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Basic and Translational Research
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Lactate-Induced Lipid Accumulation in Hepatocytes through GPR81 Activation
Giang Nguyen, Ji Hee Yu, Phuc Thi Minh Pham, Thuy Linh Lai, So Young Park, Ki Woo Kim, Seung-Soon Im, Jeana Hong, Yong-ho Lee, Jae-Ho Lee, Seon Mee Kang, Dae-Hee Choi, Eun-Hee Cho
Received September 3, 2024  Accepted July 22, 2025  Published online November 27, 2025  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0531    [Epub ahead of print]
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Lactate, traditionally considered a metabolic byproduct, is increasingly recognized as a signaling molecule involved in metabolic regulation. Its role in hepatic steatosis, particularly through G-protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81)-mediated pathways, remains underexplored.
Methods
We investigated the effects of lactate on hepatic lipid metabolism using in vitro alpha mouse liver 12 (AML12) cells, zebrafish, and two diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mouse models. Lipid accumulation, gene/protein expression, and 5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling were assessed under lactate exposure, GPR81 knockdown, monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) inhibition, and AMPK activation conditions.
Results
Lactate treatment in hepatocytes increased de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid uptake while suppressing fatty acid oxidation and AMPK phosphorylation. These effects were reversed by GPR81 knockdown but not by MCT1 inhibition, suggesting a GPR81-dependent mechanism. AMPK activation with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) reduced lactate-induced lipid accumulation. In zebrafish, 10 mM lactate treatment for 24 hours significantly increased hepatic lipid content. In mice fed high-fat diet (HFD) or high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC) diets for 12 weeks, hepatic lactate levels and GPR81 expression were elevated. Interestingly, p-AMPK expression decreased in HFD livers but increased in the HFHC group, indicating dietspecific regulation.
Conclusion
Our findings demonstrate that lactate promotes hepatic steatosis primarily via the GPR81–AMPK signaling axis. GPR81 activation enhances lipogenesis and lipid uptake, independent of MCT1-mediated transport. These results position GPR81 as a promising therapeutic target for NAFLD.
Basic and Translational Research
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Targeting PGC-1α by miRNA-374 Simultaneously Improve β-Cell Dysfunction and Suppress Hepatic Glucose Overproduction
Ji-Won Kim, Joonyub Lee, Young-Hye You, Chan-Hee Oh, Heon-Seok Park, Eun Young Lee, Seung-Hwan Lee, Seung-Hyun Ko, Ji-Ho Park, Kun-Ho Yoon
Received April 5, 2025  Accepted August 24, 2025  Published online November 3, 2025  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0287    [Epub ahead of print]
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
In this study, we aimed to validate the potential of miR-374 in ameliorating hyperglycemia by regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1α) expression in pancreatic islets and liver.
Methods
To identify miRNAs targeting PGC-1α, we performed miRNA chip analysis in rat islets under hyperglycemic and euglycemic conditions. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to identify miR binding sites in the 3’-untranslated region (3’ UTR) of PGC-1α. In db/db mice, miRNA-encapsulated adenoviruses were administered and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and glucose stimulated insulin secretion tests were performed. For enhanced delivery to β-cells, we developed exendin-4 (Ex-4) coated cationic lipoparticles (CCLs) encapsulating miRNAs. The therapeutic potential of Ex-4-CCL-miRNA was further evaluated in insulin-producing cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells.
Results
By analyzing miRNA expression in primary rat islets exposed under hyperglycemic environment, we identified miR-374 as a potential target. In vitro experiments confirmed that miR-374 significantly suppressed PGC-1α expression in β-cells and hepatocytes by binding to its 3’-UTR. In vivo experiments using adenovirus-mediated miR-374 (Ad-miR-374) delivering directly to the pancreas and liver of db/db mice demonstrated improved glycemic control, enhanced insulin secretion, and downregulated hepatic gluconeogenesis-related genes (G6Pase, Pepck, PC). To enhance the clinical applicability of miR-374, we developed Ex-4-CCLs. Ex-4-CCL-miR-374 successfully alleviated hyperglycemia, restored pancreatic islet function, and decreased gluconeogenesis gene expression in db/db mice. Furthermore, Ex-4-CCL-miR-374 improved insulin secretory function in glucotoxicity-exposed human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived insulin producing cells.
Conclusion
Based on these findings, we propose that Ex-4-CCL-miR-374 as a promising therapeutic approach to reverse β-cell dysfunction and improve hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Reviews
Pathophysiology
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Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Steatosis in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: New Insights into Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
Xuan Trong Truong, Dae Ho Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(5):964-986.   Published online September 1, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2025.0644
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  • 4 Web of Science
  • 4 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) represents a progressive spectrum ranging from simple hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Although insulin resistance (IR) plays a central role in metabolic diseases, in the liver, insulin- or substrate-driven de novo lipogenesis (DNL) promotes triglyceride accumulation through multiple complex regulatory mechanisms, including specific transcription factors, regardless of whether IR is primary or not. Elevated free fatty acids, resulting from increased adipose lipolysis, further augment hepatic lipid storage and contribute to IR and the progression of MASLD through lipotoxic intermediates such as diacylglycerols and ceramides, as well as other pathways. Numerous studies have identified DNL as a major, yet modifiable, contributor to MASLD. In addition, zonal differences in hepatic insulin signaling, non-classical insulin signaling pathways, and activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 and protein kinase C pathways appear to be involved in the development of selective hepatic IR. Recently, new pharmacologic agents, including resmetirom, have shown promise in improving steatohepatitis and fibrosis in MASLD. Nevertheless, sustained weight loss through lifestyle modification remains the cornerstone of MASLD prevention and therapy. Further mechanistic understanding of how IR and substrate overload promote DNL and hepatic fat accumulation is critical for developing effective treatments for MASLD.

