: Analysis of 1020 patients and literature review
Hyun‐Jae Kim, Hyo‐Jung Kim, Jeong‐Yoon Choi, Hee Kyung Yang, Jeong‐Min Hwang, Ji‐Soo Kim
European Journal of Neurology.2022; 29(12): 3658. CrossRef
Long Working Hours and the Risk of Glucose Intolerance: A Cohort Study
Yesung Lee, Eunhye Seo, Woncheol Lee
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(18): 11831. CrossRef
Differences in health behavior and nutrient intake status between diabetes-aware and unaware Korean adults based on the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2016–18 data: A cross-sectional study
Anshul Sharma, Chen Lulu, Kee-Ho Song, Hae-Jeung Lee
Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Acetylcholinesterase, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Properties of Arbutus unedo L. and Laurus nobilis L. Essential Oils
Samiah Hamad Al-Mijalli, Hanae Naceiri Mrabti, Hayat Ouassou, Rachid Flouchi, Emad M. Abdallah, Ryan A. Sheikh, Mohammed Merae Alshahrani, Ahmed Abdullah Al Awadh, Hicham Harhar, Nasreddine El Omari, Ahmed Qasem, Hamza Assaggaf, Naif Hesham Moursi, Abdelh
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Diabetes Fact Sheets in Korea, 2020: An Appraisal of Current Status
Chan-Hee Jung, Jang Won Son, Shinae Kang, Won Jun Kim, Hun-Sung Kim, Hae Soon Kim, Mihae Seo, Hye-Jung Shin, Seong-Su Lee, Su Jin Jeong, Yongin Cho, Seung Jin Han, Hyang Mi Jang, Mira Rho, Shinbi Lee, Mihyun Koo, Been Yoo, Jung-Wha Moon, Hye Young Lee, Ja
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The incidence and presumed aetiologies of fourth cranial nerve palsy in Korea: a 10-year nationwide cohort study
Eun Hye Jung, Seong-Joon Kim, Joo Yeon Lee, Bum-Joo Cho
Eye.2021; 35(11): 3012. CrossRef
Prevalence and socioeconomic burden of diabetes mellitus in South Korean adults: a population-based study using administrative data
Sung-Hee Oh, Hyemin Ku, Kang Seo Park
BMC Public Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Relationship Between Handgrip Strength and the Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus Among Korean Adults: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2014-2018
Sung-hyun Hong, Ji-yong Byeon, Ji-hee Min, Dong-hyuk Park, Won-hee Cho, Justin Y. Jeon
Exercise Science.2021; 30(1): 110. CrossRef
Association of c-reactive protein and lipid accumulation product with fasting insulin levels in obese first degree relatives of type-2 diabetics
Sonia Chawla, Gitanjali, Seema Bhatti, Sarita, Navneet Kaur
International Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Research.2021; 7(4): 466. CrossRef
The Incidence and Etiologies of Third Cranial Nerve Palsy in Koreans: A 10-year Nationwide Cohort Study
Eun Hye Jung, Seong-Joon Kim, Joo Yeon Lee, Bum-Joo Cho
Ophthalmic Epidemiology.2020; 27(6): 460. CrossRef
Inhibitory effects of compounds from the roots of Potentilla longifolia on lipid accumulation
Shengxi Lin, Xiaoyan Zhao, Yunpeng Sun, Huan Liu, Mingyang Shang, Jinyan Gong, Qianqian Ma, Guangchun Piao, Haidan Yuan, Leonidas Matsakas
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(9): e0238917. CrossRef
Mortality and Cause of Death in Patients With Vertebral Fractures
Hyo Geun Choi, Joon Kyu Lee, Songyong Sim, Miyoung Kim
Spine.2020; 45(5): E280. CrossRef
Changes in the Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus According to Physician and Patient Behaviors
Young-Joo Kim, In-Kyung Jeong, Sin-Gon Kim, Dong Hyeok Cho, Chong-Hwa Kim, Chul-Sik Kim, Won-Young Lee, Kyu-Chang Won, Jin-Hye Cha, Juneyoung Lee, Doo-Man Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(1): 91. CrossRef
Polygenetic-Risk Scores Related to Crystallin Metabolism Are Associated with Age-Related Cataract Formation and Interact with Hyperglycemia, Hypertension, Western-Style Diet, and Na Intake
Donghyun Jee, Suna Kang, ShaoKai Huang, Sunmin Park
Nutrients.2020; 12(11): 3534. CrossRef
Executive Summary of Stroke Statistics in Korea 2018: A Report from the Epidemiology Research Council of the Korean Stroke Society
Jun Yup Kim, Kyusik Kang, Jihoon Kang, Jaseong Koo, Dae-Hyun Kim, Beom Joon Kim, Wook-Joo Kim, Eung-Gyu Kim, Jae Guk Kim, Jeong-Min Kim, Joon-Tae Kim, Chulho Kim, Hyun-Wook Nah, Kwang-Yeol Park, Moo-Seok Park, Jong-Moo Park, Jong-Ho Park, Tai Hwan Park, H
