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Primordial Drivers of Diabetes Heart Disease: Comprehensive Insights into Insulin Resistance
Yajie Fan, Zhipeng Yan, Tingting Li, Aolin Li, Xinbiao Fan, Zhongwen Qi, Junping Zhang
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(1):19-36.   Published online January 3, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0110
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  • 4 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Insulin resistance has been regarded as a hallmark of diabetes heart disease (DHD). Numerous studies have shown that insulin resistance can affect blood circulation and myocardium, which indirectly cause cardiac hypertrophy and ventricular remodeling, participating in the pathogenesis of DHD. Meanwhile, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia associated with insulin resistance can directly impair the metabolism and function of the heart. Targeting insulin resistance is a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention of DHD. Currently, the role of insulin resistance in the pathogenic development of DHD is still under active research, as the pathological roles involved are complex and not yet fully understood, and the related therapeutic approaches are not well developed. In this review, we describe insulin resistance and add recent advances in the major pathological and physiological changes and underlying mechanisms by which insulin resistance leads to myocardial remodeling and dysfunction in the diabetic heart, including exosomal dysfunction, ferroptosis, and epigenetic factors. In addition, we discuss potential therapeutic approaches to improve insulin resistance and accelerate the development of cardiovascular protection drugs.

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  • Association between METS-IR and heart failure: a cross-sectional study
    Xiaozhou Su, Chunli Zhao, Xianwei Zhang
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Insulin–Heart Axis: Bridging Physiology to Insulin Resistance
    Alfredo Caturano, Raffaele Galiero, Erica Vetrano, Celestino Sardu, Luca Rinaldi, Vincenzo Russo, Marcellino Monda, Raffaele Marfella, Ferdinando Carlo Sasso
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  • The web of intrigue: unraveling the role of NETosis within the gut-microbiome-immune-heart axis in acute myocardial infarction and heart failure
    Tai Yasuda, Kate Deans, Aditi Shankar, Robert Chilton
    Cardiovascular Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Relationship between the Mediterranean Diet and Vascular Function in Subjects with and without Increased Insulin Resistance
    Marta Gómez-Sánchez, Leticia Gómez-Sánchez, Rocío Llamas-Ramos, Emiliano Rodríguez-Sánchez, Luis García-Ortiz, Ruth Martí-Lluch, María Cortés Rodríguez, Inés Llamas-Ramos, Manuel A. Gómez-Marcos
    Nutrients.2024; 16(18): 3106.     CrossRef
Original Article
Basic Research
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Altered Metabolic Phenotypes and Hypothalamic Neuronal Activity Triggered by Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibition
Ho Gyun Lee, Il Hyeon Jung, Byong Seo Park, Hye Rim Yang, Kwang Kon Kim, Thai Hien Tu, Jung-Yong Yeh, Sewon Lee, Sunggu Yang, Byung Ju Lee, Jae Geun Kim, Il Seong Nam-Goong
Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(6):784-795.   Published online August 23, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0261
  • 2,260 View
  • 171 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are currently used to treat patients with diabetes. Previous studies have demonstrated that treatment with SGLT-2 inhibitors is accompanied by altered metabolic phenotypes. However, it has not been investigated whether the hypothalamic circuit participates in the development of the compensatory metabolic phenotypes triggered by the treatment with SGLT-2 inhibitors.
Methods
Mice were fed a standard diet or high-fat diet and treated with dapagliflozin, an SGLT-2 inhibitor. Food intake and energy expenditure were observed using indirect calorimetry system. The activity of hypothalamic neurons in response to dapagliflozin treatment was evaluated by immunohistochemistry with c-Fos antibody. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine gene expression patterns in the hypothalamus of dapagliflozin-treated mice.
Results
Dapagliflozin-treated mice displayed enhanced food intake and reduced energy expenditure. Altered neuronal activities were observed in multiple hypothalamic nuclei in association with appetite regulation. Additionally, we found elevated immunosignals of agouti-related peptide neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
Conclusion
This study suggests the functional involvement of the hypothalamus in the development of the compensatory metabolic phenotypes induced by SGLT-2 inhibitor treatment.