Citations

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  • Chitosan and chito-oligosaccharides as multifunctional therapeutics for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)
    Gaoli Zhou, Ronge Xing, Zongji Wang, Rongfeng Li, Song Liu, Hang Li, Guantian Li
    Carbohydrate Polymers.2026; 375: 124737.     CrossRef
  • Association between Fatty Liver Index and Incident Diabetes according to Alcohol Consumption Status in Young Adults
    Joonyub Lee, Kyungdo Han
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(6): 1342.     CrossRef
  • Non-linear association of the alanine aminotransferase to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a secondary analysis of a Chinese cohort
    Xiaoqing Lin, Yaoxuan Peng, Junjie Huang, Ziyang Huang
    Frontiers in Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Distinct Circulating Biomarker Profiles Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in a Regional Cohort—A Cross-Sectional Study
    Abdullah Alsrhani, Muhammad Atif, Aisha Farhana
    Metabolites.2025; 15(12): 776.     CrossRef
Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
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One-Carbon Metabolism Nutrients, Genetic Variation, and Diabetes Mellitus
Jie Zhu, Gunjana Saikia, Xiaotao Zhang, Xiaoxi Shen, Ka Kahe
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(2):170-183.   Published online March 12, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0272
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  • 16 Web of Science
  • 15 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects about 9.3% of the population globally. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of DM, owing to its promotion of oxidative stress, β-cell dysfunction, and insulin resistance. HHcy can result from low status of one-carbon metabolism (OCM) nutrients (e.g., folate, choline, betaine, vitamin B6, B12), which work together to degrade homocysteine by methylation. The etiology of HHcy may also involve genetic variation encoding key enzymes in OCM. This review aimed to provide an overview of the existing literature assessing the link between OCM nutrients status, related genetic factors, and incident DM. We also discussed possible mechanisms underlying the role of OCM in DM development and provided recommendations for future research and practice. Even though the available evidence remains inconsistent, some studies support the potential beneficial effects of intakes or blood levels of OCM nutrients on DM development. Moreover, certain variants in OCM-related genes may influence metabolic handling of methyl-donors and presumably incidental DM. Future studies are warranted to establish the causal inference between OCM and DM and examine the interaction of OCM nutrients and genetic factors with DM development, which will inform the personalized recommendations for OCM nutrients intakes on DM prevention.

Citations

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  • Vitamin B12 is correlated with insulin resistance and metabolism disorder markers in women with recurrent pregnancy loss
    Xujing Deng, Dengke Qin, Qiuhong Ding, Liying Peng, Guohua Li, Shihua Bao
    Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction.2025; 54(1): 102864.     CrossRef
  • Association between chronic kidney disease and oxidative balance score: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2018
    Cong Liu, Jiju Yang, Hongdian Li, Yuanyuan Deng, Pengfei He, Jiao Zhang, Mianzhi Zhang
    Frontiers in Nutrition.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia and gestational diabetes mellitus: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
    Chenyang Dai, Xiaofeng Yang, Minqing Ye, Wenqiong Lu, Qitao Huang
    All Life.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Associations of serum choline, betaine and trimethylamine N-oxide with gestational diabetes mellitus among Chinese pregnant women
    Gunjana Saikia, Xiaoxi Shen, Yuhong Liu, Kefeng Yang, Hui Wu, Lingpeng Lu, J Lauren Butler, Cassandra M Johnson, Geer Lou, Shiyin Wu, Meiqin Cai, Liang Wang, Jie Jia, Jie Zhu
    BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health.2025; 8(1): 229.     CrossRef
  • Urinary amino acid metabolomic profiling and its association with childhood obesity in prepubescent individuals
    Mariana Doce Passadore, Nayara Azinheira Nobrega Cruz, Mariana Zuccherato Bocato, Leonardo de Abreu Ferreira, Marcelo Yudi Icimoto, Maria del Carmen Bisi Molina, José Geraldo Mill, Fernando Barbosa Junior, Dulce Elena Casarini, Lilian Caroline Gonçalves d
    Frontiers in Physiology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association of oxidative balance scores with the prevalence of prediabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in the general US adult population: Evidence from NHANES 1999–2018
    Hongpeng Guo, Junjie Zhang, Ying Qi, Chenglin Sun, Ji Wu
    Journal of International Medical Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Causal Relationship Between Various Vitamins and Different Diabetic Complications: A Mendelian Randomization Study
    Sijia Cai, Weitao Man, Wenqing Liu, Bowu Li, Zhongchen He, Guman Duan
    Food Science & Nutrition.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Ketogenic Diet Through a Metabolomic Lens: Biochemical Pathways, Therapeutic Applications, and Analytical Challenges
    Katarzyna Idzikowska, Paulina Gątarek, Anna Gajda, Piotr Safiński, Lukasz Przyslo, Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska
    Nutrients.2025; 17(18): 2969.     CrossRef
  • Effects of vitamin B6 on cardiometabolic biomarkers, cardiac oxidative stress and enzymes activities, and cardiovascular histomorphometric parameters in hyperhomocysteinemic rats
    Dušan Todorović, Marija Stojanović, Jovana Jakovljević Uzelac, Slavica Mutavdžin Krneta, Nina Radisavljevic, Kristina Gopčević, Ana Medić, Milica Labudović Borović, Sanja Stankovic, Dragan Djuric
    Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology.2025; 103(11): 343.     CrossRef
  • Betaine Attenuates High‐Fat‐Diet‐Induced Metabolism‐Associated Steatotic Liver Disease via the Inhibition of Ferroptosis Through the Nrf2/GPX4 Axis
    Xiao‐jun Zhai, Cheng Xiao, Chun‐ru Yang, Ze‐rui Ding, Dong‐mei Wang, Jie‐ying Liu, Yu Miao
    The FASEB Journal.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Alterations in Choline Metabolism in Non-Obese Individuals with Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Haya Al-Sulaiti, Najeha Anwardeen, Sara S. Bashraheel, Khaled Naja, Mohamed A. Elrayess
    Metabolites.2024; 14(8): 457.     CrossRef
  • Association between oxidative balance score and diabetic kidney disease, low estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a cross-sectional study
    Cong Liu, Jiju Yang, Hongdian Li, Yuanyuan Deng, Pengfei He, Jiao Zhang, Mianzhi Zhang
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Choline Metabolites and 15-Year Risk of Incident Diabetes in a Prospective Cohort of Adults: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
    Jessica K. Sprinkles, Anju Lulla, Autumn G. Hullings, Isis Trujillo-Gonzalez, Kevin C. Klatt, David R. Jacobs, Ravi V. Shah, Venkatesh L. Murthy, Annie Green Howard, Penny Gordon-Larsen, Katie A. Meyer
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  • Hyperhomocysteinemia and Disease—Is 10 μmol/L a Suitable New Threshold Limit?
    Giada Marroncini, Serena Martinelli, Sara Menchetti, Francesco Bombardiere, Francesco Saverio Martelli
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(22): 12295.     CrossRef
  • The roles of the gut microbiota, metabolites, and epigenetics in the effects of maternal exercise on offspring metabolism
    Jing Ren, Liyuan Zhou, Shunhua Li, Qian Zhang, Xinhua Xiao
    American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 327(6): E760.     CrossRef
Original Articles
Pathophysiology
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Deficiency of ASGR1 Alleviates Diet-Induced Systemic Insulin Resistance via Improved Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity
Xiaorui Yu, Jiawang Tao, Yuhang Wu, Yan Chen, Penghui Li, Fan Yang, Miaoxiu Tang, Abdul Sammad, Yu Tao, Yingying Xu, Yin-Xiong Li
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(4):802-815.   Published online February 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0124
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  • 8 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Insulin resistance (IR) is the key pathological basis of many metabolic disorders. Lack of asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGR1) decreased the serum lipid levels and reduced the risk of coronary artery disease. However, whether ASGR1 also participates in the regulatory network of insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism remains unknown.
Methods
The constructed ASGR1 knockout mice and ASGR1-/- HepG2 cell lines were used to establish the animal model of metabolic syndrome and the IR cell model by high-fat diet (HFD) or drug induction, respectively. Then we evaluated the glucose metabolism and insulin signaling in vivo and in vitro.
Results
ASGR1 deficiency ameliorated systemic IR in mice fed with HFD, evidenced by improved insulin intolerance, serum insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of IR index, mainly contributed from increased insulin signaling in the liver, but not in muscle or adipose tissues. Meanwhile, the insulin signal transduction was significantly enhanced in ASGR1-/- HepG2 cells. By transcriptome analyses and comparison, those differentially expressed genes between ASGR1 null and wild type were enriched in the insulin signal pathway, particularly in phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT signaling. Notably, ASGR1 deficiency significantly reduced hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.
Conclusion
The ASGR1 deficiency was consequentially linked with improved hepatic insulin sensitivity under metabolic stress, hepatic IR was the core factor of systemic IR, and overcoming hepatic IR significantly relieved the systemic IR. It suggests that ASGR1 is a potential intervention target for improving systemic IR in metabolic disorders.