Journal of Stroke.2019; 21(1): 42. CrossRef
Self-rated health and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cohort study
Jin-Won Noh, Yoosoo Chang, Minsun Park, Young Dae Kwon, Seungho Ryu
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis for the Factors the Severity of the Inflammatory Hand Lesions in Diabetes Mellitus Patients
In Sook Jang, Hyun Dae Shin, Myong Hwa Park, Soo Min Cha
Archives of Hand and Microsurgery.2019; 24(1): 1. CrossRef
Association of C-Reactive Protein with Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Role of Obesity and Hypertension: A Large Population-Based Korean Cohort Study
Suganya Kanmani, Minji Kwon, Moon-Kyung Shin, Mi Kyung Kim
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Mortality and cause of death in South Korean patients with Parkinson’s disease: a longitudinal follow-up study using a national sample cohort
Hyo Geun Choi, Jae-Sung Lim, Young Kyung Lee, Songyong Sim, Miyoung Kim
BMJ Open.2019; 9(9): e029776. CrossRef
Hospital-Based Korean Diabetes Prevention Study: A Prospective, Multi-Center, Randomized, Open-Label Controlled Study
Sang Youl Rhee, Suk Chon, Kyu Jeung Ahn, Jeong-Taek Woo
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2019; 43(1): 49. CrossRef
Can diabetes patients seeking a second hospital get better care? Results from nested case–control study
Jae-Hyun Kim, Eun-Cheol Park, David Alejandro González-Chica
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(1): e0210809. CrossRef
Comparison of outcomes after carotid endarterectomy between type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients with significant carotid stenosis
Min-Jae Jeong, Hyunwook Kwon, Chang Hee Jung, Sun U. Kwon, Min-Ju Kim, Youngjin Han, Tae-Won Kwon, Yong-Pil Cho
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
The risk of herpes zoster virus infection in patients with depression
Hyo Geun Choi, Eui-Joong Kim, Young Kyung Lee, Miyoung Kim
Medicine.2019; 98(40): e17430. CrossRef
The incidence and etiology of sixth cranial nerve palsy in Koreans: A 10-year nationwide cohort study
Eun Hye Jung, Seong-Joon Kim, Joo Yeon Lee, Bum-Joo Cho
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Frailty and Disability in Diabetes
Sol-Ji Yoon, Kwang-il Kim
Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research.2019; 23(4): 165. CrossRef
Healthcare Utilization and Treatment Patterns in Diabetic Macular Edema in Korea: a Retrospective Chart Review
Kyu Hyung Park, Yun Young Kim, Young Joon Jo, Jaeryung Oh, Joo Eun Lee, Ji Eun Lee, Dong Ho Park, Se Woong Kang, Won Ki Lee, Ha Kyoung Kim, Michael Adena, Jonathan Tan, Si Dong Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
The product of fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides improves risk prediction of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Koreans
Joung-Won Lee, Nam-Kyoo Lim, Hyun-Young Park
BMC Endocrine Disorders.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Fifty Years of Compassionate Care and Harmonious Collaboration of the Korean Diabetes Association: The 50th Anniversary of Korean Diabetes Association
Jong Chul Won, Eun-Jung Rhee, Hyung Joon Yoo
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2018; 42(6): 475. CrossRef
Effect of medication adherence on long-term all-cause-mortality and hospitalization for cardiovascular disease in 65,067 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients
Yeon-Yong Kim, Jin-Seok Lee, Hee-Jin Kang, Sang Min Park
Scientific Reports.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Importance of family history of diabetes in computing a diabetes risk score in Korean prediabetic population
Morena Ustulin, Sang Youl Rhee, Suk Chon, Kyu Keung Ahn, Ji Eun Lim, Bermseok Oh, Sung-Hoon Kim, Sei Hyun Baik, Yongsoo Park, Moon Suk Nam, Kwan Woo Lee, Young Seol Kim, Jeong-Taek Woo
Scientific Reports.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical Importance of Diabetic Neuropathy
Tae Sun Park
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2018; 19(3): 147. CrossRef
