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Review
Pathophysiology
Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors-Induced Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: From Its Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Practice
Yun Kyung Cho, Chang Hee Jung
Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(6):757-766.   Published online July 24, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0072
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AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
With the increasing use of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), for the treatment of malignancies, cases of ICI-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (ICI-T1DM) have been reported globally. This review focuses on the features and pathogenesis of this disease. T1DM is an immune-related adverse event that occurs following the administration of anti-PD-1 or anti-programmed death ligand-1 (PDL1) alone or in combination with anti-CTLA-4. More than half of the reported cases presented as abrupt-onset diabetic ketoacidosis. The primary mechanism of ICI-T1DM is T-cell stimulation, which results from the loss of interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 in pancreatic islet. The similarities and differences between ICI-T1DM and classical T1DM may provide insights into this disease entity. ICI-T1DM is a rare but often life-threatening medical emergency that healthcare professionals and patients need to be aware of. Early detection of and screening for this disease is imperative. At present, the only known treatment for ICI-T1DM is insulin injection. Further research into the mechanisms and risk factors associated with ICI-T1DM development may contribute to a better understanding of this disease entity and the identification of possible preventive strategies.
Original Articles
Lifestyle
Clinical Effects of a Home Care Pilot Program for Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Sejeong Lee, KyungYi Kim, Ji Eun Kim, Yura Hyun, Minyoung Lee, Myung-Il Hahm, Sang Gyu Lee, Eun Seok Kang
Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(5):693-702.   Published online June 22, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0170
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Given the importance of continuous self-care for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Korea launched a pilot program for chronic disease management. Herein, we applied a home care pilot program to people with T1DM to investigate its effects.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a single tertiary hospital (January 2019 to October 2021). A multidisciplinary team comprising doctors, nurses, and clinical nutritionists provided specialized education and periodically assessed patients’ health status through phone calls or text messages. A linear mixed model adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index was used to analyze the glycemic control changes before and after implementing the program between the intervention and control groups.
Results
Among 408 people with T1DM, 196 were enrolled in the intervention group and 212 in the control group. The reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) after the program was significantly greater in the intervention group than in the control group (estimated marginal mean, –0.57% vs. –0.23%, P=0.008); the same trend was confirmed for glycoalbumin (GA) (–3.2% vs. –0.39%, P<0.001). More patients achieved the target values of HbA1c (<7.0%) and GA (<20%) in the intervention group than in the control group at the 9-month follow-up (34.5% vs. 19.6% and 46.7% vs. 28.0%, respectively).
Conclusion
The home care program for T1DM was clinically effective in improving glycemic control and may provide an efficient care option for people with T1DM, and positive outcomes are expected to expand the program to include more patients.
Guideline/Fact Sheet
Insulin Fact Sheet in Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Trends of Antidiabetic Medication Use in Insulin Users with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: 2002 to 2019
Jiyun Park, Gyuri Kim, Bong-Sung Kim, Kyung-Do Han, So Yoon Kwon, So Hee Park, You-Bin Lee, Sang-Man Jin, Jae Hyeon Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(2):211-219.   Published online February 7, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0346
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  • 1 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
This study investigated the trends of insulin use among Korean patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Changes in prescription of antidiabetic medications in T2DM patients taking insulin therapy were evaluated.
Methods
We analyzed data from the National Health Insurance Service database in Korea to evaluate the prevalence of insulin users and trends of insulin use in T1DM and T2DM patients from January 2002 to December 2019. We also investigated numbers and types of antidiabetic medications in insulin users with T2DM.
Results
The overall total number of insulin users increased from 2002 to 2019, reaching 348,254 for T2DM and 20,287 for T1DM in 2019 compared with 109,974 for T2DM and 34,972 for T1DM in 2002. The proportion of patients using basal analogs and short acting analogs have increased and those using human insulin, premixed insulin, or biphasic human insulin have decreased (rapid acting analogs: 71.85% and 24.12% in T1DM and T2DM, respectively, in 2019; basal analogs: 76.75% and 75.09% in T1DM and T2DM, respectively, in 2019). The use of other antidiabetic medication in addition to insulin increased for T2DM, especially in dual therapy, reaching up to 52.35% in 2019 compared with 16.72% in 2002.
Conclusion
The proportion of the patients using basal or rapid acting analogs increased among all insulin users in both T1DM and T2DM patients. Among patients with T2DM, the proportion of patients using antidiabetic medications in addition to insulin was significantly increased compared to those who used insulin alone.