Citations

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  • Increased Asialoglycoprotein Receptor 1 Level in Granulosa Cell as a Potential Biomarker for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
    Xitong Liu, Rongxia Xie, Yang Cai, Hui Lan, Jing Mu, Chen Zhang, Bo Li
    Reproductive Sciences.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association Analysis of the Circulating Proteome With Sarcopenia‐Related Traits Reveals Potential Drug Targets for Sarcopenia
    Simin Wen, Siqi Xu, Xizeng Zong, Shifeng Wen, Wende Xiao, Weipeng Zheng, Han Cen, Zhaohua Zhu, Jingyu Xie, Yan Zhang, Changhai Ding, Guangfeng Ruan
    Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Serum Soluble Asialoglycoprotein Receptor 1: A Potential Predictor Marker Linked to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Demonstrating Positive Correlation With High Sensitive C-Reactive Protein
    Haifeng Zhu, Ziyi Zhong, Gaonian Zhao, Yuan Cao, Wei Liu, Yawen Guo, Jing Jin
    Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity.2025; Volume 18: 663.     CrossRef
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    Pik Fang Kho, Neil Wary, Daniela Zanetti, Fahim Abbasi, Joshua W. Knowles, Daniel J. Panyard, Katie T. Watson, Laurel Stell, Laura C. Lazzeroni, Stefan Gustafsson, Lars Lind, John R. Petrie, Themistocles L. Assimes
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  • Causal Relationship Between Serum Zinc Levels and Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD): A Plasma Proteomics Mediation Study
    Chunbo Zhao, Tingting Pan, Wei Liu, Fanqian Cheng, Xiaoxuan Zhao, Shuxin Yu, Yi Yang, Ran Zhang, Weixia Sun
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Basic Research
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Effects Of Exercise Training And Chlorogenic Acid Supplementation On Hepatic Lipid Metabolism In Prediabetes Mice
Samaneh Shirkhani, Sayyed Mohammad Marandi, Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani, Seung Kyum Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(6):771-783.   Published online September 8, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0265
  • 7,484 View
  • 222 Download
  • 4 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Since prediabetes is a risk factor for metabolic syndromes, it is important to promote a healthy lifestyle to prevent prediabetes. This study aimed to determine the effects of green coffee (GC), chlorogenic acid (CGA) intake, and exercise training (EX) on hepatic lipid metabolism in prediabetes male C57BL/6 mice.
Methods
Forty-nine mice were randomly divided into two groups feeding with a normal diet (n=7) or a high-fat diet (HFD, n=42) for 12 weeks. Then, HFD mice were further divided into six groups (n=7/group): control (pre-D), GC, CGA, EX, GC+EX, and CGA+EX. After additional 10 weeks under the same diet, plasma, and liver samples were obtained.
Results
HFD-induced prediabetes conditions with increases in body weight, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, and lipid profiles were alleviated in all treatment groups. Acsl3, a candidate gene identified through an in silico approach, was lowered in the pre-D group, while treatments partly restored it. HFD induced adverse alterations of de novo lipogenesis- and β oxidation-associated molecules in the liver. However, GC and CGA supplementation and EX reversed or ameliorated these changes. In most cases, GC or CGA supplementation combined with EX has no synergistic effect and the GC group had similar results to the CGA group.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that regular exercise is an effective non-therapeutic approach for prediabetes, and CGA supplementation could be an alternative to partially mimic the beneficial effects of exercise on prediabetes.

