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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Dysregulated Autophagy in Human Pancreatic Beta Cells
Seoil Moon, Hye Seung Jung
Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(4):533-542.   Published online July 27, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0070
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  • 16 Web of Science
  • 16 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Pancreatic beta cell homeostasis is crucial for the synthesis and secretion of insulin; disruption of homeostasis causes diabetes, and is a treatment target. Adaptation to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through the unfolded protein response (UPR) and adequate regulation of autophagy, which are closely linked, play essential roles in this homeostasis. In diabetes, the UPR and autophagy are dysregulated, which leads to beta cell failure and death. Various studies have explored methods to preserve pancreatic beta cell function and mass by relieving ER stress and regulating autophagic activity. To promote clinical translation of these research results to potential therapeutics for diabetes, we summarize the current knowledge on ER stress and autophagy in human insulin-secreting cells.

Citations

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Original Articles
Pathophysiology
Metformin Ameliorates Lipotoxic β-Cell Dysfunction through a Concentration-Dependent Dual Mechanism of Action
Hong Il Kim, Ji Seon Lee, Byung Kook Kwak, Won Min Hwang, Min Joo Kim, Young-Bum Kim, Sung Soo Chung, Kyong Soo Park
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(6):854-866.   Published online June 27, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0179
  • 7,458 View
  • 126 Download
  • 15 Web of Science
  • 14 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Chronic exposure to elevated levels of free fatty acids contributes to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Although it is well known that metformin induces cellular energy depletion and a concomitant activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) through inhibition of the respiratory chain, previous studies have shown inconsistent results with regard to the action of metformin on pancreatic β-cells. We therefore examined the effects of metformin on pancreatic β-cells under lipotoxic stress.

Methods

NIT-1 cells and mouse islets were exposed to palmitate and treated with 0.05 and 0.5 mM metformin. Cell viability, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, cellular adenosine triphosphate, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and Rho kinase (ROCK) activities were measured. The phosphorylation of AMPK was evaluated by Western blot analysis and mRNA levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers and NADPH oxidase (NOX) were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis.

Results

We found that metformin has protective effects on palmitate-induced β-cell dysfunction. Metformin at a concentration of 0.05 mM inhibits NOX and suppresses the palmitate-induced elevation of ER stress markers and ROS levels in a AMPK-independent manner, whereas 0.5 mM metformin inhibits ROCK activity and activates AMPK.

Conclusion

This study suggests that the action of metformin on β-cell lipotoxicity was implemented by different molecular pathways depending on its concentration. Metformin at a usual therapeutic dose is supposed to alleviate lipotoxic β-cell dysfunction through inhibition of oxidative stress and ER stress.

Citations

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Islet Studies and Transplantation
Myricetin Protects Against High Glucose-Induced β-Cell Apoptosis by Attenuating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress via Inactivation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5
Udayakumar Karunakaran, Suma Elumalai, Jun Sung Moon, Jae-Han Jeon, Nam Doo Kim, Keun-Gyu Park, Kyu Chang Won, Jaechan Leem, In-Kyu Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(2):192-205.   Published online January 16, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0052
  • 5,744 View
  • 113 Download
  • 36 Web of Science
  • 37 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   
Background

Chronic hyperglycemia has deleterious effects on pancreatic β-cell function and turnover. Recent studies support the view that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) plays a role in β-cell failure under hyperglycemic conditions. However, little is known about how CDK5 impair β-cell function. Myricetin, a natural flavonoid, has therapeutic potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, we examined the effect of myricetin on high glucose (HG)-induced β-cell apoptosis and explored the relationship between myricetin and CDK5.

Methods

To address this question, we subjected INS-1 cells and isolated rat islets to HG conditions (30 mM) in the presence or absence of myricetin. Docking studies were conducted to validate the interaction between myricetin and CDK5. Gene expression and protein levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers were measured by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis.