Citations

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  • Evaluation of pharmacokinetic interactions between lobeglitazone, empagliflozin, and metformin in healthy subjects
    Heeyoung Kim, Choon Ok Kim, Hyeonsoo Park, Min Soo Park, Dasohm Kim, Taegon Hong, Yesong Shin, Byung Hak Jin
    Translational and Clinical Pharmacology.2023; 31(1): 59.     CrossRef
Review
Technology/Device
Advances in Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Integrated Devices for Management of Diabetes with Insulin-Based Therapy: Improvement in Glycemic Control
Jee Hee Yoo, Jae Hyeon Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(1):27-41.   Published online January 12, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0271
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  • 9 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology has evolved over the past decade with the integration of various devices including insulin pumps, connected insulin pens (CIPs), automated insulin delivery (AID) systems, and virtual platforms. CGM has shown consistent benefits in glycemic outcomes in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated with insulin. Moreover, the combined effect of CGM and education have been shown to improve glycemic outcomes more than CGM alone. Now a CIP is the expected future technology that does not need to be worn all day like insulin pumps and helps to calculate insulin doses with a built-in bolus calculator. Although only a few clinical trials have assessed the effectiveness of CIPs, they consistently show benefits in glycemic outcomes by reducing missed doses of insulin and improving problematic adherence. AID systems and virtual platforms made it possible to achieve target glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetes while minimizing hypoglycemia, which has always been challenging in T1DM. Now fully automatic AID systems and tools for diabetes decisions based on artificial intelligence are in development. These advances in technology could reduce the burden associated with insulin treatment for diabetes.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Glycemic Outcomes During Early Use of the MiniMed™ 780G Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System with Guardian™ 4 Sensor
    Toni L. Cordero, Zheng Dai, Arcelia Arrieta, Fang Niu, Melissa Vella, John Shin, Andrew S. Rhinehart, Jennifer McVean, Scott W. Lee, Robert H. Slover, Gregory P. Forlenza, Dorothy I. Shulman, Rodica Pop-Busui, James R. Thrasher, Mark S. Kipnes, Mark P. Ch
    Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics.2023; 25(9): 652.     CrossRef
  • Navigating the Seas of Glycemic Control: The Role of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
    Jun Sung Moon
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(3): 345.     CrossRef
  • APSec1.0: Innovative Security Protocol Design with Formal Security Analysis for the Artificial Pancreas System
    Jiyoon Kim, Jongmin Oh, Daehyeon Son, Hoseok Kwon, Philip Virgil Astillo, Ilsun You
    Sensors.2023; 23(12): 5501.     CrossRef
  • Advances and Development of Electronic Neural Interfaces
    Xue Jiaxiang, Liu Zhixin
    Journal of Computing and Natural Science.2023; : 147.     CrossRef
  • Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) and Metabolic Control in a Cohort of Patients with Type 1 Diabetes and Coeliac Disease
    Flavia Amaro, Maria Alessandra Saltarelli, Marina Primavera, Marina Cerruto, Stefano Tumini
    Endocrines.2023; 4(3): 595.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of Glycemia Risk Index with Time in Range for Assessing Glycemic Quality
    Ji Yoon Kim, Jee Hee Yoo, Jae Hyeon Kim
    Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Benefits Of Continuous Glucose Monitoring In Pregnancy
    Jee Hee Yoo, Jae Hyeon Kim
    Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(5): 472.     CrossRef
  • The Growing Challenge of Diabetes Management in an Aging Society
    Seung-Hwan Lee
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(5): 630.     CrossRef
  • Recent advances in artificial intelligence-assisted endocrinology and diabetes
    Ioannis T. Oikonomakos, Ranjit M. Anjana, Viswanathan Mohan, Charlotte Steenblock, Stefan R. Bornstein
    Exploration of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease.2023; 1(1): 16.     CrossRef
Original Articles
Type 1 Diabetes
Performance of Fast-Acting Aspart Insulin as Compared to Aspart Insulin in Insulin Pump for Managing Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis