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  • Stevioside Improves Liver Insulin Resistance in Prediabetic Mice via IRS1/PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway
    Changfa Zhang, Lili Kang, Kangjun Li, Jingyi Zhang, Yingxin Liu, Ruoting Wang, Guowei Li
    Molecular Nutrition & Food Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Perioperative Precision Medicine.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
Review
Basic Research
Article image
Adipose Tissue and Metabolic Health
Sung-Min An, Seung-Hee Cho, John C. Yoon
Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(5):595-611.   Published online July 24, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0011
  • 50,402 View
  • 1,577 Download
  • 78 Web of Science
  • 91 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
In this review, we provide a brief synopsis of the connections between adipose tissue and metabolic health and highlight some recent developments in understanding and exploiting adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue plays critical roles in the regulation of systemic glucose and lipid metabolism and secretes bioactive molecules possessing endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine functions. Dysfunctional adipose tissue has a detrimental impact on metabolic health and is intimately involved in key aspects of metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, lipid overload, inflammation, and organelle stress. Differences in the distribution of fat depots and adipose characteristics relate to divergent degrees of metabolic dysfunction found in metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese individuals. Thermogenic adipocytes increase energy expenditure via mitochondrial uncoupling or adenosine triphosphate-consuming futile substrate cycles, while functioning as a metabolic sink and participating in crosstalk with other metabolic organs. Manipulation of adipose tissue provides a wealth of opportunities to intervene and combat the progression of associated metabolic diseases. We discuss current treatment modalities for obesity including incretin hormone analogs and touch upon emerging strategies with therapeutic potential including exosome-based therapy, pharmacological activation of brown and beige adipocyte thermogenesis, and administration or inhibition of adipocyte-derived factors.

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Original Article
Basic Research
DA-1241, a Novel GPR119 Agonist, Improves Hyperglycaemia by Inhibiting Hepatic Gluconeogenesis and Enhancing Insulin Secretion in Diabetic Mice
Youjin Kim, Si Woo Lee, Hyejin Wang, Ryeong-Hyeon Kim, Hyun Ki Park, Hangkyu Lee, Eun Seok Kang
Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(2):337-348.   Published online January 21, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0056
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
We investigated the antidiabetic effects of DA-1241, a novel G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 119 agonist, in vitro and in vivo.
Methods
DA-1241 was administrated to high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice for 12 weeks after hyperglycaemia developed. Oral/intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test were performed. Serum insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels were measured during oral glucose tolerance test. Insulinoma cell line (INS-1E) cells and mouse islets were used to find whether DA-1241 directly stimulate insulin secretion in beta cell. HepG2 cells were used to evaluate the gluconeogenesis and autophagic process. Autophagic flux was evaluated by transfecting microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-fused to green fluorescent protein and monomeric red fluorescent (mRFP-GFP-LC3) expression vector to HepG2 cells.
Results
Although DA-1241 treatment did not affect body weight gain and amount of food intake, fasting blood glucose level decreased along with increase in GLP-1 level. DA-1241 improved only oral glucose tolerance test and showed no effect in intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. No significant effect was observed in insulin tolerance test. DA-1241 did not increase insulin secretion in INS-1E cell and mouse islets. DA-1241 reduced triglyceride content in the liver thereby improved fatty liver. Additionally, DA-1241 reduced gluconeogenic enzyme expression in HepG2 cells and mouse liver. DA-1241 reduced autophagic flow in HepG2 cells.
Conclusion
These findings suggested that DA-1241 augmented glucose-dependent insulin release via stimulation of GLP-1 secretion, and reduced hepatic gluconeogenesis, which might be associated with autophagic blockage, leading to improved glycaemic control.

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Sulwon Lecture 2020
Pathophysiology
Article image
Rho-Kinase as a Therapeutic Target for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases
Inês Sousa-Lima, Hyun Jeong Kim, John Jones, Young-Bum Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(5):655-674.   Published online September 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0197
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major public health problem and the most common form of chronic liver disease, affecting 25% of the global population. Although NAFLD is closely linked with obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, knowledge on its pathogenesis remains incomplete. Emerging data have underscored the importance of Rho-kinase (Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing kinase [ROCK]) action in the maintenance of normal hepatic lipid homeostasis. In particular, pharmacological blockade of ROCK in hepatocytes or hepatic stellate cells prevents the progression of liver diseases such as NAFLD and fibrosis. Moreover, mice lacking hepatic ROCK1 are protected against obesity-induced fatty liver diseases by suppressing hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Here we review the roles of ROCK as an indispensable regulator of obesity-induced fatty liver disease and highlight the key cellular pathway governing hepatic lipid accumulation, with focus on de novo lipogenesis and its impact on therapeutic potential. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of the metabolic milieu linking to liver dysfunction triggered by ROCK activation may help identify new targets for treating fatty liver diseases such as NAFLD.