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  • Altered Metabolic Phenotypes and Hypothalamic Neuronal Activity Triggered by Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibition (Diabetes Metab J 2023;47:784-95)
    Jae Hyun Bae
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(1): 157.     CrossRef
  • Altered Metabolic Phenotypes and Hypothalamic Neuronal Activity Triggered by Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibition (Diabetes Metab J 2023;47:784-95)
    Ho Gyun Lee, Il Hyeon Jung, Byong Seo Park, Hye Rim Yang, Kwang Kon Kim, Thai Hien Tu, Jung-Yong Yeh, Sewon Lee, Sunggu Yang, Byung Ju Lee, Jae Geun Kim, Il Seong Nam-Goong
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(1): 159.     CrossRef
Reviews
Basic Research
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Brown Fat as a Regulator of Systemic Metabolism beyond Thermogenesis
Okamatsu-Ogura Yuko, Masayuki Saito
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(6):840-852.   Published online June 25, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0291
  • 10,581 View
  • 596 Download
  • 24 Crossref
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized tissue for nonshivering thermogenesis to dissipate energy as heat. Although BAT research has long been limited mostly in small rodents, the rediscovery of metabolically active BAT in adult humans has dramatically promoted the translational studies on BAT in health and diseases. Moreover, several remarkable advancements have been made in brown fat biology over the past decade: The molecular and functional analyses of inducible thermogenic adipocytes (socalled beige adipocytes) arising from a developmentally different lineage from classical brown adipocytes have been accelerated. In addition to a well-established thermogenic activity of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), several alternative thermogenic mechanisms have been discovered, particularly in beige adipocytes. It has become clear that BAT influences other peripheral tissues and controls their functions and systemic homeostasis of energy and metabolic substrates, suggesting BAT as a metabolic regulator, other than for thermogenesis. This notion is supported by discovering that various paracrine and endocrine factors are secreted from BAT. We review the current understanding of BAT pathophysiology, particularly focusing on its role as a metabolic regulator in small rodents and also in humans.

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    Presley D. Dowker-Key, Praveen Kumar Jadi, Nicholas B. Gill, Katelin N. Hubbard, Ahmed Elshaarrawi, Naba D. Alfatlawy, Ahmed Bettaieb
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    Melina Amor, Malena Diaz, Valentina Bianco, Monika Svecla, Birgit Schwarz, Silvia Rainer, Anita Pirchheim, Laszlo Schooltink, Suravi Mukherjee, Gernot F. Grabner, Giangiacomo Beretta, Claudia Lamina, Giuseppe Danilo Norata, Hubert Hackl, Dagmar Kratky
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    Masayuki Saito, Yuko Okamatsu-Ogura
    The World Journal of Men's Health.2023; 41(3): 489.     CrossRef
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    Min Jeong Park, Kyung Mook Choi
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    Anju Tsukada, Yuko Okamatsu-Ogura, Emi Futagawa, Yuki Habu, Natsumi Takahashi, Mira Kato-Suzuki, Yuko Kato, Satoshi Ishizuka, Kei Sonoyama, Kazuhiro Kimura
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    Journal of Applied Physiology.2023; 135(2): 251.     CrossRef
  • Age-Related Expression Dynamics of Uncoupling Protein 1 in Adipose Tissues of ICR Outbred Mice during Postnatal Ontogenesis
    A. V. Yakunenkov, E. I. Elsukova, I. O. Natochy
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  • Brown adipose tissue evaluation using water and triglyceride as indices by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
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  • UNCOUPLING PROTEIN UCP1 EXPRESSION DYNAMICS IN ADIPOSE TISSUES OF THE OUTBRED ICR MICE IN POSTNATAL ONTOGENESIS
    A. V. Yakunenkov, E. I. Elsukova, I. O. Natochy
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  • Antibodies Regulate Dual-Function Enzyme IYD to Induce Functional Synergy between Metabolism and Thermogenesis
    Sunghyun Kang, Hwan-Woo Park, Kyung Ho Han
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  • Machine learning-featured Secretogranin V is a circulating diagnostic biomarker for pancreatic adenocarcinomas associated with adipopenia
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Basic Research
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Revisiting the Bacterial Phylum Composition in Metabolic Diseases Focused on Host Energy Metabolism
Yeonmi Lee, Hui-Young Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(5):658-667.   Published online July 9, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0220
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  • 24 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Over a hundred billion bacteria are found in human intestines. This has emerged as an environmental factor in metabolic diseases, such as obesity and related diseases. The majority of these bacteria belong to two dominant phyla, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Since the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes increases in people with obesity and in various animal models, it has been assumed that phylum composition causes the increase in occurrence of metabolic diseases over the past decade. However, this assumption has been challenged by recent studies that have found even an opposite association of phylum composition within metabolic diseases. Moreover, the gut microbiota affects host energy metabolism in various ways including production of metabolites and interaction with host intestinal cells to regulate signaling pathways that affect energy metabolism. However, the direct effect of gut bacteria on host energy intake, such as energy consumption by the bacteria itself and its effects on intestinal energy absorption, has been underestimated. This review aims to discuss whether increased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes is associated with the development of metabolic diseases, and whether energy competition between the bacteria and host is a missing part of the mechanism linking gut microbiota to metabolic diseases.