Deep Dutta, Ritin Mohindra, Kunal Mahajan, Meha Sharma
Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(1):72-81.   Published online June 24, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0035
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
No meta-analysis has analysed efficacy and safety of fast-acting aspart insulin (FIAsp) with insulin pump in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).
Methods
Electronic databases were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving T1DM patients on insulin pump receiving FIAsp in intervention arm, and placebo/active comparator insulin in control arm. Primary outcome was to evaluate changes in 1- and 2-hour post-prandial glucose (1hPPG and 2hPPG). Secondary outcomes were to evaluate alterations in percentage time with blood glucose <3.9 mmol/L (hypoglycaemia), time in range (TIR) blood glucose 3.9 to 10 mmol/L, insulin requirements and adverse events.
Results
Data from four RCTs involving 640 patients was analysed. FIAsp use in insulin pump was associated with significantly greater lowering of 1hPPG (mean difference [MD], –1.35 mmol/L; 95% confidence interval [CI], –1.72 to –0.98; P<0.01; I2=63%) and 2hPPG (MD, –1.19 mmol/L; 95% CI, –1.38 to –1.00; P<0.01; I2=0%) as compared to controls. TIR was comparable among groups (MD, 1.06%; 95% CI, –3.84 to 5.96; P=0.67; I2=70%). Duration of blood glucose <3.9 mmol/L was lower in FIAsp group, approaching significance (MD, –0.91%; 95% CI, –1.84 to 0.03; P=0.06; I2=0%). Total hypoglycaemic episodes (risk ratio [RR], 1.35; 95% CI, 0.55 to 3.31; P=0.51; I2=0%), severe hypoglycaemia (RR, 2.26; 95% CI, 0.77 to 6.66; P=0.14), infusion site reactions (RR, 1.35; 95% CI, 0.63 to 2.93; P=0.77; I2=0%), and treatment-emergent adverse events (RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.80 to 1.60; P=0.50; I2=0%) were comparable.
Conclusion
FIAsp use in insulin pump is associated with better post-prandial glycaemic control with no increased hypoglycaemia or glycaemic variability.
Type 1 Diabetes
Identification of Key Genes and Pathways in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus by Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis
Xing Li, Mingyu Liao, Jiangheng Guan, Ling Zhou, Rufei Shen, Min Long, Jiaqing Shao
Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(3):451-463.   Published online April 1, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0018
  • 5,847 View
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  • 6 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
The onset and progression of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is closely related to autoimmunity. Effective monitoring of the immune system and developing targeted therapies are frontier fields in T1DM treatment. Currently, the most available tissue that reflects the immune system is peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Thus, the aim of this study was to identify key PBMC biomarkers of T1DM.
Methods
Common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets GSE9006, GSE72377, and GSE55098, and PBMC mRNA expression in T1DM patients was compared with that in healthy participants by GEO2R. Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses of DEGs were performed using the Cytoscape, DAVID, and STRING databases. The vital hub genes were validated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using clinical samples. The disease-gene-drug interaction network was built using the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) and Drug Gene Interaction Database (DGIdb).
Results
We found that various biological functions or pathways related to the immune system and glucose metabolism changed in PBMCs from T1DM patients. In the PPI network, the DEGs of module 1 were significantly enriched in processes including inflammatory and immune responses and in pathways of proteoglycans in cancer. Moreover, we focused on four vital hub genes, namely, chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), and granzyme B (GZMB), and confirmed them in clinical PBMC samples. Furthermore, the disease-gene-drug interaction network revealed the potential of key genes as reference markers in T1DM.
Conclusion
These results provide new insight into T1DM pathogenesis and novel biomarkers that could be widely representative reference indicators or potential therapeutic targets for clinical applications.