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Review
Basic Research
Article image
Brown Fat as a Regulator of Systemic Metabolism beyond Thermogenesis
Okamatsu-Ogura Yuko, Masayuki Saito
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(6):840-852.   Published online June 25, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0291
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized tissue for nonshivering thermogenesis to dissipate energy as heat. Although BAT research has long been limited mostly in small rodents, the rediscovery of metabolically active BAT in adult humans has dramatically promoted the translational studies on BAT in health and diseases. Moreover, several remarkable advancements have been made in brown fat biology over the past decade: The molecular and functional analyses of inducible thermogenic adipocytes (socalled beige adipocytes) arising from a developmentally different lineage from classical brown adipocytes have been accelerated. In addition to a well-established thermogenic activity of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), several alternative thermogenic mechanisms have been discovered, particularly in beige adipocytes. It has become clear that BAT influences other peripheral tissues and controls their functions and systemic homeostasis of energy and metabolic substrates, suggesting BAT as a metabolic regulator, other than for thermogenesis. This notion is supported by discovering that various paracrine and endocrine factors are secreted from BAT. We review the current understanding of BAT pathophysiology, particularly focusing on its role as a metabolic regulator in small rodents and also in humans.

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Original Article
Basic Research
Article image
Ipragliflozin, an SGLT2 Inhibitor, Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Changes by Upregulating Energy Expenditure through Activation of the AMPK/ SIRT1 Pathway
Ji-Yeon Lee, Minyoung Lee, Ji Young Lee, Jaehyun Bae, Eugene Shin, Yong-ho Lee, Byung-Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong-Soo Cha
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(6):921-932.   Published online February 22, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0187
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of antidiabetic drugs that exhibit multiple extraglycemic effects. However, there are conflicting results regarding the effects of SGLT2 inhibition on energy expenditure and thermogenesis. Therefore, we investigated the effect of ipragliflozin (a selective SGLT2 inhibitor) on energy metabolism.
Methods
Six-week-old male 129S6/Sv mice with a high propensity for adipose tissue browning were randomly assigned to three groups: normal chow control, 60% high-fat diet (HFD)-fed control, and 60% HFD-fed ipragliflozin-treated groups. The administration of diet and medication was continued for 16 weeks.
Results
The HFD-fed mice became obese and developed hepatic steatosis and adipose tissue hypertrophy, but their random glucose levels were within the normal ranges; these features are similar to the metabolic features of a prediabetic condition. Ipragliflozin treatment markedly attenuated HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and reduced the size of hypertrophied adipocytes to that of smaller adipocytes. In the ipragliflozin treatment group, uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) and other thermogenesis-related genes were significantly upregulated in the visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, and fatty acid oxidation was increased in the brown adipose tissue. These effects were associated with a significant reduction in the insulin-to-glucagon ratio and the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) pathway in the liver and adipose tissue.
Conclusion
SGLT2 inhibition by ipragliflozin showed beneficial metabolic effects in 129S6/Sv mice with HFD-induced obesity that mimics prediabetic conditions. Our data suggest that SGLT2 inhibitors, through their upregulation of energy expenditure, may have therapeutic potential in prediabetic obesity.

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Reviews
Genetics
Article image
Update on Monogenic Diabetes in Korea
Ye Seul Yang, Soo Heon Kwak, Kyong Soo Park
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(5):627-639.   Published online October 21, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0214
  • 10,976 View
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  • 13 Web of Science
  • 13 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Monogenic diabetes, including maturity-onset diabetes of the young, neonatal diabetes, and other rare forms of diabetes, results from a single gene mutation. It has been estimated to represent around 1% to 6% of all diabetes. With the advances in genome sequencing technology, it is possible to diagnose more monogenic diabetes cases than ever before. In Korea, 11 studies have identified several monogenic diabetes cases, using Sanger sequencing and whole exome sequencing since 2001. The recent largest study, using targeted exome panel sequencing, found a molecular diagnosis rate of 21.1% for monogenic diabetes in clinically suspected patients. Mutations in glucokinase (GCK), hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1A), and HNF4A were most commonly found. Genetic diagnosis of monogenic diabetes is important as it determines the therapeutic approach required for patients and helps to identify affected family members. However, there are still many challenges, which include a lack of simple clinical criterion for selecting patients for genetic testing, difficulties in interpreting the genetic test results, and high costs for genetic testing. In this review, we will discuss the latest updates on monogenic diabetes in Korea, and suggest an algorithm to screen patients for genetic testing. The genetic tests and non-genetic markers for accurate diagnosis of monogenic diabetes will be also reviewed.

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Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Two Faces of White Adipose Tissue with Heterogeneous Adipogenic Progenitors
Injae Hwang, Jae Bum Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(6):752-762.   Published online December 26, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0174
  • 13,772 View
  • 249 Download
  • 54 Web of Science
  • 56 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Chronic energy surplus increases body fat, leading to obesity. Since obesity is closely associated with most metabolic complications, pathophysiological roles of adipose tissue in obesity have been intensively studied. White adipose tissue is largely divided into subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). These two white adipose tissues are similar in their appearance and lipid storage functions. Nonetheless, emerging evidence has suggested that SAT and VAT have different characteristics and functional roles in metabolic regulation. It is likely that there are intrinsic differences between VAT and SAT. In diet-induced obese animal models, it has been reported that adipogenic progenitors in VAT rapidly proliferate and differentiate into adipocytes. In obesity, VAT exhibits elevated inflammatory responses, which are less prevalent in SAT. On the other hand, SAT has metabolically beneficial effects. In this review, we introduce recent studies that focus on cellular and molecular components modulating adipogenesis and immune responses in SAT and VAT. Given that these two fat depots show different functions and characteristics depending on the nutritional status, it is feasible to postulate that SAT and VAT have different developmental origins with distinct adipogenic progenitors, which would be a key determining factor for the response and accommodation to metabolic input for energy homeostasis.

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Original Article
Pathophysiology
Low-Frequency Intermittent Hypoxia Suppresses Subcutaneous Adipogenesis and Induces Macrophage Polarization in Lean Mice
Yan Wang, Mary Yuk Kwan Lee, Judith Choi Wo Mak, Mary Sau Man Ip
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(5):659-674.   Published online April 23, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0196
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

The relationship between obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and metabolic disorders is complex and highly associated. The impairment of adipogenic capacity in pre-adipocytes may promote adipocyte hypertrophy and increase the risk of further metabolic dysfunction. We hypothesize that intermittent hypoxia (IH), as a pathophysiologic feature of OSA, may regulate adipogenesis by promoting macrophage polarization.