Glycated Hemoglobin and Cancer Risk in Korean Adults: Results from Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Ji Young Kim, Youn Sue Lee, Garam Jo, Min-Jeong Shin
Clinical Nutrition Research.2018; 7(3): 170. CrossRef
Trends in diabetes prevalence among Korean adults based on Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys III–VI
Jae-woo Lee, Hee-Taik Kang, Hyoung-Ji Lim, Byoungjin Park
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2018; 138: 57. CrossRef
Diabetes Fact Sheet in Korea, 2016: An Appraisal of Current Status
Jong Chul Won, Jae Hyuk Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim, Eun Seok Kang, Kyu Chang Won, Dae Jung Kim, Moon-Kyu Lee
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2018; 42(5): 415. CrossRef
The effect of continuity of care on the incidence of end-stage renal disease in patients with newly detected type 2 diabetic nephropathy: a retrospective cohort study
Yun Jung Jang, Yoon Soo Choy, Chung Mo Nam, Ki Tae Moon, Eun-Cheol Park
BMC Nephrology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Implementation of the Chronic Disease Care System and its association with health care costs and continuity of care in Korean adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Woorim Kim, Yoon Soo Choy, Sang Ah Lee, Eun-Cheol Park
BMC Health Services Research.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Cardiovascular Diseases and Life Expectancy in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Korean National Sample Cohort Study
Yu Mi Kang, Yun Kyung Cho, Seung Eun Lee, Joong-Yeol Park, Woo Je Lee, Ye-Jee Kim, Chang Hee Jung
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2017; 102(9): 3443. CrossRef
Prevalence and Impact of Diabetes Mellitus Among Patients with Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis in South Korea
Eun Hye Lee, Jung Mo Lee, Young Ae Kang, Ah Young Leem, Eun Young Kim, Ji Ye Jung, Moo Suk Park, Young Sam Kim, Se Kyu Kim, Joon Chang, Song Yee Kim
Lung.2017; 195(2): 209. CrossRef
The Cutoff Value of HbA1c in Predicting Diabetes and Impaired Fasting Glucose
Seyoung Kwon, Youngak Na
The Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2017; 49(2): 114. CrossRef
Discordance in the diagnosis of diabetes: Comparison between HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose
Lan T. Ho-Pham, Uyen D. T. Nguyen, Truong X. Tran, Tuan V. Nguyen, Petter Bjornstad
PLOS ONE.2017; 12(8): e0182192. CrossRef
Increment of serum bilirubin as an independent marker predicting new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Korean population
S.-E. Lee, Y.-B. Lee, J.E. Jun, S.-M. Jin, J.H. Jee, J.C. Bae, J.H. Kim
Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.2017; 27(3): 234. CrossRef
Comparison of Antidiabetic Regimens in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Uncontrolled by Combination Therapy of Sulfonylurea and Metformin: Results of the MOHAS Disease Registry in Korea
Sung Hee Choi, Tae Jung Oh, Hak Chul Jang
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2017; 41(3): 170. CrossRef
A Case Report of Diabetes Mellitus with Herniated Intervertebral Lumbar Discs Improved by Korean Medicine Treatment
Dong-geun Han, A-ryun Choi, You-jin Jung, Ah-hyun Kang, Hye-jin Seo, Jae-yeon Sung, Hyung-chul Lee, Gook-hyun Eom, Woo-sub Song
The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine.2017; 38(5): 828. CrossRef
Trends in the pervasiveness of type 2 diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and co-morbidities during an 8-year-follow-up of nationwide Korean population
Junghyun Noh, Kyung-Do Han, Seung-Hyun Ko, Kyung Soo Ko, Cheol-Young Park
Scientific Reports.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Cancer screening rate in people with diabetes in the Korean population: results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2009
Kumban Walter Chuck, Minji Hwang, Kui Son Choi, Mina Suh, Jae Kwan Jun, Boyoung Park
Epidemiology and Health.2017; 39: e2017036. CrossRef
Fasting glucose and risk of colorectal cancer in the Korean Multi-center Cancer Cohort