Citations

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  • Identification of Comorbidities, Genomic Associations, and Molecular Mechanisms for COVID-19 Using Bioinformatics Approaches
    Shudeb Babu Sen Omit, Salma Akhter, Humayan Kabir Rana, A. R. M. Mahamudul Hasan Rana, Nitun Kumar Podder, Mahmudul Islam Rakib, Ashadun Nobi, Ali Imran
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    Mingshu Huang, Weixing Chen, Min Wang, Yisheng Huang, Hongyu Liu, Yue Ming, Yuanxin Chen, Zhengming Tang, Bo Jia
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Short Communications
Others
Comparison of Insulin-Treated Patients with Ambiguous Diabetes Type with Definite Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Subjects: A Clinical Perspective
Insa Laspe, Juris J. Meier, Michael A. Nauck
Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(1):140-146.   Published online March 22, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0322
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
In clinical practice, the distinction between type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can be challenging, leaving patients with “ambiguous” diabetes type. Insulin-treated patients (n=115) previously diagnosed with T2DM had to be re-classified based on clinical phenotype and laboratory results, and were operationally defined as having an ambiguous diabetes type. They were compared against patients with definite T1DM and T2DM regarding 12 clinical and laboratory features typically different between diabetes types. Characteristics of patients with ambiguous diabetes type, representing approximately 6% of all patients with T1DM or T2DM seen at our specialized clinic, fell in between those of patients with definite T1DM and T2DM, both regarding individual features and with respect to a novel classification based on multi-variable regression analysis (P<0.0001). In conclusion, a substantial proportion of diabetes patients in a tertiary care centre presented with an “ambiguous” diabetes type. Their clinical characteristics fall in between those of definite T1DM or T2DM patients.
Pathophysiology
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase and Tyrosine Phosphatase-Related Islet Antigen-2 Positivity among Children and Adolescents with Diabetes in Korea
Ka Young Kim, Min Seung Kim, Yun Jeong Lee, Young Ah Lee, Seong Yong Lee, Choong Ho Shin, Jae Hyun Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(6):948-952.   Published online March 8, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0332
  • 3,858 View
  • 172 Download
  • 1 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), tyrosine phosphatase-related islet antigen 2 (IA2A), insulin (INSA), and islet cells (ICA) are critical for determining the type of diabetes and management strategy in new-onset diabetes mellitus (NODM), but there have been few reports of all diabetes-associated autoantibody (DAA) in Korea. We retrospectively analyzed 193 patients with NODM aged 0 to 18 years who were followed at two tertiary centers in Korea (2017 to 2021). Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were 93 (48.2%) and 100 (51.8%), respectively. In T1DM patients, the DAA positivity rate was 94.6%; prevalence of GADA, IA2A, INSA, and ICA was 71.0%, 71.0%, 31.2%, and 10.8%, respectively; and IA2A added 10.7% point autoantibody positivity (83.9% for GADA+INSA+ICA and 94.6% for GADA+INSA+ICA+IA2A). Among the patients with T2DM, 12 (12.0%) were positive for DAA, and all were positive for INSA. These findings suggest that DAA at diagnosis, especially GADA and IA2A, is useful for classifying diabetes in Korean children and adolescents.