Methods

Male C57BL/6N mice were exposed to either IH (240 seconds of 10% O2 followed by 120 seconds of 21% O2, i.e., 10 cycles/hour) or intermittent normoxia (IN) for 6 weeks. Stromal-vascular fractions derived from subcutaneous (SUB-SVF) and visceral (VIS-SVF) adipose tissues were cultured and differentiated. Conditioned media from cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages after air (Raw) or IH exposure (Raw-IH) were incubated with SUB-SVF during adipogenic differentiation.

Results

Adipogenic differentiation of SUB-SVF but not VIS-SVF from IH-exposed mice was significantly downregulated in comparison with that derived from IN-exposed mice. IH-exposed mice compared to IN-exposed mice showed induction of hypertrophic adipocytes and increased preferential infiltration of M1 macrophages in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) compared to visceral adipose tissue. Complementary in vitro analysis demonstrated that Raw-IH media significantly enhanced inhibition of adipogenesis of SUB-SVF compared to Raw media, in agreement with corresponding gene expression levels of differentiation-associated markers and adipogenic transcription factors.

Conclusion

Low frequency IH exposure impaired adipogenesis of SAT in lean mice, and macrophage polarization may be a potential mechanism for the impaired adipogenesis.

Citations

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Review
Others
A Journey to Understand Glucose Homeostasis: Starting from Rat Glucose Transporter Type 2 Promoter Cloning to Hyperglycemia
Yong Ho Ahn
Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(6):465-471.   Published online November 2, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0116
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

My professional journey to understand the glucose homeostasis began in the 1990s, starting from cloning of the promoter region of glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2) gene that led us to establish research foundation of my group. When I was a graduate student, I simply thought that hyperglycemia, a typical clinical manifestation of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), could be caused by a defect in the glucose transport system in the body. Thus, if a molecular mechanism controlling glucose transport system could be understood, treatment of T2DM could be possible. In the early 70s, hyperglycemia was thought to develop primarily due to a defect in the muscle and adipose tissue; thus, muscle/adipose tissue type glucose transporter (GLUT4) became a major research interest in the diabetology. However, glucose utilization occurs not only in muscle/adipose tissue but also in liver and brain. Thus, I was interested in the hepatic glucose transport system, where glucose storage and release are the most actively occurring.

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Original Article
Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Inhibition of Serotonin Synthesis Induces Negative Hepatic Lipid Balance
Jun Namkung, Ko Eun Shong, Hyeongseok Kim, Chang-Myung Oh, Sangkyu Park, Hail Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(3):233-243.   Published online April 25, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.0084
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background

Hepatic steatosis is caused by metabolic stress associated with a positive lipid balance, such as insulin resistance and obesity. Previously we have shown the anti-obesity effects of inhibiting serotonin synthesis, which eventually improved insulin sensitivity and hepatic steatosis. However, it is not clear whether serotonin has direct effect on hepatic lipid accumulation. Here, we showed the possibility of direct action of serotonin on hepatic steatosis.

Methods

Mice were treated with para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) or LP-533401 to inhibit serotonin synthesis and fed with high fat diet (HFD) or high carbohydrate diet (HCD) to induce hepatic steatosis. Hepatic triglyceride content and gene expression profiles were analyzed.

Results

Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of serotonin synthesis reduced HFD-induced hepatic lipid accumulation. Furthermore, short-term PCPA treatment prevented HCD-induced hepatic steatosis without affecting glucose tolerance and browning of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Gene expression analysis revealed that the expressions of genes involved in de novo lipogenesis and triacylglycerol synthesis were downregulated by short-term PCPA treatment as well as long-term PCPA treatment.

Conclusion

Short-term inhibition of serotonin synthesis prevented hepatic lipid accumulation without affecting systemic insulin sensitivity and energy expenditure, suggesting the direct steatogenic effect of serotonin in liver.

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Reviews
Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Skeletal Muscle Thermogenesis and Its Role in Whole Body Energy Metabolism
Muthu Periasamy, Jose Luis Herrera, Felipe C. G. Reis
Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(5):327-336.   Published online October 24, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.5.327
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Obesity and diabetes has become a major epidemic across the globe. Controlling obesity has been a challenge since this would require either increased physical activity or reduced caloric intake; both are difficult to enforce. There has been renewed interest in exploiting pathways such as uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-mediated uncoupling in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue to increase energy expenditure to control weight gain. However, relying on UCP1-based thermogenesis alone may not be sufficient to control obesity in humans. On the other hand, skeletal muscle is the largest organ and a major contributor to basal metabolic rate and increasing energy expenditure in muscle through nonshivering thermogenic mechanisms, which can substantially affect whole body metabolism and weight gain. In this review we will describe the role of Sarcolipin-mediated uncoupling of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase (SERCA) as a potential mechanism for increased energy expenditure both during cold and diet-induced thermogenesis.

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Others
Novel Molecular Mechanisms in the Development of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
Davide Povero, Ariel E. Feldstein
Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(1):1-11.   Published online February 19, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.1.1
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease in adults and children worldwide. NAFLD has become a severe health issue and it can progress towards a more severe form of the disease, the non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). A combination of environmental factors, host genetics, and gut microbiota leads to excessive accumulation of lipids in the liver (steatosis), which may result in lipotoxicity and trigger hepatocyte cell death, liver inflammation, fibrosis, and pathological angiogenesis. NASH can further progress towards liver cirrhosis and cancer. Over the last few years, cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as effective cell-to-cell messengers that transfer several bioactive molecules in target cells, modulating the pathogenesis and progression of NASH. In this review, we focused on recently highlighted aspects of molecular pathogenesis of NASH, mediated by EVs via their bioactive components. The studies included in this review summarize the state of art regarding the role of EVs during the progression of NASH and bring novel insight about the potential use of EVs for diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for patients with this disease.