Hyeree Park, Sooyoung Cho, Hyeongtaek Woo, Sue K. Park, Hai-Rim Shin, Soung-Hoon Chang, Keun-Young Yoo, Aesun Shin, Cheng Hu
PLOS ONE.2017; 12(11): e0188465. CrossRef
Effectiveness and safety of exenatide in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with oral hypoglycemic agents: an observational study in a real clinical practice
You-Cheol Hwang, Ari Kim, Euna Jo, Yeoree Yang, Jae-Hyoung Cho, Byung-Wan Lee
BMC Endocrine Disorders.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Anti-diabetic effect of magnesium salt extracts from deep-sea water in C57BLKS/J-db/db mice
Min Hee Hwang, Dong Gun Lee, Eun Byeol Go, Miju Cho, Young Sig Park, Namhyun Chung
Applied Biological Chemistry.2017; 60(1): 95. CrossRef
Delay of insulin initiation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with oral hypoglycemic agents (analysis of patient‐ and physician‐related factors): A prospective observational DIPP‐FACTOR study in Korea
Sin Gon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Bon Jeong Ku, Ho Sang Shon, Doo Man Kim, Tae Sun Park, Yong‐Seong Kim, In Joo Kim, Dong Seop Choi
Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2017; 8(3): 346. CrossRef
Serum calcium changes and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asian population
Sunghwan Suh, Ji Cheol Bae, Sang-Man Jin, Jae Hwan Jee, Mi Kyoung Park, Duk Kyu Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2017; 133: 109. CrossRef
New anti-diabetic agents
Doo-Man Kim
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2017; 60(12): 992. CrossRef
Incidence and predictors of type 2 diabetes among Koreans: A 12-year follow up of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Seung Jin Han, Hae Jin Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Kwan Woo Lee, Nam H. Cho
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2017; 123: 173. CrossRef
Selecting cases and controls for DNA sequencing studies using family histories of disease
Wonji Kim, Dandi Qiao, Michael H. Cho, Soo Heon Kwak, Kyong Soo Park, Edwin K. Silverman, Pak Sham, Sungho Won
Statistics in Medicine.2017; 36(13): 2081. CrossRef
Exenatide versus Insulin Lispro Added to Basal Insulin in a Subgroup of Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Kun-Ho Yoon, Elise Hardy, Jenny Han
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2017; 41(1): 69. CrossRef
Dietary total, animal, vegetable calcium and type 2 diabetes incidence among Korean adults: The Korean Multi-Rural Communities Cohort (MRCohort)
J.M. Oh, H.W. Woo, M.K. Kim, Y.-H. Lee, D.H. Shin, M.-H. Shin, B.Y. Choi
Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.2017; 27(12): 1152. CrossRef
Modified Lisfranc Amputation to Reduce Hematoma Rate in Diabetic Foot Ulcer
Sooseong Leem, M. Seung Suk Choi, Jung Woo Chang, Jang Hyun Lee
Journal of Wound Management and Research.2017; 13(2): 40. CrossRef
Addition of Ipragliflozin to Metformin Treatment in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Subgroup Analysis of a Phase 3 Trial
Kyung-Wan Min, Bon Jeong Ku, Ji-Hyun Lee, Min-Seon Kim, Kyu-Jeung Ahn, Moon-Kyu Lee, Satoshi Kokubo, Satoshi Yoshida, Hyun-Ji Cho, Bong-Soo Cha
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2017; 41(2): 135. CrossRef
A Case of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Poor Glycemic Control
Yong Hoon Lee, Yu Chang Lee, Jung Eun Lee, Sol Jae Lee, Su Jin Jeong, Chong Hwa Kim
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2017; 18(2): 125. CrossRef
Improved trends in cardiovascular complications among subjects with type 2 diabetes in Korea: a nationwide study (2006–2013)
Chang Hee Jung, Jin Ook Chung, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hyun Ko, Kyung Soo Ko, Joong-Yeol Park
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Current status of managing diabetes mellitus in Korea
Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2016; 31(5): 845. CrossRef
Self‐perceived health versus actual cardiovascular disease risks
Young Ko, Sunjoo Boo
Japan Journal of Nursing Science.2016; 13(1): 65. CrossRef
Comparison of Vildagliptin and Pioglitazone in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled with Metformin