Results

Activation of CDK5 in response to HG coupled with the induction of ER stress via the down regulation of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2b (SERCA2b) gene expression and reduced the nuclear accumulation of pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1) leads to β-cell apoptosis. Docking study predicts that myricetin inhibit CDK5 activation by direct binding in the ATP-binding pocket. Myricetin counteracted the decrease in the levels of PDX1 and SERCA2b by HG. Moreover, myricetin attenuated HG-induced apoptosis in INS-1 cells and rat islets and reduce the mitochondrial dysfunction by decreasing reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) loss.

Conclusion

Myricetin protects the β-cells against HG-induced apoptosis by inhibiting ER stress, possibly through inactivation of CDK5 and consequent upregulation of PDX1 and SERCA2b.

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Review
Pathophysiology
Nuclear Receptors Resolve Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress to Improve Hepatic Insulin Resistance
Jae Man Lee
Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(1):10-19.   Published online February 16, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.1.10
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   

Chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress culminating in proteotoxicity contributes to the development of insulin resistance and progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacologic interventions targeting several different nuclear receptors have emerged as potential treatments for insulin resistance. The mechanistic basis for these antidiabetic effects has primarily been attributed to multiple metabolic and inflammatory functions. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the association of ER stress with insulin resistance and the role of nuclear receptors in promoting ER stress resolution and improving insulin resistance in the liver.

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Original Articles
The Effects of Glyburide on Apoptosis and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in INS-1 Cells in a Glucolipotoxic Condition
Min Jeong Kwon, Hye Suk Chung, Chang Shin Yoon, Jung Hae Ko, Hae Jung Jun, Tae Kyun Kim, Soon Hee Lee, Kyung Soo Ko, Byoung Doo Rhee, Mi Kyung Kim, Jeong Hyun Park
Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(5):480-488.   Published online October 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.5.480
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

β-cell death due to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been regarded as an important pathogenic component of type 2 diabetes. The possibility has been suggested that sulfonylurea, currently being used as one of the main oral hypoglycemic agents of type 2 diabetes, increases ER stress, which could lead to sulfonylurea failure. The authors of the present study examined ER stress of β-cells in a glucolipotoxic condition using glyburide (GB) in an environment mimicking type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Apoptosis was induced by adding various concentrations of GB (0.001 to 200 µM) to a glucolipotoxic condition using 33 mM glucose, and the effects of varied concentrations of palmitate were evaluated via annexin V staining. The markers of ER stress and pro-apoptotic markers were assessed by Western blotting and semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, the anti-apoptotic markers were evaluated.

Results

Addition of any concentration of GB in 150 µM palmitate and 33 mM glucose did not increase apoptosis. The expression of phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF-2α) was increased and cleaved caspase 3 was decreased by adding GB to a glucolipotoxic condition. However, other ER stress-associated markers such as Bip-1, X-box binding protein-1, ATF-4 and C/EBP-homologous protein transcription factor and anti-apoptotic markers phosphor-p85 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and phosphorylation of Akt did not change significantly.

Conclusion

GB did not show further deleterious effects on the degree of apoptosis or ER stress of INS-1 cells in a glucolipotoxic condition. Increased phosphorylation of eIF-2α may attenuate ER stress for adaptation to increased ER protein load.

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    Gene Reports.2021; 23: 101156.     CrossRef
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    Tae Jung, Kyung Choi
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    Young Mi Song, Sun-Ok Song, Yong-Keun Jung, Eun-Seok Kang, Bong Soo Cha, Hyun Chul Lee, Byung-Wan Lee
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    Mi-Seon Shin, Jee Hee Yu, Chang Hee Jung, Jenie Yoonoo Hwang, Woo Je Lee, Min-Seon Kim, Joong-Yeol Park
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The Effect of Tribbles-Related Protein 3 on ER Stress-Suppressed Insulin Gene Expression in INS-1 Cells
Young Yun Jang, Nam Keong Kim, Mi Kyung Kim, Ho Young Lee, Sang Jin Kim, Hye Soon Kim, Hye-Young Seo, In Kyu Lee, Keun Gyu Park
Korean Diabetes J. 2010;34(5):312-319.   Published online October 31, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.5.312
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