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Original Article
Basic Research
Article image
Effects of Microbiota on the Treatment of Obesity with the Natural Product Celastrol in Rats
Weiyue Hu, Lingling Wang, Guizhen Du, Quanquan Guan, Tianyu Dong, Ling Song, Yankai Xia, Xinru Wang
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(5):747-763.   Published online May 11, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0124
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

Obesity has become one of the most serious issues threatening the health of humankind, and we conducted this study to examine whether and how celastrol protects against obesity.

Methods

We fed male Sprague-Dawley rats a high-fat diet and administered celastrol to obese rats for 3 weeks. By recording body weight (BW) and other measures, we identified the effective dose of celastrol for obesity treatment. Feces were collected to perform 16S rRNA sequencing, and hypothalami were extracted for transcriptome sequencing. We then treated leptin knockout rats with celastrol and explored the changes in energy metabolism. Male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were used to test the acute toxicity of celastrol.

Results

We observed that celastrol reduced BW and promoted energy expenditure at a dose of 500 µg/kg BW but that food intake was not changed after administration. The diversity of the gut microbiota was improved, with an increased ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes, and the gut microbiota played an important role in the anti-obesity effects of celastrol. Hypothalamic transcriptome analysis showed a significant enrichment of the leptin signaling pathway, and we found that celastrol significantly enhanced energy expenditure, which was mediated by the leptin signaling pathway. Acute lethal toxicity of celastrol was not observed at doses ranging from 0 to 62.5 mg/kg BW.

Conclusion

Our study revealed that celastrol decreased the BW of obese rats by enhancing energy expenditure but not by suppressing food intake and that this effect was mediated by the improvement of the gut microbiota and the activation of the hypothalamic leptin signaling pathway.

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Reviews
Basic Research
Article image
Role of CRTC2 in Metabolic Homeostasis: Key Regulator of Whole-Body Energy Metabolism?
Hye-Sook Han, Yongmin Kwon, Seung-Hoi Koo
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(4):498-508.   Published online March 5, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0200
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling is critical for regulating metabolic homeostasis in mammals. In particular, transcriptional regulation by cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and its coactivator, CREB-regulated transcription coactivator (CRTC), is essential for controlling the expression of critical enzymes in the metabolic process, leading to more chronic changes in metabolic flux. Among the CRTC isoforms, CRTC2 is predominantly expressed in peripheral tissues and has been shown to be associated with various metabolic pathways in tissue-specific manners. While initial reports showed the physiological role of CRTC2 in regulating gluconeogenesis in the liver, recent studies have further delineated the role of this transcriptional coactivator in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in various tissues, including the liver, pancreatic islets, endocrine tissues of the small intestines, and adipose tissues. In this review, we discuss recent studies that have utilized knockout mouse models to delineate the role of CRTC2 in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis.

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Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Two Faces of White Adipose Tissue with Heterogeneous Adipogenic Progenitors
Injae Hwang, Jae Bum Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(6):752-762.   Published online December 26, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0174
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  • 41 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Chronic energy surplus increases body fat, leading to obesity. Since obesity is closely associated with most metabolic complications, pathophysiological roles of adipose tissue in obesity have been intensively studied. White adipose tissue is largely divided into subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). These two white adipose tissues are similar in their appearance and lipid storage functions. Nonetheless, emerging evidence has suggested that SAT and VAT have different characteristics and functional roles in metabolic regulation. It is likely that there are intrinsic differences between VAT and SAT. In diet-induced obese animal models, it has been reported that adipogenic progenitors in VAT rapidly proliferate and differentiate into adipocytes. In obesity, VAT exhibits elevated inflammatory responses, which are less prevalent in SAT. On the other hand, SAT has metabolically beneficial effects. In this review, we introduce recent studies that focus on cellular and molecular components modulating adipogenesis and immune responses in SAT and VAT. Given that these two fat depots show different functions and characteristics depending on the nutritional status, it is feasible to postulate that SAT and VAT have different developmental origins with distinct adipogenic progenitors, which would be a key determining factor for the response and accommodation to metabolic input for energy homeostasis.

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Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
Ji Hyun Ahn, Jae Taek Kim
Korean Diabetes J. 2008;32(6):467-473.   Published online December 1, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.6.467
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Metabolic syndrome and diabetes are associated with increased risk of cardiac dysfunction independently of underlying coronary artery disease. The underlying pathogenesis is partially understood but accumulating evidence suggests that alterations of cardiac energy metabolism might contribute to the development of contractile dysfunction. Recent findings suggest that myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiac contractile dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. This review is focused on evaluating mechanisms for the mitochondrial abnormalities that may be involved in the development and progression of cardiac dysfunction in diabetes.

Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal
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