Citations

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  • Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Youth
    Hwa Young Kim, Jae Hyun Kim
    The Ewha Medical Journal.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
Brief Report
Technology/Device
Do-It-Yourself Open Artificial Pancreas System in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Real-World Data
Min Sun Choi, Seunghyun Lee, Jiwon Kim, Gyuri Kim, Sung Min Park, Jae Hyeon Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(1):154-159.   Published online November 23, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0011
  • 4,691 View
  • 180 Download
  • 5 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Few studies have been conducted among Asian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) using do-it-yourself artificial pancreas system (DIY-APS). We evaluated real-world data of pediatric T1DM patients using DIY-APS. Data were obtained for 10 patients using a DIY-APS with algorithms. We collected sensor glucose and insulin delivery data from each participant for a period of 4 weeks. Average glycosylated hemoglobin was 6.2%±0.3%. The mean percentage of time that glucose level remained in the target range of 70 to 180 mg/dL was 82.4%±7.8%. Other parameters including time above range, time below range and mean glucose were also within the recommended level, similar to previous commercial and DIY-APS studies. However, despite meeting the target range, unadjusted gaps were still observed between the median basal setting and temporary basal insulin, which should be handled by healthcare providers.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Advances in Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Integrated Devices for Management of Diabetes with Insulin-Based Therapy: Improvement in Glycemic Control
    Jee Hee Yoo, Jae Hyeon Kim
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(1): 27.     CrossRef
  • Open-source automated insulin delivery systems (OS-AIDs) in a pediatric population with type 1 diabetes in a real-life setting: the AWeSoMe study group experience
    Judith Nir, Marianna Rachmiel, Abigail Fraser, Yael Lebenthal, Avivit Brener, Orit Pinhas-Hamiel, Alon Haim, Eve Stern, Noa Levek, Tal Ben-Ari, Zohar Landau
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    Namho Kim, Da Young Lee, Wonju Seo, Nan Hee Kim, Sung-Min Park
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Review
Technology/Device
Current Advances of Artificial Pancreas Systems: A Comprehensive Review of the Clinical Evidence
Sun Joon Moon, Inha Jung, Cheol-Young Park
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(6):813-839.   Published online November 22, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0177
  • 11,850 View
  • 706 Download
  • 24 Citations
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Since Banting and Best isolated insulin in the 1920s, dramatic progress has been made in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, dose titration and timely injection to maintain optimal glycemic control are often challenging for T1DM patients and their families because they require frequent blood glucose checks. In recent years, technological advances in insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring systems have created paradigm shifts in T1DM care that are being extended to develop artificial pancreas systems (APSs). Numerous studies that demonstrate the superiority of glycemic control offered by APSs over those offered by conventional treatment are still being published, and rapid commercialization and use in actual practice have already begun. Given this rapid development, keeping up with the latest knowledge in an organized way is confusing for both patients and medical staff. Herein, we explore the history, clinical evidence, and current state of APSs, focusing on various development groups and the commercialization status. We also discuss APS development in groups outside the usual T1DM patients and the administration of adjunct agents, such as amylin analogues, in APSs.

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    Eun Yeong Ha, Seung Min Chung, Il Rae Park, Yin Young Lee, Eun Young Choi, Jun Sung Moon
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Dual‐hormone artificial pancreas for glucose control in type 1 diabetes: A meta‐analysis
    Baoqi Zeng, Hao Jia, Le Gao, Qingqing Yang, Kai Yu, Feng Sun
    Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2022; 24(10): 1967.     CrossRef
  • Dual-Hormone Insulin-and-Pramlintide Artificial Pancreas for Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review
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    Applied Sciences.2022; 12(20): 10262.     CrossRef
  • History of insulin treatment of pediatric patients with diabetes in Korea
    Jae Hyun Kim, Choong Ho Shin, Sei Won Yang
    Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism.2021; 26(4): 237.     CrossRef
Original Article
Type 1 Diabetes
Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Microvascular Complications in Chinese Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Qianwen Huang, Daizhi Yang, Hongrong Deng, Hua Liang, Xueying Zheng, Jinhua Yan, Wen Xu, Xiangwen Liu, Bin Yao, Sihui Luo, Jianping Weng
Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(1):93-103.   Published online August 31, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0240
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  • 5 Citations
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
Both type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with an elevated risk of morbidity and mortality yet with increasing heterogeneity. This study primarily aimed to evaluate the prevalence of MetS among adult patients with T1DM in China and investigate its associated risk factors, and relationship with microvascular complications.
Methods
We included adult patients who had been enrolled in the Guangdong T1DM Translational Medicine Study conducted from June 2010 to June 2015. MetS was defined according to the updated National Cholesterol Education Program criterion. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for the association between MetS and the risk of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR).
Results
Among the 569 eligible patients enrolled, the prevalence of MetS was 15.1%. While female gender, longer diabetes duration, higher body mass index, and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were risk factors associated with MetS (OR, 2.86, 1.04, 1.14, and 1.23, respectively), received nutrition therapy education was a protective factor (OR, 0.46). After adjustment for gender, age, diabetes duration, HbA1c, socioeconomic and lifestyle variables, MetS status was associated with an increased risk of DKD and DR (OR, 2.14 and 3.72, respectively; both P<0.05).
Conclusion
Although the prevalence of MetS in adult patients with T1DM in China was relatively low, patients with MetS were more likely to have DKD and DR. A comprehensive management including lifestyle modification might reduce their risk of microvascular complications in adults with T1DM.