The highly developed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) structure in pancreatic beta cells is heavily involved in insulin biosynthesis. Thus, any perturbation in ER function inevitably impacts insulin biosynthesis. Recent studies showed that the expression of tribbles-related protein 3 (TRB3), a mammalian homolog of Drosophilia tribbles, in various cell types is induced by ER stress. Here, we examined whether ER stress induces TRB3 expression in INS-1 cells and found that TRB3 mediates ER stress-induced suppression of insulin gene expression.

Methods

The effects of tunicamycin and thapsigargin on insulin and TRB3 expression in INS-1 cells were measured by Northern and Western blot analysis, respectively. The effects of adenovirus-mediated overexpression of TRB3 on insulin, PDX-1 and MafA gene expression in INS-1 cells were measured by Northern blot analysis. The effect of TRB3 on insulin promoter was measured by transient transfection study with constructs of human insulin promoter.

Results

The treatment of INS-1 cells with tunicamycin and thapsigargin decreased insulin mRNA expression, but increased TRB3 protein expression. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of TRB3 decreased insulin gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. A transient transfection study showed that TRB3 inhibited insulin promoter activity, suggesting that TRB3 inhibited insulin gene expression at transcriptional level. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of TRB3 also decreased PDX-1 mRNA expression, but did not influence MafA mRNA expression.

Conclusions

This study showed that ER stress induced TRB3 expression, but decreased both insulin and PDX-1 gene expression in INS-1 cells. Our data suggest that TRB3 plays an important role in ER stress-induced beta cell dysfunction.

Citations

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    Max Brown, Samantha Dainty, Natalie Strudwick, Adina D. Mihai, Jamie N. Watson, Robina Dendooven, Adrienne W. Paton, James C. Paton, Martin Schröder, James Arthur Olzmann
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The Effect of Chronic High Glucose Concentration on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in INS-1 Cells.
Mi Kyung Kim, Hye Young Seo, Tae Sung Yun, Nam Kyung Kim, Yu Jin Hah, Yun Jung Kim, Ho Chan Cho, Young Yun Jang, Hye Soon Kim, Seong Yeol Ryu, In Kyu Lee, Keun Gyu Park
Korean Diabetes J. 2008;32(2):112-120.   Published online April 1, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.2.112
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AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
The highly developed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) structure is one of the characteristic features of pancreatic beta-cells. Recent study showed that ER stress causes beta-cell dysfunction. However, little is known about the effects of high glucose concentration on induction of ER stress in pancreatic beta-cells. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate whether exposure of high glucose concentration in rat insulinoma cell line, INS-1 cell induces ER stress and whether ER stress decreases insulin gene expression. METHODS: The effect of 30 mM glucose on insulin expression and secretion in INS-1 cells was evaluated by Northern blot analysis and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Cell viability was evaluated by XTT assay. The effect of 30 mM glucose on phosphorylation of eIF2alpha and CHOP expression, which are markers of ER stress were evaluated by Western blot analysis. RT-PCR analysis was performed to determine whether high glucose concentration induces XBP-1 splicing. To investigate whether ER stress decreases insulin gene expression, the effect of tunicamycin on insulin mRNA expression was evaluated by Northern blot analysis. RESULTS: The prolonged exposure of INS-1 cells with the 30 mM glucose concentration decreased insulin mRNA expression in a time dependent manner and impaired GSIS while did not influence on cell viability. 30 mM glucose increased phosphorylation of eIF2alpha, XBP-1 splicing and CHOP expression in INS-1 cells. Tunicamycin-treated INS-1 increased XBP-1 splicing and decreased insulin mRNA expression in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSION: This study showed that prolonged exposure of INS-1 with high glucose concentration induces ER stress and ER stress decreases insulin gene expression. Further studies about underlying molecular mechanism by which ER stress induces beta-cell dysfunction are needed.

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