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Identification of Novel Drug Targets for the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy
Akiyoshi Uemura
Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(4):217-224.   Published online August 14, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.4.217
  • 6,559 View
  • 31 Download
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Vision loss in diabetic retinopathy (DR) is attributable to retinal vascular disorders that result in macular edema and neoangiogenesis. In addition to laser photocoagulation therapy, intraocular injections of antivascular endothelial growth factor drugs have contributed to the treatment of these disease conditions. Nonetheless, the clinical feasibility of intraocular drug administration has raised an increasing demand to develop alternative drugs that can fundamentally ameliorate the retinal vascular dysfunctions in DR. For this purpose, experimental animal models that reproduce human DR would be of clinical benefit. Despite the unavailability of DR models in rats or mice, pharmacological and genetic manipulations without hyperglycemia have successfully recapitulated retinal edema and neoangiogenesis in postnatal mouse retinas, thereby enabling the understanding of the pathophysiology underlying DR. This article highlights the utility of experimental mouse models of retinal vascular abnormalities and discusses cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the onset and progression of DR. These approaches will lead to the identification of novel drug targets for the restoration of vascular integrity and regeneration of functional capillaries in DR.

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  • A Protective Role for RHOJ in NonSmall Cell Lung Cancer Based on Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis
    Tian Zeng, Can Chen, Pan Yang, Wenwei Zuo, Xiaoqing Liu, Yanling Zhang
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The Mechanism of White and Brown Adipocyte Differentiation
Hironori Nakagami
Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(2):85-90.   Published online April 16, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.2.85
  • 9,296 View
  • 122 Download
  • 32 Web of Science
  • 32 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Obesity gives vent to many diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, being considered as the main causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome can well be understood by studying the molecular mechanisms that control the development and function of adipose tissue. In human body, exist two types of adipose tissue, the white and the brown one, which are reported to play various roles in energy homeostasis. The major and most efficient storage of energy occurs in the form of triglycerides in white adipose tissue while brown adipose tissue actively participates in both basal and inducible energy consumption in the form of thermogenesis. Recent years have observed a rapid and greater interest towards developmental plasticity and therapeutic potential of stromal cells those isolated from adipose tissue. The adipocyte differentiation involves a couple of regulators in the white or brown adipogenesis. Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ actively participates in regulating carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and also acts as main regulator of both white and brown adipogenesis. This review based on our recent research, seeks to highlight the adipocyte differentiation.

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Brown Adipose Tissue as a Regulator of Energy Expenditure and Body Fat in Humans
Masayuki Saito
Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(1):22-29.   Published online February 15, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.1.22
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is recognized as the major site of sympathetically activated nonshivering thermogenesis during cold exposure and after spontaneous hyperphagia, thereby controling whole-body energy expenditure and body fat. In adult humans, BAT has long been believed to be absent or negligible, but recent studies using fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography, in combination with computed tomography, demonstrated the existence of metabolically active BAT in healthy adult humans. Human BAT is activated by acute cold exposure, being positively correlated to cold-induced increases in energy expenditure. The metabolic activity of BAT differs among individuals, being lower in older and obese individuals. Thus, BAT is recognized as a regulator of whole-body energy expenditure and body fat in humans as in small rodents, and a hopeful target combating obesity and related disorders. In fact, there are some food ingredients such as capsaicin and capsinoids, which have potential to activate and recruit BAT via activity on the specific receptor, transient receptor potential channels, thereby increasing energy expenditure and decreasing body fat modestly and consistently.