Jong Ho Kim, Sang Soo Kim, Hong Sun Baek, In Kyu Lee, Dong Jin Chung, Ho Sang Sohn, Hak Yeon Bae, Mi Kyung Kim, Jeong Hyun Park, Young Sik Choi, Young Il Kim, Jong Ryeal Hahm, Chang Won Lee, Sung Rae Jo, Mi Kyung Park, Kwang Jae Lee, In Joo Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2016; 40(3): 230. CrossRef
Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Korea through an Investigation of the National Registration Project of Type 1 Diabetes for the Reimbursement of Glucometer Strips with Additional Analyses Using Claims Data
Sun Ok Song, Young Duk Song, Joo Young Nam, Kyeong Hye Park, Ji-Hae Yoon, Kyung-Mi Son, Young Ko, Dong-Ha Lim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2016; 40(1): 35. CrossRef
Obesity and Insulin Resistance According to Age in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Korea
Ju Won Lee, Nam Kyu Kim, Hyun Joon Park, Jun Yeob Lee, Seon Yoon Choi, Eun Mi Lee, So Young Ock, Su Kyoung Kwon, Young Sik Choi, Bu Kyung Kim
Kosin Medical Journal.2016; 31(2): 157. CrossRef
The Relationships of Demographic Characteristics with Diabetes Biomarkers and Physical Activity Adherence in African American Adults
Diane Orr Chlebowy, Nancy Kubiak, John Myers, Anna Jorayeva
Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities.2016; 3(2): 240. CrossRef
Visceral Fat Mass Has Stronger Associations with Diabetes and Prediabetes than Other Anthropometric Obesity Indicators among Korean Adults
Suk Hwa Jung, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim
Yonsei Medical Journal.2016; 57(3): 674. CrossRef
Insulin Secretory Capacity and Insulin Resistance in Korean Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Jong-Dai Kim, Won-Young Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2016; 31(3): 354. CrossRef
Effect of Wheat Flour Noodles with Bombyx mori Powder on Glycemic Response in Healthy Subjects
Wanhee Suk, JiEun Kim, Do-Yeon Kim, Hyunjung Lim, Ryowon Choue
Preventive Nutrition and Food Science.2016; 21(3): 165. CrossRef
Trends in Diabetes Incidence in the Last Decade Based on Korean National Health Insurance Claims Data
Sun Ok Song, Yong-ho Lee, Dong Wook Kim, Young Duk Song, Joo Young Nam, Kyoung Hye Park, Dae Jung Kim, Seok Won Park, Hyun Chul Lee, Byung-Wan Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2016; 31(2): 292. CrossRef
Diabetes in Asia and the Pacific: Implications for the Global Epidemic
Arun Nanditha, Ronald C.W. Ma, Ambady Ramachandran, Chamukuttan Snehalatha, Juliana C.N. Chan, Kee Seng Chia, Jonathan E. Shaw, Paul Z. Zimmet
Diabetes Care.2016; 39(3): 472. CrossRef
Sarcopenia, Frailty, and Diabetes in Older Adults
Hak Chul Jang
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2016; 40(3): 182. CrossRef
Are We in the Same Risk of Diabetes Mellitus? Gender- and Age-Specific Epidemiology of Diabetes in 2001 to 2014 in the Korean Population
Bo Kyung Koo, Min Kyong Moon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2016; 40(3): 175. CrossRef
Association between Sleep Duration and Impaired Fasting Glucose in Korean Adults: Results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2012
Cho-Rong Kim, Yun-Mi Song, Jin-Young Shin, Wook Gim
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2016; 37(1): 51. CrossRef
Mortality and causes of death in a national sample of type 2 diabetic patients in Korea from 2002 to 2013
Yu Mi Kang, Ye-Jee Kim, Joong-Yeol Park, Woo Je Lee, Chang Hee Jung
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
The Diabetes Epidemic in Korea
Junghyun Noh
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2016; 31(3): 349. CrossRef
Prevalence and risk factors of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged women in Northern Vietnam
Tran Quang Binh, Bui Thi Nhung
International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries.2016; 36(2): 150. CrossRef
One-Year Experience Managing a Cancer Survivorship Clinic Using a Shared-Care Model for Gastric Cancer Survivors in Korea
Ji Eun Lee, Dong Wook Shin, Hyejin Lee, Ki Young Son, Warrick Junsuk Kim, Yun-Suhk Suh, Seong-Ho Kong, Hyuk Joon Lee, Belong Cho, Han-Kwang Yang