Citations

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  • Dynamic Changes in Metabolic Status Are Associated With Risk of Ocular Motor Cranial Nerve Palsies
    Daye Diana Choi, Kyung-Ah Park, Kyungdo Han, Sei Yeul Oh
    Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Development and validation of an age-sex-ethnicity-specific metabolic syndrome score in the Chinese adults
    Shujuan Yang, Bin Yu, Wanqi Yu, Shaoqing Dai, Chuanteng Feng, Ying Shao, Xing Zhao, Xiaoqing Li, Tianjing He, Peng Jia
    Nature Communications.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Microvascular Complications in Chinese Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J 2022;46:93-103)
    Qianwen Huang, Sihui Luo
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2022; 46(3): 515.     CrossRef
  • Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Microvascular Complications in Chinese Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J 2022;46:93-103)
    Gyuri Kim
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2022; 46(3): 512.     CrossRef
  • Metabolic syndrome associated with higher glycemic variability in type 1 diabetes: A multicenter cross-sectional study in china
    Keyu Guo, Liyin Zhang, Jianan Ye, Xiaohong Niu, Hongwei Jiang, Shenglian Gan, Jian Zhou, Lin Yang, Zhiguang Zhou
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
Short Communication
Type 1 Diabetes
Real-World Analysis of Therapeutic Outcome in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus at a Tertiary Care Center
Antonia Kietaibl, Michaela Riedl, Latife Bozkurt
Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(1):149-153.   Published online July 6, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0267
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  • 135 Download
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Insulin replacement in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) needs intensified treatment, which can either be performed by multiple daily injections (MDI) or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). This retrospective analysis of a real-world scenario aimed to evaluate whether glycaemic and cardiovascular risk factors could be controlled with CSII outclass MDI as suggested by recent evidence. Data from patients with either insulin pump (n=68) or injection (n=224) therapy at an Austrian tertiary care centre were analysed between January 2016 and December 2017. There were no significant differences with regard to the latest glycosylated hemoglobin, cardiovascular risk factor control or diabetes-associated late complications. Hypoglycaemia was less frequent (P<0.001), sensor-augmented therapy was more common (P=0.003) and mean body mass index (BMI) was higher (P=0.002) with CSII treatment. This retrospective analysis of real-world data in T1DM did not demonstrate the superiority of insulin pump treatment with regard to glycaemic control or cardiovascular risk factor control.
Original Article
Genetics
The rs2304256 Polymorphism in TYK2 Gene Is Associated with Protection for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Felipe Mateus Pellenz, Cristine Dieter, Guilherme Coutinho Kullmann Duarte, Luís Henrique Canani, Bianca Marmontel de Souza, Daisy Crispim
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(6):899-908.   Published online May 24, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0194
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Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) is a candidate gene for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) since it plays an important role in regulating apoptotic and pro-inflammatory pathways in pancreatic β-cells through modulation of the type I interferon signaling pathway. The rs2304256 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TYK2 gene has been associated with protection for different autoimmune diseases. However, to date, only two studies have evaluated the association between this SNP and T1DM, with discordant results. This study thus aimed to investigate the association between the TYK2 rs2304256 SNP and T1DM in a Southern Brazilian population.
Methods
This case-control study comprised 478 patients with T1DM and 518 non-diabetic subjects. The rs2304256 (C/A) SNP was genotyped by real-time polymerase chain reaction technique using TaqMan minor groove binder (MGB) probes.
Results
Genotype and allele frequencies of the rs2304256 SNP differed between T1DM patients and non-diabetic subjects (P<0.0001 and P=0.001, respectively). Furthermore, the A allele was associated with protection against T1DM under recessive (odds ratio [OR], 0.482; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.288 to 0.806) and additive (OR, 0.470; 95% CI, 0.278 to 0.794) inheritance models, adjusting for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR/DQ genotypes, gender, and ethnicity.
Conclusion
The A/A genotype of TYK2 rs2304256 SNP is associated with protection against T1DM in a Southern Brazilian population.
Review
Type 1 Diabetes
Non-Insulin Antidiabetes Treatment in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Xiaoling Cai, Chu Lin, Wenjia Yang, Lin Nie, Linong Ji
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(3):312-325.   Published online March 15, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0171
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  • 3 Citations
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
In order to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of the non-insulin antidiabetes medications as an adjunct treatment in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), we conducted systematic searches in MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for randomized controlled trials published between the date of inception and March 2020 to produce a systematic review and meta-analysis. Overall, 57 studies were included. Compared with placebo, antidiabetes agents in adjunct to insulin treatment resulted in significant reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin (weighted mean difference [WMD], –0.30%; 95% confidence interval [CI], –0.34 to –0.25%; P<0.01) and body weight (WMD, –2.15 kg; 95% CI, –2.77 to –1.53 kg; P<0.01), and required a significantly lower dosage of insulin (WMD, –5.17 unit/day; 95% CI, –6.77 to –3.57 unit/day; P<0.01). Compared with placebo, antidiabetes agents in adjunct to insulin treatment increased the risk of hypoglycemia (relative risk [RR], 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.08; P=0.02) and gastrointestinal side effects (RR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.61 to 2.46; P<0.01) in patients with T1DM. Compared with placebo, the use of non-insulin antidiabetes agents in addition to insulin could lead to glycemic improvement, weight control and lower insulin dosage, while they might be associated with increased risks of hypoglycemia and gastrointestinal side effects in patients with T1DM.