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Original Articles
Proliferation and Differentiation of Pancreatic beta Cells in L-type Calcium Channel alpha(1D) Subunit (Ca(v)1.3) Heterozygous Knock Out Mice After Partial Pancreatectomy.
Yoon Hee Choi, Il Hee Yun, Sun Hee Suh, Dong Jun Lim, Jae Hyuung Cho, Hyuk Sang Kwon, Bong Yun Cha, Ho Young Son, Chung Gyu Park, Kun Ho Yoon
Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(3):208-219.   Published online May 1, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.3.208
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
S: L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (LTCC) plays a crucial role in insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells through Ca2+ influx. In the recent report, LTCC Ca(v)1.3 subtype homozygous knock out mice showed impairment of postnatal pancreatic beta cell development as well as insulin secretion. METHODS: We performed 90% partial pancreatectomy in heterozygous Ca(v)1.3 knock out mice to investigate the effect of partial deficiency of Ca(v)1.3 gene on beta cell regeneration in the adult. Glucose homeostasis, metabolic profiles including serum insulin and lipid levels and morphologic changes of pancreatic islets were studied. RESULTS: 90% Partial pancreatectomy induced glucose intolerance only in the heterozygous knock out mice at 8 weeks after surgery. Distribution of islet size was significantly different between two groups after partial pancreatectomy; median value of islet size of heterozygote was larger than that of wild type (642.8 micrometer2 vs 1459.8 micrometer2, P < 0.01). The frequency of single beta cell unit, considered as a unit of beta cell neogenesis, was much lower in heterozygote than that of wild type (41% vs 23.3%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that Ca(v)1.3 gene deficiency is specifically associated with impairment of beta cell regeneration, especially neogensis and eventual glucose intolerance in the 90% partial pancreatectomized mice.
AMPK Activator AICAR Inhibits Hepatic Gluconeogenesis and Fatty Acid Oxidation.
Jin Yob Kim, Eun Hee Koh, Woo Je Lee, Seong Min Han, Ji Young Youn, Hye Sun Park, Hyun Sik Kim, Min Seon Kim, Joong Yeol Park, Ki Up Lee
Korean Diabetes J. 2005;29(1):6-14.   Published online January 1, 2005
  • 2,097 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Recent studies have demonstrated that adiponectin and metformin activate AMPK in the liver, and adiponectin and metformin stimulate fatty acid oxidation while inhibiting glucose production in liver. These results are in contrast to previous studies that have demonstrated that increased fatty acid oxidation in the liver is associated with increased gluconeogenesis. The present study was undertaken to reinvestigate the effects of AMPK activation by AICAR on hepatic fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis. METHODS: HePG2 cells were treated with various concentrations of AICAR, and then the fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis of the cells were determined. To investigate the in vivo effect of AICAR, Sprague-Dawely rats were infused with AICAR (bolus, 40 mg/g; constant, 7.5 mg/g/min-1) for 90min. RESULTS: Incubation of the HePG2 cells with higher concentrations (=1 mM) of AICAR increased fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis. On the other hand, incubation of HePG2 cells with lower concentrations (0.05 and 0.1 mM) of AICAR decreased fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis. Consistent with this in vitro data, the intravenous administration of AICAR to rats lowered their plasma glucose concentration and inhibited hepatic gluconeogenesis. Fatty acid oxidation in the liver tissue was significantly decreased by the administration of AICAR. CONCLUSION: The present study has demonstrated that AICAR decreased gluconeo-genesis in the liver. In contrast to previous studies, AICAR profoundly decreased hepatic fatty acid oxidation in rats and also in cultured hepatocytes
Quantification of the Pancreatic -cell Mass in Normal and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects in Korea.
Kun Ho Yoon, Seung Hyun Ko, Jung Min Lee, Sung Rae Kim, Sun Hee Seo, Moo Il Kang, Bong Yun Cha, Kwang Woo Lee, Ho Young Son, Sung Koo Kang, Yong Gui Kim, In Sung Moon, Myung Deuk Lee, Dong Ku Kim, Kyo Young Lee, Chan Suk Kang, Byung Ki Kim
Korean Diabetes J. 2000;24(5):524-532.   Published online January 1, 2001
  • 1,871 View
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AbstractAbstract
BACKGROUND
There have been several reports about insulin secretory impairment in non-obese type 2 diabetic patients and even in impaired glucose tolerant subjects in Korea. Insulin secretory impairment might be induced by insufficient beta-cell mass, functional defects of beta-cells or both. To clarify the cause of impaired insulin secretion in type 2 non-obese diabetic patients in Korea, beta- cell masses were quantified in normal and type 2 diabetic subjects. METHOD: Normal pancreases were procured by 6 heart-beating non-diabetic donors under informed consent from relatives and approval of the university ethical committee. To quantify the beta cell mass and insulin content in various part of the pancreas, first we divided it into 3 parts: head, body and tail, and then each three parts were weighed and subdivided again into 8 segments equally. For diabetic patients, tissue sections were obtained from 15 partial or total pancreatectomized type 2 diabetic patients of any causes. After being fixed, tissues were immunostained using the Streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method with anti-insulin antibody. Beta cells were counted by point count method. RESULTS: The mean value of total pancreas weight of normal subjects (n=6) was 77.1+/-14.6 g, that of mean relative volume of beta cells in the pancreas was 2.1+/- 0.9%, ranging from 1.4% to 3.1% (head 2.3+/-0.6%, body 1.8+/-0.2%, tail 2.2+/-0.4%). Mean value of total beta cell mass which was calculated from relative volume of beta-cells and weight of each portions was 1.3+/-0.3 g, ranging from 1.2 g to 1.9 g (head 0.6+/-0.3 g, body 0.4+/-0.2 g, tail 0.4+/-0.2 g). Mean insulin content per pancreas was 63.6+/-46.6 g, ranging from 27.8 to 137.2 g/pancreas (head 25.1+/- 19.1 g, body 20.8+/-15.5 g, tail 17.7+/-14.9 g). In diabetic patients, relative volume of beta cells in tissues were variable from 0.4% to 2.8% and there was good correlation between beta-cell mass and body mass index of the diabetic patients. However we can't find the correlation among relative volume of beta-cell, (r2=0.55, p<0.05) duration of diabetes and age. Remarkable heterogeneity for loss of beta-cells in the islets of diabetic patients was observed even in the same lobe of pancreas. There were no evidence of lymphocytic infiltration in the islets. CONCLUSION: Insufficient beta cell mass seems to be a main cause for insulin secretory impairment in non-obese type 2 diabetic patients in Korea.
Pathogenetic Heterogeneity of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korea.
Seok Won Park, Yong Seok Yun, Young Duk Song, Hyun Chul Lee, Kap Bum Huh
Korean Diabetes J. 1999;23(1):62-69.   Published online January 1, 2001
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
Insulin resistance and insulin sec- retory dysfunction are considered as pathogenetic meehanisms leading to type 2 diabetes mellitus. In Korea, clinical features of type 2 diabetes are quite different from those of western countries. There are many non-obese patients and some even experienced considerable weight 1oss around the onset of diabetes mellitus. We investigated the insulin secretory function and in vivo insulin sensitivity in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: 38 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (age; 47.3+/-9.1 yrs) and 30 control subjects (age; 25.72.7 yrs) were included in this study. Type 2 diabetic subjects were further divided into obese (BMI >25, n=13) and non-obese (BMI<25, n=25) groups. Insulin secretory responses to the 75g aal gluxse loading and euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp test were performed on all subjects. RESULTS: Type 2 diabetic subjects had significantly lower serum insulin levels at 30 min of OGTT, regardless of their obesity, compared to the control subjects. Mean glucose disposal rates (M-values) were decreased by 36% in non-obese type 2 diabetic subjects and 58% in obese type 2 diahetic subjects compared to the control subjects. But, about half (12/25) of non-obese type 2 diabetic subjects and 30% (4/13) of obese type 2 diabetic subjects had normal insulin sensitivity, defined by 95% confidence interval of control subjects. Insulin sensitivity index (M-value) was correlated with BMI, WHR, fasting insulin, and HDL-cholesterol concentrations in type 2 diabetic subjects. CONCLUSION: In Korean type 2 diabetic subjects, impairment of early-phase insulin secretion may be an universal finding, but insulin resistance is observed in about 60% of subjects. This result suggest that there is pathogenetic heterogeneity of type 2 diabetes rnellitus in Korea.

Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal
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