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2016; 31(6): 859. CrossRef
Octaphlorethol A, a marine algae product, exhibits antidiabetic effects in type 2 diabetic mice by activating AMP-activated protein kinase and upregulating the expression of glucose transporter 4
Seung-Hong Lee, Seok-Chun Ko, Min-Cheol Kang, Dae Ho Lee, You-Jin Jeon
Food and Chemical Toxicology.2016; 91: 58. CrossRef
National trends in carotid endarterectomy and stenting in Korea from 2004 to 2013
Sung-Shin Cho, Jin Hyun Joh, Hyung-Joon Ahn, Ho-Chul Park
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.2016; 12(4): 2639. CrossRef
Normal Glucose Tolerance with a High 1-Hour Postload Plasma Glucose Level Exhibits Decreased β-Cell Function Similar to Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Tae Jung Oh, Se Hee Min, Chang Ho Ahn, Eun Ky Kim, Soo Heon Kwak, Hye Seung Jung, Kyong Soo Park, Young Min Cho
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2015; 39(2): 147. CrossRef
Hepatitis B virus infection, diabetes mellitus, and their synergism for cholangiocarcinoma development: A case-control study in Korea
Ban Seok Lee
World Journal of Gastroenterology.2015; 21(2): 502. CrossRef
Diabetes in Asians
Eun-Jung Rhee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2015; 30(3): 263. CrossRef
Hypoglycemic effects of aqueous persimmon leaf extract in a murine model of diabetes
UI-JIN BAE, SOO-HYUN PARK, SU-YOUNG JUNG, BYUNG-HYUN PARK, SOO-WAN CHAE
Molecular Medicine Reports.2015; 12(2): 2547. CrossRef
Diabetes Mellitus and Site-specific Colorectal Cancer Risk in Korea: A Case-control Study
Hyeongtaek Woo, Jeeyoo Lee, Jeonghee Lee, Ji Won Park, Sungchan Park, Jeongseon Kim, Jae Hwan Oh, Aesun Shin
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2015; 49(1): 45. CrossRef
Current Status of Management in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at General Hospitals in South Korea
Jin-Hee Jung, Jung-Hwa Lee, Jin-Won Noh, Jeong-Eun Park, Hee-Sook Kim, Joo-Wha Yoo, Bok-Rye Song, Jeong-rim Lee, Myeong-Hee Hong, Hyang-Mi Jang, Young Na, Hyun-Joo Lee, Jeong-Mi Lee, Yang-Gyo Kang, Sun-Young Kim, Kang-Hee Sim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2015; 39(4): 307. CrossRef
Age- and Sex-Specific Relationships between Household Income, Education, and Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008-2010
So-Ra Kim, Kyungdo Han, Jin-Young Choi, Jennifer Ersek, Junxiu Liu, Sun-Jin Jo, Kang-Sook Lee, Hyeon Woo Yim, Won-Chul Lee, Yong Gyu Park, Seung-Hwan Lee, Yong-Moon Park, C. Mary Schooling
PLOS ONE.2015; 10(1): e0117034. CrossRef
Genetic and baseline metabolic factors for incident diabetes and HbA1c at follow‐up: the healthy twin study
Joohon Sung, Kayoung Lee, Yun‐Mi Song, Mikyeong Lee, Jina Kim
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2015; 31(4): 376. CrossRef
Cardiovascular disease incidence, mortality and case fatality related to diabetes and metabolic syndrome: A community‐based prospective study (Ansung‐Ansan cohort 2001–12)
Ji Cheol Bae, Nam H. Cho, Sunghwan Suh, Jae Hyeon Kim, Kyu Yeon Hur, Sang‐Man Jin, Moon‐Kyu Lee
Journal of Diabetes.2015; 7(6): 791. CrossRef
Changing relative contribution of abdominal obesity and a family history of diabetes on prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Korean men and women aged 30–49 years from 2001 to 2010 从2001至2010年在韩国30–49岁年龄段的男性与女性中腹型肥胖以及糖尿病家族史对糖尿病患病率相对贡献度的变化
Bo Kyung Koo, Sang Wan Kim, Ka Hee Yi, Kyong Soo Park, Min Kyong Moon
Journal of Diabetes.2015; 7(4): 465. CrossRef
National trends for the treatment of peripheral arterial disease in Korea between 2004 and 2013
Youn Young Park, Jin Hyun Joh, Sang-Ah Han, Sang Hyun Kim, Sungsin Cho, Ho-Chul Park, Hyung Joon Ahn
Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2015; 89(6): 319. CrossRef
Achievements in and Challenges of Tuberculosis Control in South Korea
Ji Han Kim, Jae-Joon Yim
Emerging Infectious Diseases.2015; 21(11): 1913. CrossRef
Trends in the Diabetes Epidemic in Korea
Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2015; 30(2): 142. CrossRef
Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome