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  • The Impact of Body Mass Index, Residual Beta Cell Function and Estimated Glucose Disposal Rate on the Development of Double Diabetes and Microvascular Complications in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
    Rameez Raja Bhagadurshah, Subbiah Eagappan, Raghavan Kasthuri Santharam, Sridhar Subbiah
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Original Article
Complications
Association of Urinary N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase with Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus without Nephropathy
Min Sun Choi, Ji Eun Jun, Sung Woon Park, Jee Hee Yoo, Jiyeon Ahn, Gyuri Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Kyu Yeon Hur, Moon-Kyu Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(3):349-357.   Published online February 2, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0211
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  • 1 Citations
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   ePub   
Background
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes and related to albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (uNAG) is a renal tubular injury marker which has been reported as an early marker of DN even in patients with normoalbuminuria. This study evaluated whether uNAG is associated with the presence and severity of CAN in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) without nephropathy.
Methods
This cross-sectional study comprised 247 subjects with T1DM without chronic kidney disease and albuminuria who had results for both uNAG and autonomic function tests within 3 months. The presence of CAN was assessed by age-dependent reference values for four autonomic function tests. Total CAN score was assessed as the sum of the partial points of five cardiovascular reflex tests and was used to estimatethe severity of CAN. The correlations between uNAG and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were analyzed.
Results
The association between log-uNAG and presence of CAN was significant in a multivariate logistic regression model (adjusted odds ratio, 2.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 to 5.28; P=0.031). Total CAN score was positively associated with loguNAG (β=0.261, P=0.026) in the multivariate linear regression model. Log-uNAG was inversely correlated with frequency-domain and time-domain indices of HRV.
Conclusion
This study verified the association of uNAG with presence and severity of CAN and changes in HRV in T1DM patients without nephropathy. The potential role of uNAG should be further assessed for high-risk patients for CAN in T1DM patients without nephropathy.

Citations

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  • Association between carotid atherosclerosis and presence of intracranial atherosclerosis using three-dimensional high-resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes
    Ji Eun Jun, You-Cheol Hwang, Kyu Jeong Ahn, Ho Yeon Chung, Geon-Ho Jahng, Soonchan Park, In-Kyung Jeong, Chang-Woo Ryu
    Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2022; 191: 110067.     CrossRef

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