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Gestational Diabetes in Korea: Incidence and Risk Factors of Diabetes in Women with Previous Gestational Diabetes: Hak Chul Jang; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(1):1-7. Published online February 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.1.1

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Korean women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have a 3.5 times greater risk of developing postpartum diabetes than the general population. The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in early postpartum is reported as 10-15% in Korean women. A prospective follow-up study on Korean women with GDM showed that approximately 40% of women with previous GDM were expected to develop diabetes within 5 years postpartum. Independent risk factors for the development of diabetes in Korean women with previous GDM are pre-pregnancy body weight, gestational age at diagnosis, antepartum hyperglycemia on oral glucose tolerance test, low insulin response to oral glucose load, and family history of diabetes. Women with postpartum diabetes have greater body mass indexes, body weight, and waist circumferences than women with normal glucose tolerance. Multiple logistic regression analysis has revealed that waist circumference is the strongest obesity index along with systolic blood pressure and that triglyceride levels are a major independent risk factor for developing diabetes. These results in Korean women with previous GDM underline the importance of postpartum testing in Korean women diagnosed with GDM, and demonstrate that impaired B-cell function, obesity, and especially visceral obesity, are associated with the development of diabetes.

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Original Article

Current Status of Diabetic Foot in Korean Patients Using National Health Insurance Database.: Choon Hee Chung, Dae Jung Kim, Jaiyong Kim, Hyeyoung Kim, Hwayoung Kim, Kyung Wan Min, Seok Won Park, Jeong Hyun Park, Sei Hyun Baik, Hyun Shik Son, Chul Woo Ahn, Jee Young Oh, Sunhee Lee, Juneyoung Lee, Kyung Mook Choi, Injeoung Choi, Ie Byung Park; Korean Diabetes J. 2006;30(5):372-376. Published online September 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2006.30.5.372

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Foot ulcer diseases are more prevalent in diabetic patients than that those of non-diabetic patients. Several reports showed the risk of amputation and the medical cost were increased when foot ulcer developed. Therefore, strict glycemic control from the initial period of diabetes is necessary. Since there is no enough epidemiologic data, large scaled studies for medical and economic consequences about diabetic foot ulcer are needed. METHODS: This study was based on health insurance claims submitted to the National Health Insurance Review Agency during the period from December 1994 through December 2002. We investigated the incidence and medical cost of foot disorders in Korean population using the disease-classification codes on the health insurance claim forms. RESULTS: The incidences of foot disorders (per 100,000 of population) were 49.7 for amputations, 99.7 for ulcers, and 1,051 for injuries in diabetic patients, and 4.2 for amputations, 10.3 for ulcers, and 943 for injuries in non-diabetic patients. Relative risk of the incidences of foot amputation, ulcer, and injury in diabetic patients comparing with non-diabetic patients were 11.7, 9.7, and 1.1, respectively. Total medical costs (per capita) of foot amputation, ulcer, and injury in diabetic patients were 2.0, 1.7, and 2.1 times higher, respectively, than those of non-diabetic patients. Mean hospital stay of foot amputation, ulcer, and injury in diabetic patients were 1.6, 1.3, and 1.7 times more, respectively, than those of non-diabetic patients. CONCLUSION: In diabetic patients, the incidences of foot amputation and ulcer are higher than those of non-diabetic patients. To reduce those incidences, we need to early strict glycemic control as well as government based management.

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